Test: Class 10 Geography NCERT Based - 2 - UPSC MCQ

• The Bhoodan-Gramdan movement brought Vinoba Bhave to the international scene.

• In 1951,the Third Annual Sarvodaya Conference was held at Shivarampally, a village a few miles south of the city of Hyderabad in South India.

This type of farming is what contributes to the country’s economy with huge volumes of yield. In fact, the crops grown commercially in India are used as an export item across the world. In this farming method, the Indian farmer uses a high amount of fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides to enhance and maintain the growth of the crops. Depending on the crop best suited to the respective weather and soil, commercial farming in India varies across different regions. For example, Haryana, Punjab and West Bengal grow rice commercially, while it is a subsistence crop in Orissa. Major crops grown commercially in India are wheat, pulses, millets, maize and other grains, vegetables, and fruits. Another method of commercial farming is ‘plantation’.

Plantation farming is a blend of agriculture and industry, practiced across a vast area of land. It is a labor-intensive farming method that also uses the latest technological support for sustaining, cultivating and yielding. The produce yielded from plantations is treated as raw materials to be subsequently used in their respective industries. Crops grown: Some of the significantly grown crops in plantation farming are tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, coconuts, etc.

Mustard, Jute are the commercial crop in India.

What is a Commercial crop?

• The crop which is grown on a cultivated farm for sale and earning profit
• This crop has been purchased by the parties to cultivate in their farms
• In developed countries, the demand for crash crops are more so prices are set according to the commodity market
• These crops are used by traditional farmers and they also make some variation in their price

 

 

Types of crops in India

• 1. KHARIF SEASON IN INDIA (kharif means autumn in Arabic) July – October Harvest – September to October A.k.a Monsoon Crops Such crops require a lot of water Example: rice, sorghum, maize, Tea, rubber, coffee, guar, Sesame, cereals such as Arhar Dal, pearl millet, soybeans, cotton, oilseeds, etc.

• 2. RABI CROPS IN INDIA Sowing between October and November Harvest – February to April A.k.a Winter Season Crops Need cold weather for growth Need less water Example: wheat, oats, barley, pulses, cereals, oilseeds, linseed, etc.

• 3. ZAID SEASON Sowing between March and June (between Kharif and Rabi) Requires warm & dry weather for growth and a longer day-length for flowering Example: Seasonal fruits and vegetables.

Correct Descending Order of Food Grain Producing States:
The correct descending order of food grain producing states is as follows:
Punjab:
- Punjab is known as the "Granary of India" due to its high agricultural productivity.
- It is one of the leading states in the production of wheat and rice.
- The fertile soil, favorable climate, and advanced agricultural practices contribute to its high food grain production.
Uttar Pradesh:
- Uttar Pradesh is the largest state in terms of population and has a significant contribution to food grain production.
- It is known for its diverse agriculture, with a focus on crops like wheat, rice, sugarcane, pulses, and oilseeds.
- The state has favorable agro-climatic conditions and extensive irrigation facilities, which support its agricultural productivity.
Madhya Pradesh:
- Madhya Pradesh is an agricultural powerhouse and is among the top food grain producing states in India.
- The state has a diverse agro-climatic condition, allowing the cultivation of a wide range of crops.
- Madhya Pradesh is known for its production of wheat, rice, soybeans, pulses, and oilseeds.
West Bengal:
- West Bengal is a major agricultural state in eastern India and contributes significantly to food grain production.
- The state has fertile alluvial soil and a favorable climate for agriculture.
- West Bengal is known for its production of rice, jute, tea, and vegetables.
Therefore, the correct descending order of food grain producing states is Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal (Option B).

International Union for Conservation of Nature - 

• Established in 1964, the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global extinction risk status of animal, fungus, and plant species.
• The IUCN Red List is a critical indicator of the health of the world’s biodiversity.
  • Far more than a list of species and their status, it is a powerful tool to inform and catalyze action for biodiversity conservation and policy change, critical to protecting the natural resources we need to survive.
  • It provides information about a range, population size, habitat and ecology, use and/or trade, threats, and conservation actions that will help inform necessary conservation decisions.
• Option 1 contains all species of Endangered group that is either Critically Endangered or Endangered category of IUCN red list,

• The Indian Board for Wildlife was constituted in 1952.

• The main purpose of the board was to advise the Government on the means of conservation and protection of wildlife, construction of national parks, sanctuaries and zoological gardens as well as promoting public awareness regarding conservation of wildlife.

