Test: Forest Society & Colonialism - 2 - UPSC MCQ

The "imperial forest research institute" was set up in "Dehradun in 1906", based on suggestion from German forest expert "Dietrich Brandis", who later "became the inspector" general of the forest in India. This was developed under the council of forest research and education.

The correct answer to the question is option C: Indrawati.
Here is a detailed explanation:
Introduction:
The question asks about the river that flows through Bastar. Bastar is a district located in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. To determine the correct answer, we need to identify the river that passes through this region.
Analysis:
To find the answer, we can eliminate options A and B, as the Ganga and Indus rivers are located far away from Bastar and do not flow through this region. This leaves us with option C: Indrawati.
Explanation:
The Indrawati River is a significant river in the region of Bastar. It is a tributary of the Godavari River and passes through the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. The river is known for its picturesque landscapes and plays a crucial role in the local ecosystem.
Conclusion:
Therefore, the correct answer is option C: Indrawati. This river flows through Bastar and is a prominent water body in the region.

Tax levied by the colonial government on the Pastoralists was known as grazing tax. The pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures.

People would pay a small fee called devsari, daud or mand in exchange of the wood taken from the forest of another village.

Sarnas are Sacred Groves:
Sacred groves, known as Sarnas, are designated areas of land that hold religious and ecological significance in certain cultures. Here is a detailed explanation of why Sarnas are considered sacred groves:
Definition:
- Sarnas are natural or man-made patches of forested land that are protected and preserved for religious or cultural reasons.
- They are considered sacred and are often associated with specific deities or spirits.
- Sarnas can be found in various regions around the world, including India, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Europe.
Characteristics of Sarnas:
- Sarnas are typically small areas of land, ranging from a few square meters to several acres.
- They are often located near temples, shrines, or other religious sites.
- Sarnas are characterized by the presence of diverse flora and fauna, including old-growth trees, medicinal plants, and endangered species.
- These groves are maintained through religious rituals, community participation, and traditional practices.
Religious and Cultural Significance:
- Sarnas are considered sacred spaces and are associated with the worship of specific deities or spirits.
- They serve as important sites for religious ceremonies, rituals, and festivals.
- Sarnas are believed to be inhabited by divine beings, and thus, they are treated with reverence and respect.
- These groves are also recognized for their ecological importance and are seen as reservoirs of biodiversity.
Conservation Benefits:
- Sarnas play a crucial role in conserving biodiversity by providing habitats for a wide range of plant and animal species.
- They contribute to the maintenance of ecological balance and the preservation of traditional knowledge related to the environment.
- Sarnas also act as carbon sinks and help mitigate the effects of climate change.
- By protecting and preserving these sacred groves, communities can ensure the sustainability of their cultural and natural heritage.
In conclusion, Sarnas are sacred groves that hold religious and ecological significance. They are protected areas of land associated with specific deities or spirits, and they play a vital role in conserving biodiversity and traditional knowledge.

The Forest Act brought severe hardship for the villagers across the country due to various reasons, as explained below:
Restrictions on Activities:
- Cutting wood, grazing cattle, collecting fruits, roots, hunting, and fishing became illegal under the Forest Act.
- This restricted the villagers' access to essential resources for their livelihoods.
Forced Theft and Bribes:
- With the restrictions in place, villagers were often forced to resort to stealing wood or other forest resources to meet their needs.
- If caught, they had to pay bribes to the forest guards to avoid legal consequences.
- This put additional financial burden on the already struggling villagers.
Harassment of Women:
- Women who collected firewood, an essential resource for cooking and heating, were specifically targeted and harassed by forest guards.
- This created a hostile environment for women and made their daily lives even more challenging.
Overall Impact:
- The combination of restrictions on activities, forced theft, bribery, and harassment created severe hardship for the villagers.
- They faced economic difficulties, legal issues, and social challenges, making it difficult for them to sustain their livelihoods and meet their basic needs.
In conclusion, the Forest Act had a detrimental impact on the villagers across the country, causing severe hardship due to the restrictions on activities, forced theft, bribes, and harassment.

