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FOURIER SERIES
Fourier series, piecewise continuous functions, Fourier cosine and sine series, property of Fourier
coefficient, Fourier theorem, discussion of the theorem and its corollary.
Reference:
John P. D’ Angelo, An introduction to Complex Analysis and Geometry, American Mathematical Society, 2010.
Fourier Series, Lecture notes published by the Institute of life Long Learning, University of Delhi, Delhi, 2011.
Fourier Series
A particle is said to be periodic function with period ? , if f(x± ?) =f(x) ? x
Result
1. ? f(x)dx
= ? f(x)dx
2. ? f(x)dx
= ? f(x)dx
3. ? f(x)dx
=? f( x)dx
4. ? cosmxcosnx dx
={
0
2
for m n
for m n 0
for m n 0
5. ? sinmxsinnx
= {
0
0
for m n
for m n 0
for m n 0
6. ? cosmxsinnx
=0 for all m, n +ve integer
7 ? cosnx dx
= 2
0
2
if n 0
if n 0
8 ? sinnx dx
= 0
When the French mathematician Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) was trying to solve a problem in heat
conduction, he needed to express a function f as an infinite series of sine and cosine function (called a
trigonometric series)
f(x) a
?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
.(i)
We start by assuming [assume – to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it] that the
trigonometric series converges uniformly on , , - to the continuous sum function f(x):
we integrate both sides of equation (i),using term by term integration valid due
to uniform convergence,we obtain
? f(x)dx
? a
dx
? ?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
dx
a
.2 ? a
? cosnx
dx ? b
? sinnxdx
a
.2 0 0
a
1
2
? f(x)dx
.(ii)
To determine a n for n 1 ,we multiply both sides of equation
f(x) a
?(a
cosmx b
sinmx)
.(iii)
bycosnx (since,|cosnx| 1 ,therefore uniform convergence of the series is not
destroyed,and so term by term of integration is justified) and intergrate term
by term from to
justified (in doing sth) having a good reason for doing sth
? f(x)cosnxdx
a
? cosnxdx
? a
cosmxcosnxdx
? b
? sinmx cosnxdx
0 a
0
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FOURIER SERIES
Fourier series, piecewise continuous functions, Fourier cosine and sine series, property of Fourier
coefficient, Fourier theorem, discussion of the theorem and its corollary.
Reference:
John P. D’ Angelo, An introduction to Complex Analysis and Geometry, American Mathematical Society, 2010.
Fourier Series, Lecture notes published by the Institute of life Long Learning, University of Delhi, Delhi, 2011.
Fourier Series
A particle is said to be periodic function with period ? , if f(x± ?) =f(x) ? x
Result
1. ? f(x)dx
= ? f(x)dx
2. ? f(x)dx
= ? f(x)dx
3. ? f(x)dx
=? f( x)dx
4. ? cosmxcosnx dx
={
0
2
for m n
for m n 0
for m n 0
5. ? sinmxsinnx
= {
0
0
for m n
for m n 0
for m n 0
6. ? cosmxsinnx
=0 for all m, n +ve integer
7 ? cosnx dx
= 2
0
2
if n 0
if n 0
8 ? sinnx dx
= 0
When the French mathematician Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) was trying to solve a problem in heat
conduction, he needed to express a function f as an infinite series of sine and cosine function (called a
trigonometric series)
f(x) a
?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
.(i)
We start by assuming [assume – to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it] that the
trigonometric series converges uniformly on , , - to the continuous sum function f(x):
we integrate both sides of equation (i),using term by term integration valid due
to uniform convergence,we obtain
? f(x)dx
? a
dx
? ?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
dx
a
.2 ? a
? cosnx
dx ? b
? sinnxdx
a
.2 0 0
a
1
2
? f(x)dx
.(ii)
To determine a n for n 1 ,we multiply both sides of equation
f(x) a
?(a
cosmx b
sinmx)
.(iii)
bycosnx (since,|cosnx| 1 ,therefore uniform convergence of the series is not
destroyed,and so term by term of integration is justified) and intergrate term
by term from to
justified (in doing sth) having a good reason for doing sth
? f(x)cosnxdx
a
? cosnxdx
? a
cosmxcosnxdx
? b
? sinmx cosnxdx
0 a
0
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a
1
? f(x)cosnxdx,
n 1 ,2,3, . eq
(iv)
similary,if we multiply both sides of the eq
(iii) bysinnx and integrate from
to ,we get
b
1
? f(x)sinnx
dx,n 1 ,2,3, eq
(v)
Definition A trigonometric series of the form
a
?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
..(vi)
Is called Fouries series of a function f periodic with 2 if the Fourier coefficients a 0, a n, b n are determined by
(ii) , (iii) & (v)
note Since,|a
cosnx b
sinnx| |a
| |b
|, n 1
by ei erstrass
s,M test,it follows that,if the series ?(|a
| |b
|)
converges,
then the trigonometric series (vi)converges absolutely and uniformly in , , -
and it is the Fourier series of a continuous 2 periodic fuction f(x).Moreover
?(a
b
) and so lim
a
0 , lim
b
0 .
