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 Homeostasis of Body Fluids 80 Flashcards |
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What term did Walter Cannon coin in 1929 that describes the maintenance of a constant internal environment in cells? |
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Homeostasis |
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Which type of feedback control amplifies changes and can lead to instability? |
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Positive Feedback |
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What is the primary mechanism of homeostatic control that reverses changes to restore normalcy? |
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Negative Feedback |
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Calculate the gain if blood pressure rises from 100 mm Hg to 175 mm Hg and corrects to 125 mm Hg. |
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-2 |
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In the context of body fluid compartments, what percentage of total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF)? |
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40% |
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What effect does postnatal diuresis have on extracellular fluid (ECF) volume in infants? |
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Reduces ECF volume |
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At what age does total body water approximately reach 60% of body weight? |
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By age 2 |
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Which indicator is most accurate for measuring extracellular fluid volume? |
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Inulin |
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What is the primary cation found in intracellular fluid (ICF)? |
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K⁺ |
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What is the osmotic pressure of body fluids at 37°C? |
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5790 mm Hg |
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Which IV fluid solution is isotonic and typically safe with blood products? |
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0.9% Saline |
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What is the formula used to calculate plasma osmolality? |
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Plasma Osmolality = 2(Na + K) + Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8 |
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Identify the main component that contributes to plasma oncotic pressure. |
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Proteins |
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What percentage of body water is composed of skeletal muscle? |
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36% |
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How does the gain formula relate correction and error in a feedback system? |
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Gain = Correction / Error |
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Which age group is most prone to dehydration due to higher extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid ratio? |
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Infants |
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What is the typical concentration of Na⁺ in extracellular fluid (ECF)? |
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145 mEq/L |
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What happens to intracellular fluid (ICF) volume when hypotonic fluid is gained? |
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Increases ICF volume |
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What is the primary mechanism that anticipates disturbances and generates corrective commands? |
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Feedforward Control |
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What is the normal range for plasma osmolality in mOsm/kg? |
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280-290 mOsm/kg |
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What percentage of total body water is extracellular fluid (ECF) in a healthy adult? |
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20% |
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Which fluid compartment contains the majority of the body's water? |
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Intracellular Fluid (ICF) |
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What is the role of baroreceptors in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis? |
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Reduce elevated blood pressure |
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What characterizes the ionic composition of extracellular fluid (ECF) compared to intracellular fluid (ICF)? |
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Higher Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations in ECF |
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What is the effect of hypertonic fluid gain on extracellular and intracellular fluid volumes? |
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Increases ECF volume and osmolality, decreases ICF volume |
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What is the estimated total body water in a 70 kg adult male? |
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42 L |
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Which indicator is commonly used to measure total body water? |
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D₂O (heavy water) |
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What is the main disadvantage of negative feedback mechanisms? |
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Slow and incomplete responses |
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What is the typical water requirement for an adult per day? |
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1.5 L/day |
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What is the primary function of the Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase pump in cells? |
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Maintain ionic gradients between ICF and ECF |
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What percentage of body weight do blood and plasma represent? |
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8% |
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How does the concentration of K⁺ differ between ICF and ECF? |
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140 mEq/L in ICF and 4.2 mEq/L in ECF |
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What is the measurement of osmoles based on? |
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Osmotically active particles |
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What characterizes the ionic concentration of interstitial fluid (ISF)? |
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High Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations |
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What is the typical osmolarity of a 0.45% saline solution? |
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154 mOsm/kg |
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What is the primary component of the extracellular fluid that maintains osmotic balance? |
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Sodium ions (Na⁺) |
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What common fluid shift occurs in cases of hemorrhage? |
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Loss of isotonic fluid leading to decreased ECF volume |
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What is the main cation found in extracellular fluid (ECF)? |
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Na⁺ |
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What role does the Ferguson reflex play in homeostasis? |
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Facilitates uterine contractions during childbirth |
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Which electrolyte has the highest concentration in intracellular fluid (ICF)? |
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Potassium (K⁺) |
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