Rebellion in Bastar in 1910
The first rebellion in Bastar took place in 1910. Here is a detailed explanation of the events surrounding this rebellion:
Background:
- Bastar is a region located in the present-day Chhattisgarh state of India.
- It was ruled by a dynasty known as the Kakatiyas.
- The British colonialists had established their presence in the region and were exerting control over the local population.
Causes of the Rebellion:
- The British administration imposed heavy taxes on the people of Bastar, leading to economic hardships.
- The exploitation of local resources by the British, such as timber and minerals, further aggravated the situation.
- The people of Bastar were also subjected to forced labor and other forms of oppression.
The Rebellion:
- In 1910, the people of Bastar rose up against the British rule in a rebellion.
- The rebellion was led by the local tribal leaders and peasants, who were joined by various sections of society.
- The rebels attacked British officials, government buildings, and other symbols of colonial power.
- The rebellion lasted for several months, during which the British forces struggled to suppress the uprising.
Outcome:
- Despite the initial success of the rebellion, the British eventually managed to quell the uprising.
- The rebels faced heavy casualties and were unable to sustain their resistance against the well-equipped British forces.
- The rebellion did, however, serve as a catalyst for future movements against British rule in the region.
Overall, the first rebellion in Bastar took place in 1910 and was a significant event in the history of the region's struggle against colonial oppression.

The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up in Dehradun.
The Imperial Forest Research Institute was established in Dehradun, which is located in the state of Uttarakhand in northern India. Here is a detailed explanation:
Background:
- The Imperial Forest Research Institute was founded during the colonial era in British India.
- It was established to conduct research and studies related to forestry and conservation.
Location:
- The institute was set up in Dehradun, a picturesque city nestled in the foothills of the Himalayas.
- Dehradun is known for its lush greenery, diverse flora and fauna, and pleasant climate, making it an ideal location for a forestry research institute.
Reasons for choosing Dehradun:
- Dehradun is surrounded by forests and has a rich biodiversity, providing ample opportunities for research and study.
- The city is well-connected to other parts of India and has good transportation facilities, making it convenient for researchers and scientists to access the institute.
- The pleasant climate and serene environment of Dehradun provide a conducive atmosphere for research and study.
Importance:
- The Imperial Forest Research Institute played a crucial role in the development of forestry science and conservation practices in India.
- It conducted extensive research on various aspects of forestry, including silviculture, forest management, timber technology, and forest utilization.
- The institute also trained forestry professionals and provided technical assistance to the government in formulating policies related to forest conservation and management.
Legacy:
- Over the years, the Imperial Forest Research Institute has evolved into the prestigious Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE).
- ICFRE is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India.
- It continues to carry out research, training, and extension activities in the field of forestry and allied sciences.
In conclusion, the Imperial Forest Research Institute was established in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. It played a vital role in the development of forestry science in India and has left a lasting legacy in the form of the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education.

Why does the story of the forests and people of Bastar not end with the rebellion of 1910?
The story of the forests and people of Bastar did not end with the rebellion of 1910 for the following reasons:
Continued practice of keeping people out of the forests:
- Even after Independence, the practice of keeping people out of the forests and reserving them for industrial use continued.
- This meant that the local tribes and communities who depended on the forests for their livelihoods were still denied access to their traditional resources.
Proposed replacement of national sal forest:
- The World Bank proposed the replacement of 4,600 hectares of national sal forest in Bastar with tropical pine for the paper industry.
- This proposal threatened the ecological balance of the region and the livelihoods of the local communities.
- However, the proposal was eventually scrapped, but it highlights the ongoing challenges faced by the forests and people of Bastar.
Therefore, both the continued practice of keeping people out of the forests and the proposed replacement of national sal forest demonstrate that the story of the forests and people of Bastar did not end with the rebellion of 1910.

Problems faced by the people of Bastar under the colonial government:
- Displacement without compensation:
- People of villages were displaced without any notice or compensation.

