Daily Current Affairs MCQ: 4th August 2025 - UPSC MCQ

- Statement 1: This statement is correct. The AI-based Agromet Advisory Service launched by ICRISAT indeed focuses on providing real-time, tailored climate advisory services specifically targeting smallholder farmers. This is to help them make informed decisions regarding agricultural practices in the face of climate variability.

- Statement 2: This statement is incorrect. The initial rollout of the initiative is in the state of Maharashtra, not Gujarat, through ICAR's Agro-Meteorological Field Units (AMFUs).

- Statement 3: This statement is correct. The Intelligent Systems Advisory Tool (iSAT) is an integral component of the service, which utilizes artificial intelligence to transform complex climate data into actionable and personalized advisories for farmers.

Therefore, statements 1 and 3 are correct, but statement 2 is not. Hence, the correct answer is Option C.

The World Bank classifies countries into different income groups based on their Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. This classification is crucial for understanding the economic status of countries and plays a significant role in determining eligibility for various financial assistance programs and aid. By categorizing countries according to their income levels, the World Bank can tailor its support and policies to address the specific economic challenges and needs of each group.

Let's examine each statement for its correctness:

1. The new legislation allows for unlimited presidential reelections in El Salvador.

This statement is correct. The recent bill enacted by the ruling party in El Salvador permits indefinite presidential reelections, marking a significant change in the nation's governance structure.

2. Presidential terms in El Salvador have been extended from four to six years.

This statement is incorrect. The legislation extended presidential terms from five to six years, not from four to six years.

3. This legislative change is aimed at decentralizing political power in the country.

This statement is incorrect. The legislative change is likely to result in a consolidation of power rather than decentralization, as it allows for indefinite reelections, potentially leading to prolonged leadership by a single individual.

Thus, only Statement 1 is correct, making Option A the correct choice.

1. Statement 1 is correct. Collusive litigation indeed involves cooperation between parties to manipulate the judicial process, which undermines the principle of genuine adversarial legal disputes. This manipulation is often intended to achieve a specific result that benefits the parties involved, rather than resolving a genuine conflict.

2. Statement 2 is incorrect. Under Indian legal principles, a party involved in a collusive decree cannot seek to have it set aside. It is typically a third party, not involved in the collusion, who must prove the existence of collusion or fraud to challenge the decree. The burden of proof lies on the party challenging the decree.

3. Statement 3 is correct. Article 227 of the Indian Constitution does grant the High Court the power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals in the territory over which it exercises jurisdiction. This includes the power to intervene in cases involving collusion to ensure the proper administration of justice.

Thus, the correct statements are 1 and 3 only, making Option B the correct answer.

Statement-I correctly mentions that the Alpine musk deer has been mistakenly replaced by the Himalayan musk deer in India's breeding programs, as highlighted in a report from the Central Zoo Authority.
Statement-II correctly states that the Central Zoo Authority oversees species management in zoos and conservation programs in India. However, Statement-II does not directly explain the context of Statement-I but provides additional relevant information about the overseeing body. Therefore, both statements are correct, but Statement-II does not specifically explain Statement-I, making option (b) the correct answer.

Statement-I inaccurately presents collusive litigation as involving genuinely adversarial parties cooperating to achieve a specific outcome. However, collusive litigation actually involves parties who are not genuinely adversarial but cooperate to manipulate judicial outcomes, raising concerns about the abuse of the judicial process and the integrity of the adversarial system.

Statement-II accurately states that collusive decrees can be set aside if collusion or fraud is proven by a party not involved in the collusion. This provision allows for the intervention of the High Court under Article 227 in cases of collusion. The burden of proof lies with the party challenging the decree to demonstrate collusion, emphasizing the legal framework's stance on collusive practices.

The main goal of ICRISAT's AI-based Agromet Advisory Service is to offer real-time, tailored climate advisory services to smallholder farmers by leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning technologies. This service aims to provide localized, actionable weather and climate insights to assist farmers in making critical decisions related to sowing, irrigation, and pest management, thereby enhancing agricultural practices and supporting farmers in adapting to climate change.

The new bill enacted by the ruling party in El Salvador primarily aims to permit unlimited presidential reelections, marking a significant shift in the governance structure of the nation. This legislative change allows the President to potentially hold office for an indefinite number of terms, impacting the political landscape of El Salvador.

Statement I correctly identifies that the HQ-16 missile system is based on Russia's Buk missile family and known as CH-SA 16 by NATO. Statement II provides accurate information regarding the HQ-16's interception capabilities, detailing its ability to target at specific altitudes and ranges. Therefore, both statements are factually correct, with Statement II providing a clarification and expansion on the details mentioned in Statement I.

1. ICRISAT - International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics: Correctly matched. ICRISAT is indeed the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, which focuses on agricultural research for enhancing food security in semi-arid regions.

2. CRIDA - Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture: Correctly matched. CRIDA is the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, an institution under ICAR focusing on improving agricultural practices in dryland areas.

3. CZA - Central Zoo Authority: Correctly matched. The Central Zoo Authority is responsible for overseeing zoo management, conservation breeding, and species management in India.

4. ILRI - Indian Livestock Research Institute: Incorrectly matched. ILRI stands for the International Livestock Research Institute, which is an international research organization focused on livestock development and agriculture in developing countries, not an Indian institute.

Thus, three pairs are correctly matched.