Test: History - 4 - UPSC MCQ

These comparisons are as follows:

• Statement 1 is correct. The stated objective this time was complete independence and not just remedying two specific wrongs and a vaguely-worded Swaraj. The Civil Disobedience Movement had the objective of Poorna Swaraj.

• The methods involved violation of law from the very beginning and not just non-cooperation with foreign rule.

• There was a decline in forms of protests involving the intelligentsia, such as lawyers giving up practice, students giving up government schools to join national schools and colleges.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. Muslim participation was nowhere near that in the Non-Cooperation Movement level.

• No major labour upsurge coincided with the movement.

• The massive participation of peasants and business groups compensated for the decline of other features.

• The number of those imprisoned was about three times more this time.

• The Congress was organizationally stronger.

Statement 3 is Correct. The 1853 Charter Act ended the Company’s patronage, enjoining recruitment to be through an open competition henceforth. But the examination was held in England in English language, based on classical learning of Greek and Latin. The maximum permissible age was gradually reduced from 23 (in 1859) to 22 (in 1860) to 21 (in 1866) and to 19 (1878).

Statement 3 is incorrect. In the Supreme Court, the English language replaced Persian. KB) Under Cornwallis, The District Faujdari Courts were abolished and, instead, circuit courts were established at Calcutta, Dacca, Murshidabad and Patna. These circuit courts had European judges and were to act as courts of appeal for both civil and criminal cases.

Before reforms by William Bentinck, Persian was the official language in courts. Now, the suitor had the option to use Persian or a vernacular language, while in the Supreme Court, English language replaced Persian

Statement 2 is incorrect. In 1883, Surendranath Banerjea became the first Indian journalist to be imprisoned. In an angry editorial in The Bengalee Banerjea had criticised a judge

● Calcutta Madrasah (1781) was established by Warren Hastings in 1781 for the study of Muslim law and related subjects.

● Foundation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1784): was founded by civil servant Sir William Jones in 1784 to enhance and further the cause of Oriental research

● The Sanskrit College (1791) was established by Jonathan Duncan, the resident, at Benaras in 1791 for study of Hindu law and philosophy. Censorship of the Press Act, 1799: Lord Wellesley enacted this, anticipating French invasion of India. It imposed almost wartime press restrictions including pre-censorship. These restrictions were relaxed under Lord Hastings, who had progressive views, and in 1818, pre censorship was dispensed with

Statement 3 is correct. It highlighted female education, vocational education and teachers training KB) Other recommendations: It systematised the hierarchy from vernacular primary schools in villages at bottom, followed by Anglo- Vernacular High Schools and an affiliated college at the district level, and affiliating universities in the presidency towns of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.

● It laid down that the education imparted in government institutions should be secular.

● It recommended a system of grants-in-aid to encourage private enterprise.

The political consequences of foreign capital investments were equally harmful as they caused political subjugation and created vested interests which sought security for investors, thus perpetuating the foreign rule. Statement 2 is incorrect. The drain theory was put forward by Dadabhai Naoroji in his book Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India. Statement 3 is correct. The drain took the form of an excess of exports over imports for which India got no economic or material return.

They pointed out that the pattern of foreign trade was unfavourable to India. It relegated India to a position of importer of finished goods and exporter of raw materials and foodstuffs. According to the nationalist calculations, this drain amounts to one-half of government revenues, more than the entire land revenue collection and over one-third of India’s total savings.

The Government helped these planters by passing laws such as those which made it virtually impossible for a labourer to refuse to work once a contract was entered into. A breach of contract was a criminal offence, with a planter having the right to get the defaulting labourer arrested.

● The Communist Party of India (CPI) was formed in Tashkent (Current capital of Uzbekistan) by M.N. Roy in 1920.

● Hindustan Republican Association/Army was founded in October 1924 in Kanpur by Ram Prasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee and Sachin Sanyal.

● Chittagong Armoury Raid was conducted in April 1930 under the banner of Indian Republican Army- Chittagong Branch led by Surya Sen and 64 other activists.

● The Revolutionary leaders Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged by Colonial Rulers on March 23, 1931.

In its 1913 Resolution on Education Policy, the government refused to take up the responsibility of compulsory education, but accepted the policy of removal of illiteracy and urged provincial governments to take early steps to provide free elementary education to the poorer and more backward sections. Private efforts were to be encouraged for this and the quality of secondary schools was to be improved. A university, it was decided, was to be established in each province and teaching activities of universities were to be encouraged.

● The famous Bardoli Satyagraha occurred at this time. In 1928, under the leadership of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel the peasants organised a No Tax Campaign and in the end won their demand.