- Increased rents and demands for free labor and goods:
- Villagers suffered from increased rents imposed by the colonial officials.
- They also faced frequent demands for free labor and goods, which further burdened them.

- Famines:
- Terrible famines occurred in Bastar in 1899-1900, 1907, and 1908.
- These famines caused immense suffering and loss of life.

Overall, the people of Bastar faced displacement without compensation, increased financial burdens, and the devastating impact of famines under the colonial government.

Deforestation:
Deforestation refers to the permanent removal or clearing of trees and vegetation from a forested area. It involves the complete or partial removal of forest cover, leading to the disappearance of forests. This process has significant environmental, social, and economic consequences.
Causes of Deforestation:
Deforestation can be caused by various factors, including:
1. Agricultural Expansion: Forests are often cleared to make way for agriculture, especially for the cultivation of cash crops or livestock grazing.
2. Logging: Commercial logging involves the cutting down of trees for timber, which contributes to deforestation.
3. Infrastructure Development: Construction of roads, dams, and other infrastructure projects can result in the clearance of forests.
4. Mining: Extractive industries, such as mining for minerals and fossil fuels, often require the removal of forests.
5. Forest Fires: Uncontrolled forest fires, whether natural or human-induced, can cause extensive deforestation.
6. Urbanization: Rapid urban growth leads to the conversion of forested areas into urban settlements and industrial zones.
Impacts of Deforestation:
The consequences of deforestation are far-reaching and include:
1. Loss of Biodiversity: Forests are home to a wide range of plant and animal species, and deforestation leads to the destruction of their habitats, resulting in the loss of biodiversity.
2. Climate Change: Trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, so deforestation contributes to increased greenhouse gas emissions and global warming.
3. Soil Erosion: Without tree roots to hold the soil in place, deforested areas are prone to erosion, leading to decreased soil fertility and increased sedimentation in water bodies.
4. Disruption of Water Cycles: Forests play a crucial role in regulating water cycles, and their removal can disrupt rainfall patterns, leading to droughts or floods.
5. Socioeconomic Impacts: Indigenous communities and local populations who depend on forests for their livelihoods are negatively affected by deforestation.
6. Loss of Medicinal Resources: Many plant species found in forests have medicinal properties, and deforestation can lead to the loss of potential cures for diseases.
Efforts to Combat Deforestation:
To address deforestation, various measures can be taken, including:
1. Sustainable Forest Management: Implementing practices that ensure the responsible use and conservation of forests.
2. Forest Conservation: Establishing protected areas and national parks to safeguard forests and their biodiversity.
3. Reforestation and Afforestation: Planting new trees in deforested areas and creating new forests.
4. Reducing Illegal Logging: Implementing stricter regulations and enforcement to combat illegal logging activities.
5. Promoting Alternative Livelihoods: Supporting sustainable livelihood options for local communities that reduce their dependence on forest resources.
6. International Cooperation: Encouraging global collaboration and agreements to address deforestation and promote sustainable forest management.
By understanding the causes, impacts, and potential solutions to deforestation, we can work towards conserving and

Analysis:
To determine the percentage of India's land mass under cultivation in 1600 AD, we need to consider the available historical data and estimates from that time period.
Historical Context:
During the 17th century, India was primarily an agrarian society where agriculture was the main occupation and source of livelihood for the majority of the population. However, it is important to note that land use and cultivation practices varied across different regions of the country.
Estimation:
While there is no exact data available for the specific percentage of land under cultivation in 1600 AD, we can make an estimation based on the historical context and general trends of that time period.
- During the 17th century, India's population was estimated to be around 100 million.
- The agricultural sector was the backbone of the Indian economy, providing sustenance to the growing population.
- Considering the high dependence on agriculture, it is reasonable to assume that a significant portion of India's land mass was under cultivation.
- However, it is unlikely that the entire land mass was under cultivation, as there were also forests, rivers, and other non-agricultural areas.
- Based on historical accounts and estimations, it is reasonable to assume that around 1/6th (or 16.67%) of India's land mass was under cultivation in 1600 AD.
Conclusion:
Based on the available historical context and estimations, it can be concluded that approximately 1/6th (or 16.67%) of India's land mass was under cultivation in 1600 AD.

