The Solar System formed approximately ___ billion years ago.

4.6 billion years ago.

True or False: All eight planets in the solar system are classified as terrestrial planets.

False. The outer four planets are classified as Jovian or Gas Giant planets.

Fill in the blank: The mean distance from the sun to the earth is approximately ___ kilometers.

149,598,000 kilometers.

What is the significance of a light year in astronomy?

A light year is a measure of distance, representing how far light travels in one year, which equals approximately 9.461 x 10^12 kilometers.

Fill in the blank: The inner planets are also referred to as ___ planets, while the outer planets are called ___ planets.

Terrestrial; Jovian.

True or False: The gas giants have a higher density compared to terrestrial planets.

False. Terrestrial planets have relatively high densities compared to gas giants.

What defines the classification of planets into terrestrial and Jovian?

Terrestrial planets are rocky and metal-based, while Jovian planets are primarily composed of gases like helium and hydrogen.

The Moon is believed to have formed as a result of a ___ impact with a body the size of one to three times that of Mars.

Giant

True or False: The Moon formed from material that was blasted from the Earth after a collision with another celestial body.

True

Fill in the blank: The process that led to the Moon's formation is often referred to as 'the big ___'.

Splat

Approximately how many billion years ago did the Moon form?

4.44 billion years ago

True or False: The current scientific consensus supports the idea that the Moon formed from a series of smaller impacts over millions of years.

False - The current consensus is that the Moon formed from a giant impact.

What event is described as 'the big splat' in relation to the Moon's formation?

A giant impact with a Mars-sized body that blasted material from the Earth.

Fill in the blanks: A body that collided with the Earth was between ___ and ___ times the size of Mars.

One to three

The process of differentiation during the formation of the Earth led to the separation of materials into distinct layers based on their densities. True or False?

True

The Earth's crust is primarily composed of which eight elements?

Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.

Sulfur, copper

The density of materials increases from the crust to the core of the Earth. True or False?

True

What are the four main layers of the Earth from the surface to the center?

Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core.

Fill in the blank: About ___ percent of the Earth's total crust is composed of the eight most abundant elements.

98

Which two elements are commonly found in the Earth's crust that are not part of the eight most abundant elements?

Titanium and hydrogen.

The lithosphere is primarily composed of ___ major rock-forming minerals.

Six

True or False: All minerals found in the Earth's crust are organic substances.

False. Most minerals in the Earth's crust are inorganic, although some organic minerals like coal, petroleum, and natural gas exist.

What is the origin of most minerals found in the Earth's crust?

Most minerals originate from the hot magma in the Earth's interior, which cools and crystallizes to form various minerals.

Fill in the blank: Minerals such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas are referred to as ___ substances.

Organic