Dollo's Rule states that evolutionary changes are ___ and cannot be undone.

Irreversible

True or False: Dollo's law asserts that an organism can return to its previous state if environmental conditions are the same.

False. Dollo's law asserts that organisms never return to their previous state, as they retain traces of intermediate evolutionary stages.

The adaptations of species over time through genetic changes are reversible. True or False?

False. Adaptations that occur through genetic changes are irreversible.

During the Pleistocene epoch, humans experienced a reduction in lower jaw size and an increase in brain size, which are examples of ___ adaptations to environmental changes.

Physical

True or False: Cope's Rule applies universally to all species, including flying bats and insectivorous mammals.

False. Cope's Rule does not apply universally; flying bats and insectivorous mammals do not increase in size due to physical limitations.

What role did larger body sizes play for some organisms during the ice ages?

Larger body sizes helped in conserving heat in extremely cold environments, allowing them to survive harsh climates.

Gause's Rule states that two species competing for the same limited resource cannot coexist at constant population values. True or False?

True

Competition occurs between populations within an ecosystem for resources such as food, space, light, and ___.

Shelter

What happens to one species when two species compete at the same trophic level and occupy strongly overlapping niches?

One species will decline in number to the point of extinction.

The principle of competitive exclusion states that ___ cannot coexist in the same ecological niche.

Complete competitors

Explain how the competitive exclusion principle applies to human societies, particularly in the context of subsistence strategies.

Competitive exclusion affects societies.

• Groups with similar strategies clash.

• Diverse strategies promote coexistence.

• Resource exploitation varies among groups.

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle states that in a panmictic population, allele frequencies will remain constant across generations in the absence of ___, ___, and ___ factors.

Mutation, selection, genetic drift

True or False: The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium suggests that mating partners are chosen based on specific genetic traits.

False; mating partners in a Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium are chosen randomly, without regard to genetic traits.

True or False: Cope's Rule applies universally to all species, indicating that all organisms tend to increase in size during evolution.

False. Cope's Rule does not apply universally; some species experience a decrease in size.