Forests are affected by wars because forest products are used for fulfilling various needs and requirement during war. In the case of India, during the First World War and the Second World War the forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs.   During the Second World War in Java just before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed 'a scorched Earth policy', destroying sawmills and burning huge piles of giant teak logs so that they did not fall into Japanese hands.   The Japanese exploited the forests recklessly for their war industries, forcing villagers to cut down forests. Many villagers took this opportunity to expand cultivation in the forests. Thus, wars also led to destruction of forests.

Policies followed by the British in India towards forests during the First and Second World Wars:
During the First and Second World Wars, the British implemented certain policies regarding forests in India. These policies aimed to meet the war needs of the British Empire. The policy followed by the British in India towards forests during this time was as follows:
1. The forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs:
- The British Empire had a high demand for timber and other forest resources during the war.
- To fulfill this demand, the forest department in India allowed the cutting of trees on a large scale.
- The timber obtained from these forests was used for various purposes, including shipbuilding and construction.
It is important to note that the British prioritized their war needs over the conservation of forests during this period. This policy had significant implications for the environment and the local communities dependent on the forests for their livelihoods.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question is option A: The forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs.

Darjeeling had been the first location in Colonial Bengal to have been penetrated by the tea plantation on a large scale since the mid of the nineteenth century. In the initial years, the growth was simply phenomenal in the wake of large colonial capital investment.

Best Forests Categories:
There are three categories of forests - Reserved forests, Protected forests, and Village forests. Out of these categories, the best forests are regarded as Reserved forests. Here are the reasons why:
1. Reserved forests:
- These forests are considered the best because they are strictly protected and conserved by the government.
- Reserved forests are designated for the conservation of biodiversity and wildlife.
- These forests have legal protection, and their exploitation is strictly regulated.
- They are managed by forest departments and have dedicated staff for conservation and management.
- Reserved forests contribute significantly to maintaining the ecological balance and provide habitat for a wide range of wildlife species.
- They also help in preserving genetic diversity and act as a carbon sink.
2. Protected forests:
- While protected forests also have legal protection, they may not be as strictly regulated as reserved forests.
- These forests are set aside for the preservation of forests and wildlife.
- Protected forests may allow some sustainable use of natural resources but with certain restrictions.
- They contribute to maintaining biodiversity and ecological integrity.
3. Village forests:
- Village forests are community-managed forests found near rural areas.
- These forests are primarily managed by local communities for their subsistence needs.
- While they may provide some benefits to the local communities, they may not have the same level of conservation focus as reserved forests.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, while all categories of forests have their importance, reserved forests are regarded as the best due to their strict protection, conservation focus, and significant contributions to biodiversity conservation and ecological balance.

Forest laws and their impact on forest dwellers:
The new forest laws brought significant changes to the lives of forest dwellers. The specific change that occurred due to these laws was:
Prohibition of hunting animals:
- The forest laws prohibited people from hunting animals in the forest areas.
- This was a major shift as hunting was a traditional practice for many forest dwellers for their livelihood and sustenance.
- The prohibition aimed to protect the wildlife and preserve the ecological balance in the forests.
Impact of the hunting prohibition:
- Forest dwellers had to find alternative sources of food and income, as hunting was no longer an option.
- This led to a change in their lifestyle and economic activities.
- Many forest dwellers had to rely on agriculture or other non-forest related occupations for their livelihood.
- The prohibition also contributed to the conservation of wildlife in the forests, preventing overhunting and preserving the biodiversity.
Other changes brought by forest laws:
Though not the specific change mentioned in the question, it is worth noting that the new forest laws brought other significant changes as well. These include:
Restrictions on building houses:
- Forest laws often enforced restrictions on building houses or settlements within the forest areas.
- This aimed to protect the forest ecosystem and prevent encroachment on the forest land.
Gender restrictions:
- Some forest laws imposed restrictions on women's activities in the forest areas.
- This could include limitations on women working in the forests or participating in certain forest-related activities.
Conclusion:
The new forest laws had a profound impact on the lives of forest dwellers. The prohibition of hunting animals was one of the key changes brought by these laws, which required forest dwellers to adapt to alternative sources of livelihood. Additionally, restrictions on building houses and potential gender restrictions further altered the way forest dwellers interacted with and utilized the forest resources.