Alternative way of defining Fourier Series
A series is
+? (a
cosnx b
sinnx) is called a trigonometric series and the constant a 0, a n &b n are
called coefficient. If this series converges its sum is periodic and its period is 2 .
(ii) let f be bounded and integrable on , , - then the series
+? (a
cosnx b
sinnx) where
a n =
? f(x)cosnxdx
? n 0, 1, 2 ..
and b n =
? f(x)sinnxdx
? n 0, 1, 2 .. (1)
is called the Fourier series of the function on , , ] and the coefficient is given by the equation (1) are
called Fourier coefficient of the function.
Imp.thm. Let f R R be such that
(i) f is bounded and integrable on , , ]
(ii) The function f is piece wise monotonic on , , ]
(iii) f is periodic with period 2 i.e. f(x+2 ) = f(x) ? x ? R
then a
?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
{
f(x),for every point x of continuity in , , -
1
2
,f(x
) f(x
)-,for x
1
2
,f(
) f(
)-,for x ±
Note that the trigonometric series (and hence called then Fourier series) converges to the average of the left-
hand and right-hand limits of the function f at points x in - , , of discontinuity, of the function f at points x
in - , , of discontinuity,and
using periodicity of f,i.e.f(x 2 ) f(x),
1
2
,f(
) f(
)-at the end points ±
Theorem:
Let f : R R be such that
(i) f is bounded and integrable on , , ]
(ii) f is monotonic on each of ( ?? , 0) and (0, ?? ) where (0 < ?? < ) then
+? a
=
(
) (
)
M. Imp. Que: Expand in a series of sine and cosine of multiply of x, the formula given by
f(x) = 2
x
x
x 0
0 x
what is the sum of the fourier series function x 0 and x . Deduce that
= 1+
(1)
Check SV notes pg 11
Sol
n
: f(x) is bounded and integrable on , , ]
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FOURIER SERIES
Fourier series, piecewise continuous functions, Fourier cosine and sine series, property of Fourier
coefficient, Fourier theorem, discussion of the theorem and its corollary.
Reference:
John P. D’ Angelo, An introduction to Complex Analysis and Geometry, American Mathematical Society, 2010.
Fourier Series, Lecture notes published by the Institute of life Long Learning, University of Delhi, Delhi, 2011.
