Nitin Singhania Test: Indian Architecture, Sculpture & Pottery- 2 - UPSC MCQ

• Statement 1 is incorrect: The Udayagiri Caves of Madhya Pradesh were not made under the Kalinga king Kharavela. Kharavela is associated with the Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves in Odisha, not Madhya Pradesh.

• Statement 2 is correct: The Udayagiri Caves of Madhya Pradesh (near Vidisha) date to the Gupta period (early 5th century CE) and are famous for containing some of the earliest Hindu sculptures, including a prominent image of Vishnu’s Varaha (boar) incarnation.

Therefore,Correct Answer - Option B

• Rani Gumpha caves are located in Udayagiri and Khandagiri, near Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
• These caves are significant for their architectural beauty, featuring intricate carvings and sculptures.
• Rani Gumpha is known for its double-storied structure, showcasing advanced rock-cut architecture.
• The site is linked to the Jain tradition, highlighting its historical and cultural importance.

 

• Stupas became larger and more decorative in the post-Mauryan period. 

• Stone was increasingly used in place of wood and brick. 

• The Shunga dynasty introduced the idea of torans as beautifully decorated gateways to the stupas. The torans were intricately carved with figures and patterns and were evidence of Hellenistic influence.

The sculptures of Mathura School were made using spotted red sandstone.

 

• Mathura School developed in and around Mathura, Sonkh and kankalitala.

• Madurai school doesn’t exist.

 

• There exists some difference between Greek and Roman styles and Gandhara School integrates both the styles. 
• The idealistic style of Greeks is reflected in the muscular depictions of Gods and other men showing strength and beauty. Lots of Greek mythological figures from the Greek Parthenon have been sculpted using Marble.
• On the other hand, Romans used art for ornamentation and decoration and is realistic in nature as opposed to Greek idealism. 
• Roman art projects realism and depicts real people and major historical events. The Romans used concrete in their sculptures. They were also famous for their mural paintings.

Answer:
The correct answer is D: Karana mudra. Let's break down the details and significance of Karana mudra:
Definition:
- Karana mudra is a hand gesture that is used in various spiritual and cultural practices.
- It is formed by extending the hand with the palm forward, folding the two middle fingers, and raising the index and little fingers straight upwards.
Significance:
- Karana mudra is known for its ability to ward off evil and expel negative energy.
- It is believed to create a powerful energy that helps in removing obstacles, both physical and mental.
- This mudra signifies the act of dispelling demons and negative thoughts.
Benefits:
- Karana mudra is used for protection against sickness and diseases.
- It helps in clearing negative energy and promoting positivity.
- This mudra can be used to overcome obstacles and challenges in life.
- It aids in purifying the mind and creating a sense of peace and harmony.
Conclusion:
Karana mudra, with its unique hand gesture, serves as a powerful tool for expelling negative energy and overcoming obstacles. By practicing this mudra, one can promote positivity and well-being in their life.

• The Gupta period (4th–6th century CE) is often described as the “Golden Age” of Indian art. Temple architecture reached its climax, with notable examples such as the Dashavatara Temple at Deogarh and the Udayagiri caves in Madhya Pradesh.
• Buddhist and Jain art also flourished. The serene Buddha images at Sarnath and the refined Jain sculptures of this period are important examples.

Therefore, both statements are correct

• The paintings at Ajanta were executed in the fresco-secco technique (painting on dry plaster). This is correct.
• The claim about “absence of red” is incorrect. Red was used for outlines; what is actually absent is the colour blue.
• The figures at Ajanta are known for their naturalism, not idealism.
• Hence, only statement 1 is correct.

 

•  During the Gupta period, a new school of sculpture developed around Sarnath. It was characterised by the use of cream coloured sandstone and the use of metal.

• The sculptures of this school were immaculately dressed and lacked any form of nakedness. The halo around the head of Buddha was intricately decorated. Example: Sultanganj Buddha (7.5 ft high).