Large areas of natural forests were cleared to make way for:
- Tea plantations: Tea is a popular crop that requires large areas of land to cultivate. Forests were cleared to create space for tea plantations, especially in regions with suitable climatic conditions for tea production.
- Coffee plantations: Similar to tea, coffee is another widely grown crop that requires specific environmental conditions. Natural forests were cleared to establish coffee plantations, particularly in regions known for their coffee production.
- Rubber plantations: Rubber is an important commodity used in various industries. To meet the demand for rubber products, extensive forest land was cleared to establish rubber plantations.
- All the above: In reality, large areas of natural forests were cleared to make way for all three types of plantations mentioned above. The expansion of tea, coffee, and rubber plantations has contributed to deforestation and the loss of natural habitats.
The conversion of natural forests into plantations has had significant environmental impacts, including loss of biodiversity, disruption of ecosystems, and increased carbon dioxide emissions. Efforts are being made to promote sustainable agricultural practices and reforestation to mitigate the negative effects of deforestation.

The Best Forests

When it comes to identifying the best forests, various factors need to be considered. In this case, the answer is Reserved Forests (C). Here's a detailed explanation:

1. Definition of Reserved Forests

• Reserved forests are areas that are legally protected and managed by the government for conservation purposes.


• These forests are typically set aside to preserve the biodiversity, wildlife, and natural resources found within them.

2. Importance of Reserved Forests

• Reserved forests play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and preventing deforestation.


• They serve as habitats for numerous plant and animal species, helping to sustain biodiversity.


• These forests also provide essential ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, water regulation, and soil conservation.


• Reserved forests contribute to the overall health of the environment by mitigating climate change and supporting sustainable development.

3. Conservation Measures

• The management of reserved forests involves implementing conservation measures like controlled logging, wildlife protection, and reforestation efforts.


• Strict regulations and policies are enforced to limit human activities that may harm these forests, such as illegal logging and encroachment.


• Efforts are made to educate and raise awareness among local communities about the importance of preserving these forests.

4. Examples of Reserved Forests

• India has a vast network of reserved forests, including famous ones like Sundarbans in West Bengal and Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand.


• Other countries also have their own designated reserved forests, such as the Amazon Rainforest in South America and Bialowieza Forest in Europe.

In conclusion, reserved forests are considered the best forests due to their legal protection, conservation efforts, and ecological significance. These forests are vital for preserving biodiversity, supporting sustainable development, and mitigating climate change.

D is the correct option.Nomadic pastoralism is a form of pastoralism when livestock are herded in order to find fresh pastures on which to graze. Due to the trade regulations in the colonial India Many communities became slave labourers in tea and coffee plantations, Some of them were called criminal tribes and Grazing and hunting were restricted and many communities lost their livelihood

• The cultivated area in India rose between 1880 and 1920 due to the British directly encouraging the production of commercial crops like jute, sugarcane, wheat, and cotton, as well as the growing demand for agricultural products and raw materials in Europe.
• Additionally, forests were considered to be wilderness and had to be cultivated to yield agricultural products and revenue
• The growing urban populations in Europe needed more crops and more raw materials for industry
• Therefore, the correct answer is all of the above

