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Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - UPSC


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Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 1

Consider the following statements regarding one of the major geochemical cycles, the water cycle:

1. Precipitation that falls near the equator is most likely to fall as rain into the ocean.

2. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas that helps to regulate the temperature of the earth's atmosphere.

3. Globally, precipitation far exceeds evaporation.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Detailed Solution for Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 1
  • Oceans cover around 70% of Earth’s surface, so most precipitation falls right back into the ocean and the cycle of evaporation and precipitation begins again.
  • The presence of water vapor in the atmosphere is one of the things that makes Earth livable.
  • Like carbon dioxide, water vapor traps heat in the atmosphere and helps keep surface air temperatures on Earth in a habitable range.
  • Temperatures on planets without water vapor in the atmosphere, like Mars, stay as low as -100° C.
  • Evaporation and precipitation are balanced over Earth's surface. In other words, if evaporation increases, precipitation also increases.
     
Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 2

Which of the following are the biotic components of the environment?

1. Wind

2. Parasites

3. Symbionts

4. Decomposers

Choose from the following options.

Detailed Solution for Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 2
  • Biotic components, or biotic factors, can be described as any living component that affects another organism or shapes the ecosystem. This includes both animals that consume other organisms within their ecosystem and the organism that is being consumed.

Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of an environment. These include things such as sunlight, temperature, wind, water, soil and naturally occurring events such as storms, fires and volcanic eruptions.

Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 3

Consider the following statements:

1. Population is a group of organisms occupying a defined area during a specific time.

2. Population growth rate is the percentage variation between the number of individuals in a population at two different places.

3. The main factors that make the population decrease are death and emigration.

Which of these statements is/are correct?

Detailed Solution for Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 3

1 and 3 Only. Population is a group of organisms occupying a defined area during a specific time. 

The main factors that make the population decrease are death and emigration.

Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 4

Consider the following statements about the major community:

1. They are dependent on neighbouring communities.

2. They depend only on the Sun's energy from outside.

Which of these statements is/are correct?

Detailed Solution for Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 4
  • Types of Community: Based on size and degree of relatively independent communities may be divided into two types: Major Community:-These are large-sized, well organized and relatively independent. They depend only on the sun’s energy from one side and are independent of the inputs and outputs from adjacent communities. Minor Communities:- These are dependent on neighbouring communities and are often called societies.

  • They are secondary aggregations within a major community and are not therefore completely independent units as far as energy and nutrient dynamics are concerned. e.g: A mat of lichen on a cow dung pad.

Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 5

Consider the following statements about the Structure of a community:

1. A community may have one or several species.

2. The environmental factors determine the characteristic of the community.

Which of these statements is/are correct?

Detailed Solution for Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 5
  • Structure of a community: In a community, the number of species and size of their population vary greatly. A community may have one or several species. The environmental factors determine the characteristic of the community, as well as the pattern of organisation of the members in the community.

  • The characteristic pattern of the community is termed as the structure which is reflected in the roles played by various population, their range, the type of area they inhabit, the diversity of species in the community and the spectrum of interactions between them.

 

 

 

Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 6

Hyenas and Vultures are ________________

Detailed Solution for Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 6

Explanation- Scavengers are the animals that feed on the dead and rotting organisms. Scavengers provide an important service to the ecosystem by removing disintegrating organisms and acting as an innate sanitation system. Scavengers assist conserve energy and nutrients received from rotting flesh within the top trophic levels and thus are capable of transferring the energy and nutrients further away from the source of the carrion.

Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 7

Consider the following statements:

1. Latitude has a strong influence on an area’s temperature.

2. As the altitude increases, the air becomes colder and drier.

Which of these statements are not correct?

Detailed Solution for Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 7

Neither 1 and 2. Latitude has a strong influence on an area’s temperature. As the altitude increases, the air becomes colder and less humid.

 

 

 

 

Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 8

Consider the following statements:

1. Secondary consumers feed on primary consumers.

2. Carnivores which feed on secondary consumers are called omnivorous.

Which of these statements is/are correct?

Detailed Solution for Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 8
  • Macro consumers, They feed on plants or animals or both and are categorised based on their food sources.

  • Herbivores are primary consumers who feed mainly on plants. Secondary consumers feed on primary consumers e.g. wolves.

  • Carnivores which feed on secondary consumers are called tertiary consumers e.g. lions which can eat wolves. Omnivores are organisms which consume both plants and animals.

Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 9

Saprotrophs are:

Detailed Solution for Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 9
  • Micro consumers Saprotrophs (decomposers or osmotrophs).

  • They are bacteria and fungi which obtain energy and nutrients by decomposing ng dead organic substances (detritus) of plant and animal origin.

  • The products of decomposition such as inorganic nutrients which are released in the ecosystem are reused by producers and thus recycled.

  • Earthworm and certain soil organisms (such as nematodes, and arthropods) are detritus feeders and help in the decomposition of organic matter and are called detrivores.

Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 10

Consider the following statements:

1. A niche is the unique functional role or place of a species in an ecosystem.

2. Two or more species have identical niches.

3. Reproductive niche is where the organism decomposes.

Which of these statements is/are correct?

Detailed Solution for Shankar IAS Test: Ecology - Question 10
  • A niche is the unique functional role or place of a species in an ecosystem. No two species have an identical niche.

It is a description of all the biological, physical and chemical factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy and reproduce.

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