Fourier Series
A particle is said to be periodic function with period ? , if f(x± ?) =f(x) ? x
Result
1. ? f(x)dx
= ? f(x)dx
2. ? f(x)dx
= ? f(x)dx
3. ? f(x)dx
=? f( x)dx
4. ? cosmxcosnx dx
={
0
2
for m n
for m n 0
for m n 0
5. ? sinmxsinnx
= {
0
0
for m n
for m n 0
for m n 0
6. ? cosmxsinnx
=0 for all m, n +ve integer
7 ? cosnx dx
= 2
0
2
if n 0
if n 0
8 ? sinnx dx
= 0
When the French mathematician Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) was trying to solve a problem in heat
conduction, he needed to express a function f as an infinite series of sine and cosine function (called a
trigonometric series)
f(x) a
?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
.(i)
We start by assuming [assume – to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it] that the
trigonometric series converges uniformly on , , - to the continuous sum function f(x):
we integrate both sides of equation (i),using term by term integration valid due
to uniform convergence,we obtain
? f(x)dx
? a
dx
? ?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
dx
a
.2 ? a
? cosnx
dx ? b
? sinnxdx
a
.2 0 0
a
1
2
? f(x)dx
.(ii)
To determine a n for n 1 ,we multiply both sides of equation
f(x) a
?(a
cosmx b
sinmx)
.(iii)
bycosnx (since,|cosnx| 1 ,therefore uniform convergence of the series is not
destroyed,and so term by term of integration is justified) and intergrate term
by term from to
justified (in doing sth) having a good reason for doing sth
? f(x)cosnxdx
a
? cosnxdx
? a
cosmxcosnxdx
? b
? sinmx cosnxdx
0 a
0
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a
1
? f(x)cosnxdx,
n 1 ,2,3, . eq
(iv)
similary,if we multiply both sides of the eq
(iii) bysinnx and integrate from
to ,we get
b
1
? f(x)sinnx
dx,n 1 ,2,3, eq
(v)
Definition A trigonometric series of the form
a
?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
..(vi)
Is called Fouries series of a function f periodic with 2 if the Fourier coefficients a 0, a n, b n are determined by
(ii) , (iii) & (v)
note Since,|a
cosnx b
sinnx| |a
| |b
|, n 1
by ei erstrass
s,M test,it follows that,if the series ?(|a
| |b
|)
converges,
then the trigonometric series (vi)converges absolutely and uniformly in , , -
and it is the Fourier series of a continuous 2 periodic fuction f(x).Moreover
?(a
b
) and so lim
a
0 , lim
b
0 .
Alternative way of defining Fourier Series
A series is
+? (a
cosnx b
sinnx) is called a trigonometric series and the constant a 0, a n &b n are
called coefficient. If this series converges its sum is periodic and its period is 2 .
(ii) let f be bounded and integrable on , , - then the series
+? (a
cosnx b
sinnx) where
a n =
? f(x)cosnxdx
? n 0, 1, 2 ..
and b n =
? f(x)sinnxdx
? n 0, 1, 2 .. (1)
is called the Fourier series of the function on , , ] and the coefficient is given by the equation (1) are
called Fourier coefficient of the function.
Imp.thm. Let f R R be such that
(i) f is bounded and integrable on , , ]
(ii) The function f is piece wise monotonic on , , ]
(iii) f is periodic with period 2 i.e. f(x+2 ) = f(x) ? x ? R
then a
?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
{
f(x),for every point x of continuity in , , -
1
2
,f(x
) f(x
)-,for x
1
2
,f(
) f(
)-,for x ±
Note that the trigonometric series (and hence called then Fourier series) converges to the average of the left-
hand and right-hand limits of the function f at points x in - , , of discontinuity, of the function f at points x
in - , , of discontinuity,and
using periodicity of f,i.e.f(x 2 ) f(x),
1
2
,f(
) f(
)-at the end points ±
Theorem:
Let f : R R be such that
(i) f is bounded and integrable on , , ]
(ii) f is monotonic on each of ( ?? , 0) and (0, ?? ) where (0 < ?? < ) then
+? a
=
(
) (
)
M. Imp. Que: Expand in a series of sine and cosine of multiply of x, the formula given by
f(x) = 2
x
x
x 0
0 x
what is the sum of the fourier series function x 0 and x . Deduce that
= 1+
(1)
Check SV notes pg 11
Sol
n
: f(x) is bounded and integrable on , , ]
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a
? f(x)cosnxdx
=
0? f(x)cosnxdx ? f(x)cosnxdx
1
=
0? (x )cosnxdx ? ( x)cosnxdx
1=
I 1+I 2 (i)
Consider, I 1 =
?
(x )cos nx dx
Let u x ? dx du
I 1 =?
( u )cosn( u) ( du)
= ? (u )cos nu du
?
(u )cos nu du
?
( x) cos nx dx
a n =
?
