What is the primary neurotransmitter released by type I glomus cells during hypoxia?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Which type of chemoreceptors respond to changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pH?

Central chemoreceptors

True or False: Hypoxia stimulates central chemoreceptors directly.

False. Hypoxia depresses central chemoreceptors instead of stimulating them.

The primary stimulus for peripheral chemoreceptors is ______.

Hypoxia

What happens to respiratory minute volume when inhaling 4% CO₂?

It increases due to increased depth and rate of respiration.

Riddle: I measure the balance of gases in the body, but I'm not a scale. What am I?

Chemoreceptors

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the stimulus to breathe primarily comes from ______.

Low arterial O₂ (hypoxia)

Fill in the blank: The ______ integrates sensory information from arterial chemoreceptors and lung mechanoreceptors.

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

What role does the apneustic center play in respiration?

It controls the depth of breathing by stimulating inspiratory neurons.

True or False: The Hering-Breuer's reflex is stronger in adults than in infants.

False. It is stronger in infants and weakest in adults.

Which breathing pattern is characterized by gradual increases and decreases in respiration with periods of apnea?

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

What physiological change occurs in the body during acclimatization to high altitude?

Increased ventilation and erythropoietin release from kidneys.

Riddle: I can cause dizziness and headaches when you ascend too fast, what am I?

Altitude sickness

Fill in the blank: Breathing pure oxygen does not depress respiration, indicating that high ______ does not depress respiration.

PaO₂

What is the condition called when nitrogen bubbles form in body fluids due to sudden decompression?

Decompression sickness

True or False: The pneumotaxic center is required for normal breathing (eupnea).

False. It is not required for eupnea.

What is the primary effect of vagal stimulation during lung inflation?

Inhibition of inspiratory discharge (I neurons)

Which gas causes symptoms of seizures and irritability at high pressures?

Oxygen

In the context of high altitude, what effect does hypoxia have on pulmonary circulation?

It causes hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, leading to increased pulmonary arterial pressure.

Fill in the blank: The ______ curve shifts left due to respiratory alkalosis at high altitudes.

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

What is the effect of hypercapnia on the central nervous system?

It depresses the central nervous system, causing confusion and potentially coma.

Riddle: I can make you breathe faster, but only when my partner is low. Who am I?

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

What is the relationship between PaO₂ and ventilation in a healthy individual?

No increase in ventilation occurs until PaO₂ falls below 60 mm Hg.

True or False: The J-reflex is primarily responsible for controlling normal breathing patterns.

False. J receptors do not control normal breathing patterns.

Which reflex inhibits further inspiratory muscle activity when the lungs are inflated?

Hering-Breuer's Inflation Reflex

Fill in the blank: The main effect of Hering-Breuer's reflex is to decrease the ______ rate by increasing expiratory time.

Respiratory

What is the primary characteristic of Kussmaul's breathing?

Tachypnea and hyperpnea, often seen in diabetic ketoacidosis.

What is the main physiological adaptation in response to high altitude concerning blood?

Increased erythropoietin release leading to increased red blood cell production.

Fill in the blank: ______ is defined as pain in joints and muscles resulting from decompression sickness.

The bends

True or False: Nitrogen narcosis causes symptoms similar to alcohol intoxication.

True.