Explanation:
The correct answer is A: Deforestation. Here is a detailed explanation:
Deforestation:
- Deforestation refers to the permanent removal of trees from forests and the conversion of the land for other purposes, such as agriculture, urbanization, or logging.
- It is the process by which forests are destroyed or degraded, leading to the loss of biodiversity, disruption of ecosystems, and negative impacts on climate change.
- Deforestation is often driven by human activities, including illegal logging, unsustainable agricultural practices, and the expansion of infrastructure.
- The disappearance of forests has significant consequences, including the loss of habitat for numerous plant and animal species, reduced carbon sequestration, and increased greenhouse gas emissions.
Afforestation:
- Afforestation is the process of establishing a forest, or stand of trees, in an area where there was no forest.
- Afforestation is the opposite of deforestation and aims to increase forest cover to combat climate change, restore ecosystems, and provide various ecological, economic, and social benefits.
Shelterbelts:
- Shelterbelts are rows of trees or shrubs planted to provide protection from wind and soil erosion.
- They are often used in agricultural areas to mitigate the negative impacts of wind, such as damage to crops and topsoil erosion.
- While shelterbelts can contribute to the conservation of trees and biodiversity, they do not necessarily prevent deforestation or the disappearance of forests.
All of these:
- This option is incorrect because shelterbelts do not refer to the disappearance of forests.
- The correct answer is A: Deforestation, as it specifically addresses the loss and disappearance of forests.
In conclusion, the disappearance of forests is referred to as deforestation. Deforestation is a significant global issue with impacts on biodiversity, climate change, and sustainable development. Efforts to combat deforestation and promote afforestation are crucial for the preservation of forests and the well-being of the planet.

First Inspector General of Forest in India:
The first Inspector General of Forest in India was Dietrich Brandis.
Details about Dietrich Brandis:
- Dietrich Brandis was a German botanist and forester who is often referred to as the "father of scientific forestry."
- He was appointed as the first Inspector General of Forests in India in 1864 by the British colonial government.
- Brandis played a significant role in the development of forestry in India and was instrumental in introducing scientific forest management practices.
- During his tenure, Brandis established the Indian Forest Service and implemented various measures for the conservation and sustainable management of forests.
- He initiated the systematic inventory of forests, introduced scientific methods for timber harvesting, and promoted the establishment of forest nurseries and plantations.
- Brandis also emphasized the importance of sustainable timber production, watershed management, and the protection of wildlife habitats.
- His efforts laid the foundation for the modern forest management practices in India and had a lasting impact on the country's forestry sector.
- Brandis served as the Inspector General of Forests in India until his retirement in 1883 and his contributions to Indian forestry are highly regarded.
Conclusion:
Dietrich Brandis was the first Inspector General of Forests in India and his work has had a significant influence on the development of forestry in the country.

 Dietrich Brandis, a German expert became the first Inspector General of Forests in India. Brandis set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864.

Mataram Kingdom (c. 752–1006), a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Java,The historic region of Central Java, used to identify the fertile plain south of Mount Merapi, roughly corresponds to the modern Special Region of Yogyakarta.

Imperial Forest Research Institute in India:
The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up in Dehradun, India. It was established in 1906 and played a significant role in the development of forestry in the country. Here are some key points about the institute:
1. Location: The Imperial Forest Research Institute is located in Dehradun, which is the capital city of Uttarakhand state in northern India.
2. Establishment: The institute was established in 1906 by the British government. It was initially known as the Imperial Forest School and was later renamed as the Imperial Forest Research Institute.
3. Purpose: The main objective of the institute was to conduct research and provide training in various aspects of forestry. It aimed to promote scientific management and conservation of forests in India.
4. Contribution: The Imperial Forest Research Institute played a crucial role in the development of forestry in India. It conducted research on various topics related to forests, such as silviculture, forest management, forest products, and forest ecology.
5. Training: The institute offered training programs for forest officers, foresters, and other professionals in the field of forestry. It provided practical knowledge and skills necessary for the efficient management of forests.
6. Legacy: The Imperial Forest Research Institute served as a pioneer institution in the field of forestry in India. It laid the foundation for further research and development in the field and contributed to the establishment of other forestry institutes in the country.
Overall, the Imperial Forest Research Institute holds a significant place in the history of forestry in India. Its establishment in Dehradun marked a milestone in the scientific management and conservation of forests in the country.