( x x) cosnx dx
(ii)
? xcosnx dx
0.x
/
? 1 .
dx
1
0
(cosnx)
1
,cosn cos0 -
,( 1 )
1 -
a n =
,1 ( 1 )
-
Put n = 0 in equation (ii)
a
=
? x dx
.
(x
)
Similarly,
b n =
*1 ( 1 )
+
b n =
? f(x)sinnx dx
=
? f(x)sinnx dx
+? f(x)sin nx dx
=
? (x )sin nx dx
+? ( x)sinnx dx
Consider, I 1 = ? (x )sinnx dx
Let u x ? du dx
I 1 = ? ( u )sinn( u)( du)
? (u )sin nudu
=? (u )sin nudu
=? (x )sinnxdx
by change of variable
b n =
[?
(x x)sinnxdx
]
=
? 2 sinnxdx
= 20
1
2 0
( )
1 =
,1 ( 1 )
-
b n =
,1 ( 1 )
-
? a n =
,0 ,
,0 ,
,0 ,
? b n = 4 1 ,0 ,
,0 ,
,0 ,
the fourier series of the function f(x)
f(x)
+02
3 2
4
31 (iii)
The sum of the fourier series at x 0 is
(
) (
)
=
=0 ,? f(0
)= lim
f(x)= lim
(x ?? )= lim
(0 h ?? ) ??
The sum of the fourier series at x = ±
is
(
) (
)
lim
f(x)= lim
(?? x)= lim
?? (?? h ) = 0
0? lim
f(x) lim
(x ) lim
( h ) 2 1
Sum of the fourier series at x 0 is f(0)
put x 0 in equation (iii)
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FOURIER SERIES
Fourier series, piecewise continuous functions, Fourier cosine and sine series, property of Fourier
coefficient, Fourier theorem, discussion of the theorem and its corollary.
Reference:
John P. D’ Angelo, An introduction to Complex Analysis and Geometry, American Mathematical Society, 2010.
Fourier Series, Lecture notes published by the Institute of life Long Learning, University of Delhi, Delhi, 2011.
Fourier Series
A particle is said to be periodic function with period ? , if f(x± ?) =f(x) ? x
Result
1. ? f(x)dx
= ? f(x)dx
2. ? f(x)dx
= ? f(x)dx
3. ? f(x)dx
=? f( x)dx
4. ? cosmxcosnx dx
={
0
2
for m n
for m n 0
for m n 0
5. ? sinmxsinnx
= {
0
0
for m n
for m n 0
for m n 0
6. ? cosmxsinnx
=0 for all m, n +ve integer
7 ? cosnx dx
= 2
0
2
if n 0
if n 0
8 ? sinnx dx
= 0
When the French mathematician Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) was trying to solve a problem in heat
conduction, he needed to express a function f as an infinite series of sine and cosine function (called a
trigonometric series)
f(x) a
?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
.(i)
We start by assuming [assume – to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it] that the
trigonometric series converges uniformly on , , - to the continuous sum function f(x):
we integrate both sides of equation (i),using term by term integration valid due
to uniform convergence,we obtain
? f(x)dx
? a
dx
? ?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
dx
a
.2 ? a
? cosnx
dx ? b
? sinnxdx
a
.2 0 0
a
1
2
? f(x)dx
.(ii)
To determine a n for n 1 ,we multiply both sides of equation
f(x) a
?(a
cosmx b
sinmx)
.(iii)
bycosnx (since,|cosnx| 1 ,therefore uniform convergence of the series is not
destroyed,and so term by term of integration is justified) and intergrate term
by term from to
justified (in doing sth) having a good reason for doing sth
? f(x)cosnxdx
a
? cosnxdx
? a
cosmxcosnxdx
? b
? sinmx cosnxdx
0 a
0
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a
1
? f(x)cosnxdx,
n 1 ,2,3, . eq
(iv)
similary,if we multiply both sides of the eq
(iii) bysinnx and integrate from
to ,we get
b
1
? f(x)sinnx
dx,n 1 ,2,3, eq
(v)
Definition A trigonometric series of the form
a
?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
..(vi)
Is called Fouries series of a function f periodic with 2 if the Fourier coefficients a 0, a n, b n are determined by
(ii) , (iii) & (v)
note Since,|a
cosnx b
sinnx| |a
| |b
|, n 1
by ei erstrass
s,M test,it follows that,if the series ?(|a
| |b
|)
converges,
then the trigonometric series (vi)converges absolutely and uniformly in , , -
and it is the Fourier series of a continuous 2 periodic fuction f(x).Moreover
?(a
b
) and so lim
a
0 , lim
b
0 .