● The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was the first Satyagraha movement inspired by Gandhi and a major revolt in the Indian Independence Movement. It was a farmer's uprising that took place in Champaran district of Bihar.

● The Kheda Satyagraha of 1918, in Kheda district of Gujarat, India during the period of the British Raj, was a Satyagraha movement organised by Mohandas Gandhi. It was a major revolt in the Indian independence movement.

● Ahmedabad Mill Strike, 1918 was one of the initial movements led by Gandhi in the beginning of the 20th century after his return from South Africa. It was one of the formative events in the political career of Mahatma Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi intervened in a dispute between the workers and mill owners of Ahmedabad. He undertook a fast unto death to force a compromise.

Statement 1 is correct. In 1920, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of satyagraha, which he regarded as political anarchy. Gandhi declared that if the non-cooperation programme was implemented completely, swaraj would be ushered in within a year.Many groups of revolutionary terrorists, especially those from Bengal, also pledged support to the Congress programme.

Statement 2 is correct. At this stage, some leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, G.S. Khaparde and B.C. Pal left the Congress as they believed in a constitutional and lawful struggle.

To set the educational system in order, he instituted in 1902, a Universities Commission to go into the entire question of university education in the country. On the basis of the findings and recommendations of the Commission, Curzon brought in the Indian Universities Act of 1904, which brought all the universities in India under the control of the government.

Events occurred during Lord William Bentinck 1828-1835

(i) Abolition of sati and other cruel rites (1829).

(ii) Suppression of thuggee (1830).

(iii) Charter Act of 1833.

(iv) Resolution of 1835, and educational reforms and introduction of English as the official language.

(v) Annexation of Mysore (1831), Coorg (1834) and Central Cachar (1834).

(vi) Treaty of ‘perpetual friendship’ with Ranjeet Singh.

(vii) Abolition of the provincial courts of appeal and circuit set up by Cornwallis, appointment of commissioners of revenue and circuit. Third Maratha War (1817-19) was held during times of Lord Hastings 1813-1823.

The Kargil War was fought against intruders from Pakistan, who had crossed the Line of Control (LoC) into Indian Territory in 1998. On July 26, 1999, the Pakistan forces were forced to withdraw from the Indian Territory.

Statement 2 is correct. HRA was founded by Revolutionaries with an aim to organise an armed revolution to overthrow the Colonial Government. KB) Hindustan Republican Association/Army was later renamed to Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.

It was founded by Revolutionaries like Ram prasad Bismil in October 1924 in Kanpur to organise an armed revolution against the British govt. and they wanted to establish the Federal Republic of the United states of India after overthrowing the colonial govt.

Before the 1920s, statistics analysis was a relatively unknown topic in India. Creating statistics was like venturing into unfamiliar terrain. With his unwavering courage and determination, it took a trailblazer and an explorer-like him to overcome all obstacles, eliminate all impediments, and open up vast pastures of new information for the masses.

● Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49) and annexation of Punjab (1849).

● Annexation of Lower Burma or Pegu (1852).

● Introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse and annexation of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambalpur (1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854) and Awadh (1856).

● Railway Minute of 1853; and laying down of the first railway line connecting Bombay and Thane in 1853.

● Ganges Canal declared open (1854); establishment of a separate public works department in every province.

● “Wood’s (Charles Wood, President of the Board of Control) Educational Despatch” of 1854 and opening ofAnglo-vernacular schools and government colleges.

● Telegraph (4000 miles of telegraph lines to connect Calcutta with Bombay, Madras and Peshawar) and postal (Post Office Act, 1854) reforms.

● Lord Canning (not Lord Dalhousie) 1856-1857 established three universities at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in 1857.

● Widow Remarriage Act (1856). Lord Canning 1856-1857

● Establishment of three universities at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in 1857.

● Revolt of 1857.

Statement 2 is incorrect. Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sehgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon (not Subhash Chandra Bose) in the INA trials; 1945 at Red Fort, Delhi. KB) There were three major upsurges 1) November 21, 1945—in Calcutta over the INA trials. 2) February 11, 1946—in Calcutta against the seven-year sentence to INA officer Rashid Ali. 3) February 18, 1946—in Bombay, strike by the Royal Indian Navy ratings.

They wanted to enter into the council and bring change or disrupt the working of the British council from Inside. Another group was led by C. Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and M.A. Ansari. They opposed the entry into the legislative council and rather wanted to continue the Boycott and NCM. They argued that What if a leader after coming into council started supporting colonial rule.

Statement 3 is correct. The government formed a committee of inquiry to investigate the Jallianwala Bagh shootings. On October 14, 1919, the Government of India announced the formation of the Disorder Inquiry Committee. The committee unanimously condemned Dyer’s actions.