Liability refers to the legal responsibility of an individual or entity for their actions or omissions that cause ___ or ___ to others.

Harm or injury

True or False: Criminal liability involves obligations to compensate others for harm caused.

False; Criminal liability involves being held accountable for actions deemed harmful to society.

What are the two key elements considered in penal liability?

The act and the intent

Fill in the blank: Civil liability involves obligations to compensate others for harm caused, such as in cases of ___ or ___ of contract.

Negligence or breach

Explain the concept of remedial liability.

Remedial liability focuses on enforcing legal duties and ensuring specific performance of obligations.

True or False: Transitory wrongs can be enforced even after the violation has occurred.

False; Transitory wrongs, like published libel, cannot be enforced after the fact.

Fill in the blank: Imperfect obligations create no liability when breached, such as a debt barred by the ___ of limitations.

Statute

What is the general principle regarding legal duties and their fulfillment?

When the law establishes a duty, it should ensure its specific fulfillment.

True or False: Continuing wrongs cannot be enforced after the violation.

False; Continuing wrongs, like non-payment of a debt, can be enforced even after the violation.

Fill in the blank: Expediency may require addressing a duty through ___ law or pecuniary compensation rather than specific enforcement.

Criminal

Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea means that ___ alone does not constitute guilt.

An act

True or False: Penal responsibility can be assigned for the actions of others.

False. Penal responsibility is only assigned for actions taken by the individual.

What are the two primary conditions that must be met for penal liability?

The material condition and the formal condition.

Intention in criminal law refers to the ___ behind an action.

Purpose or design

True or False: An act is considered intentional only if the outcome is highly likely to occur.

False. An act can be intentional even if the outcome is unlikely.

What distinguishes intention from negligence in the context of penal liability?

Intention involves a purposeful desire to perform an act, while negligence is a failure to exercise reasonable care without intent to cause harm.

True or False: Negligence requires the intention to cause harm.

False. Negligence does not require an intention to cause harm.

An act can be considered intentional even if the likelihood of its occurrence is ___ .

Low

True or False: Thoughtlessness is the only form of negligence.

False. Thoughtlessness is one aspect of negligence; negligence can also include conscious disregard for risks.

What is the difference between subjective negligence and objective negligence?

Subjective negligence refers to the mental state of indifference, while objective negligence is that indifference expressed through actions.

True or False: Negligence is considered a form of mens rea.

True. Negligence is regarded as a type of mens rea alongside wrongful intention.