Alternative way of defining Fourier Series
A series is
+? (a
cosnx b
sinnx) is called a trigonometric series and the constant a 0, a n &b n are
called coefficient. If this series converges its sum is periodic and its period is 2 .
(ii) let f be bounded and integrable on , , - then the series
+? (a
cosnx b
sinnx) where
a n =
? f(x)cosnxdx
? n 0, 1, 2 ..
and b n =
? f(x)sinnxdx
? n 0, 1, 2 .. (1)
is called the Fourier series of the function on , , ] and the coefficient is given by the equation (1) are
called Fourier coefficient of the function.
Imp.thm. Let f R R be such that
(i) f is bounded and integrable on , , ]
(ii) The function f is piece wise monotonic on , , ]
(iii) f is periodic with period 2 i.e. f(x+2 ) = f(x) ? x ? R
then a
?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
{
f(x),for every point x of continuity in , , -
1
2
,f(x
) f(x
)-,for x
1
2
,f(
) f(
)-,for x ±
Note that the trigonometric series (and hence called then Fourier series) converges to the average of the left-
hand and right-hand limits of the function f at points x in - , , of discontinuity, of the function f at points x
in - , , of discontinuity,and
using periodicity of f,i.e.f(x 2 ) f(x),
1
2
,f(
) f(
)-at the end points ±
Theorem:
Let f : R R be such that
(i) f is bounded and integrable on , , ]
(ii) f is monotonic on each of ( ?? , 0) and (0, ?? ) where (0 < ?? < ) then
+? a
=
(
) (
)
M. Imp. Que: Expand in a series of sine and cosine of multiply of x, the formula given by
f(x) = 2
x
x
x 0
0 x
what is the sum of the fourier series function x 0 and x . Deduce that
= 1+
(1)
Check SV notes pg 11
Sol
n
: f(x) is bounded and integrable on , , ]
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a
? f(x)cosnxdx
=
0? f(x)cosnxdx ? f(x)cosnxdx
1
=
0? (x )cosnxdx ? ( x)cosnxdx
1=
I 1+I 2 (i)
Consider, I 1 =
?
(x )cos nx dx
Let u x ? dx du
I 1 =?
( u )cosn( u) ( du)
= ? (u )cos nu du
?
(u )cos nu du
?
( x) cos nx dx
a n =
?
( x x) cosnx dx
(ii)
? xcosnx dx
0.x
/
? 1 .
dx
1
0
(cosnx)
1
,cosn cos0 -
,( 1 )
1 -
a n =
,1 ( 1 )
-
Put n = 0 in equation (ii)
a
=
? x dx
.
(x
)
Similarly,
b n =
*1 ( 1 )
+
b n =
? f(x)sinnx dx
=
? f(x)sinnx dx
+? f(x)sin nx dx
=
? (x )sin nx dx
+? ( x)sinnx dx
Consider, I 1 = ? (x )sinnx dx
Let u x ? du dx
I 1 = ? ( u )sinn( u)( du)
? (u )sin nudu
=? (u )sin nudu
=? (x )sinnxdx
by change of variable
b n =
[?
(x x)sinnxdx
]
=
? 2 sinnxdx
= 20
1
2 0
( )
1 =
,1 ( 1 )
-
b n =
,1 ( 1 )
-
? a n =
,0 ,
,0 ,
,0 ,
? b n = 4 1 ,0 ,
,0 ,
,0 ,
the fourier series of the function f(x)
f(x)
+02
3 2
4
31 (iii)
The sum of the fourier series at x 0 is
(
) (
)
=
=0 ,? f(0
)= lim
f(x)= lim
(x ?? )= lim
(0 h ?? ) ??
