Test: Class 8 Geography NCERT Based - 2 - UPSC MCQ

• Population density is a measurement of population per unit volume or unit area. It is a key geographical term.

• The population density is the number of people living in a particular space, say one kilometre or one mile. It is determined by dividing the population of an area by its land area.

• The rate of natural increase refers to the difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths occurring in a year, divided by the mid-year population of that year, multiplied by a factor (usually 1,000). It is equal to the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.

• This measure of the population change excludes the effects of migration.

• Sunrise industry is a colloquial term for a burgeoning sector or business in its infancy stage, showing a rapid boom.

• Sunrise industries are typically characterized by high growth rates, numerous start-ups, and an abundance of venture capital funding. These industries generate a lot of "buzz" as investors' interest in its long-term growth prospect, and public awareness increases.

• The city of Ahmedabad in the Gujarat state is famously known as the "Manchester City of India".

• This name was given to this city by a popular textile centre in the Manchester of Great Britain, adhering to the striking similarities of Ahmedabad's prospering cotton textile industries with the ones in Manchester.

• Several factors, like availability of raw cotton, market, transport, etc. play a key role in the localization of the cotton textile industry.

• The significance of raw cotton is evident from the fact that 80 per cent of the industry is coterminous with the country's cotton growing tracts.

• Some of the important centres such as Ahmedabad, Solapur, Nagpur, Coimbatore and Indore are located in large-scale cotton cultivation areas.

• A primary economic activity is a type of operation or industry that involves extracting or refining natural resources, such as mining, agriculture, forestry, and fishing.

• These economic functions deliver the raw material for other industries, further refining and developing these materials into products to sell to customers.

• In countries where death rates (especially amongst the very young) are decreasing, the pyramid is broad in the younger age groups, because more infants survive to adulthood.

• This can be seen in the pyramid for India. The numbers of children (below 15 years) are shown at the bottom and reflect births' level.In countries like Japan, low birth rates make the pyramid narrow at the base.

• In February 2007, a "Package for Promotion of Micro and Small Enterprises" was announced.

• This includes measures addressing credit, fiscal support, cluster-based development, infrastructure, technology, and marketing.

• Capacity building of MSME Associations and support to women entrepreneurs are the other important attributes of this package.

• A shelterbelt is defined as a barrier of trees and shrubs that protects wind and storm and decreases erosion.

• Shelterbelts may be planted for a specific purpose, which determines how many rows of trees are planted, the species planted, and the planting design.

• The water cycle, also called the hydrologic cycle, involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system. Of the many processes involved in the water cycle, the most important are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

Horizon A or Topsoil: It is also called the humus layer, rich in organic material. This layer consists of decomposed material and organic matter. This is the reason the topsoil has a dark brown colour. The hummus makes the topsoil soft, porous to hold enough air and water.

• The ecosystem is the set of species in a given area that interact among themselves, through processes such as predation, parasitism, competition and symbiosis, and with their abiotic environment to disintegrate and become part of cycles of energy and nutrients.

• The ecosystem of the ecosystem, including bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, depends on each other.

• The national park, an area set aside by a national government to preserve the natural environment. A national park may be set aside for public recreation and enjoyment or because of its historical or scientific interest.

• Most of the landscapes and their accompanying plants and animals in a national park are kept in their natural state. The national parks in the United States and Canada tend to focus on protecting both land and wildlife. Those in the United Kingdom focus mainly on the land, and those in Africa primarily exist to conserve animals.

• Red soil is a type of soil that develops in a warm, temperate, moist climate under deciduous or mixed forests.

• It has thin organic and organic-mineral layers overlying a yellowish-brown leached layer resting on an illuvial (see illuviation) red layer. Red soils generally derived from crystalline rock.

• They are usually poor growing soils, low in nutrients and humus and difficult to cultivate because of its low water holding capacity.

• Red soils denote India's second-largest soil group covering an area of about 6.1 lakhs sq. km (18.6% of India's area) over the Peninsula from Tamil Nadu south to Bundelkhand in the north and Rajmahal hills in the east to Kachchh in the west. They surround the black soils on their south, east and north.

• Extinction happens when environmental factors or evolutionary problems cause a species to die out.

• The disappearance of species from Earth is ongoing, and rates have varied over time. A quarter of mammals is at risk of extinction, according to IUCN Red List estimates.

• To some extent, extinction is natural. Changes to habitats and poor reproductive trends are among the factors that can make a species' death rate higher than its birth rate for long enough that eventually, none are left.

• Deciduous forest, vegetation composed primarily of broad-leaved trees that shed all their leaves during one season.

• Deciduous forest is found in three middle-latitude regions with a temperate climate characterized by a winter season and year-round precipitation: eastern North America, western Eurasia, and northeastern Asia.

• Endangered species, any species at risk of extinction because of a sudden rapid decrease in its population or a loss of its critical habitat.

• One of the most-recognized independent international systems of species assessment is the Red List of Threatened Species, created by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).