Project Tiger was first initiated in the year April 1, 1973, and is still going on. This project was started to save tigers. The much-needed project was launched in Jim Corbett National Park, Uttrakhand under the leadership of Indira Gandhi.

• Extinction of a particular animal or plant species occurs when there are no more individuals of that species alive anywhere in the world - the species has died out. This is a natural part of evolution. But sometimes extinctions happen at a much faster rate than usual. For example, at the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago, a mass extinction caused the death of many different types of animals and plants, including the dinosaurs.

• Today human intervention is also causing rapid extinction. Hunting, habitat destruction and the over exploitation of wildlife means that many different types of plants and animals are being pushed to the edge of extinction. It is this type of extinction, caused by humans.

• The India State of Forest Report 2019 released recently shows an increase of 5,188 square kilometres of forest and tree cover across the country compared to the ISFR 2017.

• However, the report highlights that northeast India continues to lose forests when compared to ISFR 2017 and previous reports.

• Nearly 25 percent (one fourth) of India’s total land area is now under forest and tree cover. However, there is still a long way to go – more than a decade, admits the government – before India reaches its target of having 33 percent of its total area under forest and tree cover.

• Factors influencing the locations of Iron and steel industries:

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  1. Raw material: Mostly large integrated steel plants are located close to the source of raw materials, as they use large quantities of heavy and weight losing raw materials. Eg: Concentration of Iron and steel industry in Chota Nagpur regionPresence of Iron ore in this region. TISCO at Jamshedpur.

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  2. Markets: As its heavy & bulky transportation cost is high. Therefore nearness to market is important especially for mini steel plants access to nearby markets is most important in order to minimize transportation cost. Also as mini steel plants rely on scrap metal they are mostly present in Maharashtra. Visakhapatnam steel plant located near the coast has excellent import-export facility

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  3. Labour: Availability of cheap labour is also important. Eg: Rourkela plant, Orisa; Bhilai steel plant in Chhattisgarh, mostly in Chota Nagpur region

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  4. Availability of electricity mostly hydro and water for cooling. Eg: Bokaro steel plant on banks of river Damodar, Vishveshwarya steel plant, Kar near river Bhadra.

 

 

 

Chota Nagpur plateau is a storehouse of minerals like mica, bauxite, copper, limestone, iron ore and coal. The Damodar valley is rich in coal and it is considered as the prime centre of coking coal in the country.

• The first successful modem cotton textile mill was established by an entrepreneur C.N. Dewar. Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company.

• Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company was the first cotton mill to be established in Bombay, India on 7 July 1854 at Tardeo by Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar (1815-73) and his associates. The Company was designed by Sir William Fairbaim.

• Sunrise industry is a colloquial term for a burgeoning sector or business in its infancy stage showing promise of a rapid boom.

• Sunrise industries are typically characterized by high growth rates, numerous start-ups, and an abundance of venture capital funding.

• These industries generate a lot of "buzz" as investors' interest in its long-term growth prospect and public awareness increases.

• Tertiary Industries enable consumers to obtain and use the finished goods. Workers in the tertiary part of the economy provide services rather than goods.

• Sales, repair services, banking, and insurance are all part of the tertiary industry. People who work in the tertiary sector include workers in the tourism and hospitality industry, doctors, couriers, and business consultants.

• Some tertiary industries have close ties with the primary and secondary industries. As an example fishermen rely on the weather forecasters to determine what the weather conditions will be like.

• Tertiary Industries prosper where there are large groups of people, that is where they get the most business. Many people need tertiary industries for their everyday life. In PEI, since the 1950's tertiary industries have become extremely important and have been growing steadily.

• Manufacturing and Industry sector known as the secondary sector, sometimes as the production sector, includes all branches of human activities that transform raw materials into products or goods.

• The secondary sector includes secondary processing of raw materials, food manufacturing, textile manufacturing and industry. The secondary sector is often divided into heavy industry and light industry (see mechanical engineering). Each business, organization or professional group, chamber or guild may also have their own classification.

• The secondary sector forms a substantial part of GDP, it creates values (goods) and it is the engine of economic growth and is crucial for all developed economies, although the trend, in most developed countries, is the predominant tertiary sector.

• Basic list of Manufacturing and Industry sector, the secondary sector is following:

  • Electrical industry

  • Chemical Industry

  • Energy industry (according to some sources it is on the border of the tertiary sector)

  • Metallurgical industry

  • Construction Industry

  • Food Industry

  • Glass industry

  • Textile and clothing industry

  • Consumer goods industry (all consumables)

  • Automotive