The sum of the fourier series at x = ±
is
(
) (
)
lim
f(x)= lim
(?? x)= lim
?? (?? h ) = 0
0? lim
f(x) lim
(x ) lim
( h ) 2 1
Sum of the fourier series at x 0 is f(0)
put x 0 in equation (iii)
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f(0) =
01
1+0
0 =
01
1+0
.
= 1
= 1
Que. If f(x)=2
cosx
cosx
x 0
0 x
P/T the fourier series of the function f(x) is
0
.
sin2x
.
sin4x
.
sin6x 1
Sol
n
Since the function f(x) is bounded and integrable on , ?? , ?? ]
a
? f(x)cosnxdx
=
0? f(x) cosnxdx
? f(x)cosnxdx
1
=
I 1+
I 2
Consider,
I 1 = ? f(x) cosnxdx
u x ? dx du
I 1 =? cos( u)cosn( u)( du)
? cosucosnudu
=? cosucosnudu
=? cosxcosnxdx
a n
? cosxcosnxdx
+
? cosxcosnxdx
= 0
b n =
? f(x)sinnxdx
=
? cosxsinnxdx
+
? cosxsinnxdx
Let I 1=
? cosxsinnxdx
? cos( u)sinn( u)( du)
Put x u , dx du
=
? cosusinnu du
=
? cosxsinnxdx
b n =
? cosxsinnxdx
=
?
,sin(n 1 )x sin(n 1 )x-dx
=
0
( )
( )
1
0
( )
( )
1
0
*cos(n 1 ) cos0 +
*cos(n 1 ) cos0 +1
0
*( 1 )
1 +
*( 1 )
1 +1
,( 1 )
1 -0
1 *? ( 1 )
( 1 )
,( 1 )
1 -
(
)
=
.
,1 ( 1 )
-
=
.
,1 ( 1 )
( 1 )-
b n =
.
,1 ( 1 )
-
b n =.0 ,
,
,0 ,
,
,0 ./
Since, a 0=0 and a n=0
the fourier series is
f(x) = ? b
sin nx
Page 5
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FOURIER SERIES
Fourier series, piecewise continuous functions, Fourier cosine and sine series, property of Fourier
coefficient, Fourier theorem, discussion of the theorem and its corollary.
Reference:
John P. D’ Angelo, An introduction to Complex Analysis and Geometry, American Mathematical Society, 2010.
Fourier Series, Lecture notes published by the Institute of life Long Learning, University of Delhi, Delhi, 2011.
Fourier Series
A particle is said to be periodic function with period ? , if f(x± ?) =f(x) ? x
Result
1. ? f(x)dx
= ? f(x)dx
2. ? f(x)dx
= ? f(x)dx
3. ? f(x)dx
=? f( x)dx
4. ? cosmxcosnx dx
={
0
2
for m n
for m n 0
for m n 0
5. ? sinmxsinnx
= {
0
0
for m n
for m n 0
for m n 0
6. ? cosmxsinnx
=0 for all m, n +ve integer
7 ? cosnx dx
= 2
0
2
if n 0
if n 0
8 ? sinnx dx
= 0
When the French mathematician Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) was trying to solve a problem in heat
conduction, he needed to express a function f as an infinite series of sine and cosine function (called a
trigonometric series)
f(x) a
?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
.(i)
We start by assuming [assume – to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it] that the
trigonometric series converges uniformly on , , - to the continuous sum function f(x):
we integrate both sides of equation (i),using term by term integration valid due
to uniform convergence,we obtain
? f(x)dx
? a
dx
? ?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
dx
a
.2 ? a
? cosnx
dx ? b
? sinnxdx
a
.2 0 0
a
1
2
? f(x)dx
.(ii)
To determine a n for n 1 ,we multiply both sides of equation
f(x) a
?(a
cosmx b
sinmx)
.(iii)
bycosnx (since,|cosnx| 1 ,therefore uniform convergence of the series is not
destroyed,and so term by term of integration is justified) and intergrate term
by term from to
justified (in doing sth) having a good reason for doing sth
? f(x)cosnxdx
a
? cosnxdx
? a
cosmxcosnxdx
? b
? sinmx cosnxdx
0 a
0
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a
1
? f(x)cosnxdx,
n 1 ,2,3, . eq
(iv)
similary,if we multiply both sides of the eq
(iii) bysinnx and integrate from
to ,we get
b
1
? f(x)sinnx
dx,n 1 ,2,3, eq
(v)
Definition A trigonometric series of the form
a
?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
..(vi)
Is called Fouries series of a function f periodic with 2 if the Fourier coefficients a 0, a n, b n are determined by
(ii) , (iii) & (v)
note Since,|a
cosnx b
sinnx| |a
| |b
|, n 1
by ei erstrass
s,M test,it follows that,if the series ?(|a
| |b
|)
converges,
then the trigonometric series (vi)converges absolutely and uniformly in , , -
and it is the Fourier series of a continuous 2 periodic fuction f(x).Moreover
?(a
b
) and so lim
a
0 , lim
b
0 .