Location of Bastar:
Bastar is located in the state of Chhattisgarh, India. It is a district in the southern part of the state. Here are some key points about the location of Bastar:
- State: Chhattisgarh
- Geographical Region: Southern Chhattisgarh
- Neighboring Districts: Bastar shares its borders with several districts including Bijapur, Dantewada, Kondagaon, Narayanpur, Sukma, and Kanker.
- Capital City: The district does not have a specific capital city, but Jagdalpur is considered its administrative headquarters.
- Geographical Features: Bastar is known for its picturesque landscapes, dense forests, and hilly terrain. It is part of the Bastar Plateau, which is rich in mineral resources and biodiversity.
- Tribal Population: The district is home to various indigenous tribal communities, including the Gond, Maria, Muria, and Bison Horn Maria tribes, among others.
- Tourist Attractions: Bastar is famous for its vibrant tribal culture, traditional arts and crafts, and ancient temples. Some popular tourist destinations in the region include Chitrakote Waterfall, Bastar Palace, Danteshwari Temple, and Kutumsar Caves.
Overall, Bastar is a significant district in Chhattisgarh, known for its natural beauty, cultural heritage, and tribal communities.

Background:
Surontiko Samin was an Indonesian religious figure and social activist who led a movement against state ownership of forests. His movement was known as the Samin movement.
Explanation:
Surontiko Samin started his movement against state ownership of forests in the late 19th century.
Timeline:
- 1887: Surontiko Samin began his movement against state ownership of forests.
- 1888: No relevant information available.
- 1889: No relevant information available.
- 1890: No relevant information available.
Conclusion:
Based on available information, Surontiko Samin started his movement against state ownership of forests in 1887.

B is the correct option.The terrible famines in 1899–1900 and again in 1907–1908 made the life of people miserable. They blamed colonial rule for their sorry plight. The initiative of rebellion was taken by the Dhurwas of the “Kanger” forest, where reservation first took place. Gunda Dhur was an important leader of the rebellion.

Forest Act and Categories:
The forest act that divided forests into three categories is the 1878 Forest Act.
Explanation:
The Forest Act of 1878 was a significant legislation that aimed to regulate the management and protection of forests in India. Under this act, forests were categorized into three different categories based on their purpose and utilization.
The three categories are:
1. Reserved Forests: These forests were the most strictly protected and reserved for the conservation of forests and wildlife. They were meant to be preserved in their natural state and were not to be used for any commercial exploitation.
2. Protected Forests: Protected forests were designated for the sustainable use of forest resources. They were managed under specific rules and regulations to ensure the conservation of forests while allowing limited utilization for the benefit of local communities.
3. Unclassed Forests: Unclassed forests were the least regulated category and were open for private use and occupation. These forests were typically found in areas with low forest cover and were not subject to the same level of protection as reserved or protected forests.
The Forest Act of 1878 played a crucial role in the conservation and sustainable management of India's forests. It provided a framework for the protection of forests while also allowing for their utilization in a controlled manner. This act laid the foundation for subsequent forest conservation efforts in India.

Explanation:
The correct answer is A: Nethanar. Gundadhar was an inhabitant of the Nethanar village.
Reasoning:
To arrive at the correct answer, we need to analyze the given options and determine the correct village where Gundadhar was an inhabitant.
- Option A: Nethanar
- Gundadhar was an inhabitant of Nethanar village.
- Option B: Munda
- There is no information given to suggest that Gundadhar was an inhabitant of Munda village.
- Option C: Kalanga
- There is no information given to suggest that Gundadhar was an inhabitant of Kalanga village.
- Option D: Matram
- There is no information given to suggest that Gundadhar was an inhabitant of Matram village.
Based on the given options, it can be concluded that Gundadhar was an inhabitant of Nethanar village.