Dryopithecus is considered a common ancestor of both ___ and ___ .

Man and modern apes

True or False: The Y-5 cusp pattern on the third molar of Dryopithecus indicates a close evolutionary relationship with modern monkeys.

False. The Y-5 cusp pattern indicates a relationship with modern apes.

The three species of Dryopithecus that likely gave rise to modern great apes are ___, ___, and ___ .

Africanus, major, and sivalensis

What does the term 'arboreal habitat' refer to in the context of Dryopithecus?

It refers to a lifestyle adapted to living in trees, indicating that Dryopithecus inhabited both rain forests and more open areas.

True or False: Dryopithecus was primarily a terrestrial animal with adaptations for knuckle walking.

False. Dryopithecus was not modified for knuckle walking and was a slow walking animal that lived in trees.

Fill in the blank: The estimated cranial capacity of Dryopithecus africanus is about ___ c.c.

167

What evidence suggests a close relationship between Dryopithecus and modern humans?

Dryopithecus shows human-like features.

• Frontal sinuses indicate adaptation.

• Cranial similarities with humans.

• Links to African ape lineage.

Fill in the blank: The geographical distribution of Dryopithecus includes regions in ___, ___, and ___ .

Africa, Asia, and some parts of Europe.

What are the significant physical characteristics of Dryopithecus that separate it from later hominids?

The first lower premolar being sectorial and its mixed limb characteristics that do not show modifications for brachiation.

The first discovery of Ramapithecus fossils was made by G.E. Lewis in ___ in the Siwalik hills regions of India.

1932

True or False: The species name 'brevirostris' in Ramapithecus brevirostris means 'long snouted'.

False. 'Brevirostris' means 'short snouted'.

Ramapithecus is believed to be a candidate for the first hominid, splitting from the ape line approximately ___ million years ago.

14

The dental arcade of Ramapithecus is characterized as ___ in shape.

Rounded

Fill in the blanks: The two genera most widely distributed within the Ramapithecids are ___ and ___.

Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus

What major anatomical feature differentiates Ramapithecus from other apes?

The incisors and canines of Ramapithecus are inserted vertically, unlike in other apes where they are slightly procumbent.

True or False: Gigantopithecus is considered a direct ancestor of modern humans.

False. Gigantopithecus is not considered an ancestor of modern humans.

Fill in the blank: The status of ___ as an ancestor of orangutans is clear.

Sivapithecus

What is the significance of the Dryopithecus pattern in relation to Ramapithecus?

Dryopithecus indicates hominid evolution.

• Five cusped molars noted.

• Suggests close evolutionary ties.

• Highlights lineage to Ramapithecus.

Fill in the blanks: Ramapithecus has a canine fossa and possesses ___ premolars and molars adapted for heavy chewing.

Flattened and thick enameled

The first hominid fossil discovered by Louis Leakey in East Africa was named ___ and is now considered part of the Australopithecus genus.

Zinjanthropus boisei, now known as Australopithecus boisei.