Alternative way of defining Fourier Series
A series is
+? (a
cosnx b
sinnx) is called a trigonometric series and the constant a 0, a n &b n are
called coefficient. If this series converges its sum is periodic and its period is 2 .
(ii) let f be bounded and integrable on , , - then the series
+? (a
cosnx b
sinnx) where
a n =
? f(x)cosnxdx
? n 0, 1, 2 ..
and b n =
? f(x)sinnxdx
? n 0, 1, 2 .. (1)
is called the Fourier series of the function on , , ] and the coefficient is given by the equation (1) are
called Fourier coefficient of the function.
Imp.thm. Let f R R be such that
(i) f is bounded and integrable on , , ]
(ii) The function f is piece wise monotonic on , , ]
(iii) f is periodic with period 2 i.e. f(x+2 ) = f(x) ? x ? R
then a
?(a
cosnx b
sinnx)
{
f(x),for every point x of continuity in , , -
1
2
,f(x
) f(x
)-,for x
1
2
,f(
) f(
)-,for x ±
Note that the trigonometric series (and hence called then Fourier series) converges to the average of the left-
hand and right-hand limits of the function f at points x in - , , of discontinuity, of the function f at points x
in - , , of discontinuity,and
using periodicity of f,i.e.f(x 2 ) f(x),
1
2
,f(
) f(
)-at the end points ±
Theorem:
Let f : R R be such that
(i) f is bounded and integrable on , , ]
(ii) f is monotonic on each of ( ?? , 0) and (0, ?? ) where (0 < ?? < ) then
+? a
=
(
) (
)
M. Imp. Que: Expand in a series of sine and cosine of multiply of x, the formula given by
f(x) = 2
x
x
x 0
0 x
what is the sum of the fourier series function x 0 and x . Deduce that
= 1+
(1)
Check SV notes pg 11
Sol
n
: f(x) is bounded and integrable on , , ]
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a
? f(x)cosnxdx
=
0? f(x)cosnxdx ? f(x)cosnxdx
1
=
0? (x )cosnxdx ? ( x)cosnxdx
1=
I 1+I 2 (i)
Consider, I 1 =
?
(x )cos nx dx
Let u x ? dx du
I 1 =?
( u )cosn( u) ( du)
= ? (u )cos nu du
?
(u )cos nu du
?
( x) cos nx dx
a n =
?
( x x) cosnx dx
(ii)
? xcosnx dx
0.x
/
? 1 .
dx
1
0
(cosnx)
1
,cosn cos0 -
,( 1 )
1 -
a n =
,1 ( 1 )
-
Put n = 0 in equation (ii)
a
=
? x dx
.
(x
)
Similarly,
b n =
*1 ( 1 )
+
b n =
? f(x)sinnx dx
=
? f(x)sinnx dx
+? f(x)sin nx dx
=
? (x )sin nx dx
+? ( x)sinnx dx
Consider, I 1 = ? (x )sinnx dx
Let u x ? du dx
I 1 = ? ( u )sinn( u)( du)
? (u )sin nudu
=? (u )sin nudu
=? (x )sinnxdx
by change of variable
b n =
[?
(x x)sinnxdx
]
=
? 2 sinnxdx
= 20
1
2 0
( )
1 =
,1 ( 1 )
-
b n =
,1 ( 1 )
-
? a n =
,0 ,
,0 ,
,0 ,
? b n = 4 1 ,0 ,
,0 ,
,0 ,
the fourier series of the function f(x)
f(x)
+02
3 2
4
31 (iii)
The sum of the fourier series at x 0 is
(
) (
)
=
=0 ,? f(0
)= lim
f(x)= lim
(x ?? )= lim
(0 h ?? ) ??
The sum of the fourier series at x = ±
is
(
) (
)
lim
f(x)= lim
(?? x)= lim
?? (?? h ) = 0
0? lim
f(x) lim
(x ) lim
( h ) 2 1
Sum of the fourier series at x 0 is f(0)
put x 0 in equation (iii)
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f(0) =
01
1+0
0 =
01
1+0
.
= 1
= 1
Que. If f(x)=2
cosx
cosx
x 0
0 x
P/T the fourier series of the function f(x) is
0
.
sin2x
.
sin4x
.
sin6x 1
Sol
n
Since the function f(x) is bounded and integrable on , ?? , ?? ]
a
? f(x)cosnxdx
=
0? f(x) cosnxdx
? f(x)cosnxdx
1
=
I 1+
I 2
Consider,
I 1 = ? f(x) cosnxdx
u x ? dx du
I 1 =? cos( u)cosn( u)( du)
? cosucosnudu
=? cosucosnudu
=? cosxcosnxdx
a n
? cosxcosnxdx
+
? cosxcosnxdx
= 0
b n =
? f(x)sinnxdx
=
? cosxsinnxdx
+
? cosxsinnxdx
Let I 1=
? cosxsinnxdx
? cos( u)sinn( u)( du)
Put x u , dx du
=
? cosusinnu du
=
? cosxsinnxdx
b n =
? cosxsinnxdx
=
?
,sin(n 1 )x sin(n 1 )x-dx
=
0
( )
( )
1
0
( )
( )
1
0
*cos(n 1 ) cos0 +
*cos(n 1 ) cos0 +1
0
*( 1 )
1 +
*( 1 )
1 +1
,( 1 )
1 -0
1 *? ( 1 )
( 1 )
,( 1 )
1 -
(
)
=
.
,1 ( 1 )
-
=
.
,1 ( 1 )
( 1 )-
b n =
.
,1 ( 1 )
-
b n =.0 ,
,
,0 ,
,
,0 ./
Since, a 0=0 and a n=0
the fourier series is
f(x) = ? b
sin nx
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=
0
.
sin2x
.
sin4x 1
Que. Show that
Cos kx =
0
1 ?? x ??
k being non integr al. Deduce that
? ?? cot kx =
2k ?
?
? ( 1 )
0
1
Sol
n
f(x)= cos kx ?? x ??
a n =
? f(x)cosnxdx
=
? coskxcosnxdx
=
? coskxcosnxdx
=
? cos(k n) cos(k n)xdx
Now, sin(k+n)?? = sin k?? cos n?? +cos k?? sin n??
=( 1 )
sin k?? + 0
=( 1 )
sin k??
Similary, sin(k n)?? = ( 1 )
sin k??
a n =
( )
0
1
=
( )
0
( )( )
1
a 0 =
.
=
.
b n =
? f(x)sinnx dx
=
? coskxsinnx dx
0 *? of odd function +
b n = 0
The fourier series of the function f(x) is
a
2
? a
cosnx
sink
.
1
k
?
( 1 )
sink
.
2k
k
n
cosnx
=
+
?
( )
cosnx
Cos kx=
0
2k ?
( )
cosnx 1
Since , the function f(x) is continuous on , ?? , ?? ]
fourier series at x f(x) ? x? , ?? , ?? ].
Deduction
(i)In particular the fourier series at ?? =f(?? )
Cos k?? =
0
2k ?
( )
cosn
1
?? cot k?? =
2k ?
( )
( )
?? cot k?? =
2k ?
(ii)In particular the fourier series at 0=f(0)
Cos 0 =
0
2k ?
( )
1
?
( )
=
? ( 1 )
0
1
=2
? ( 1 )
.
3 ?
( )
=2? ( 1 )
3 ? ( 1 )
( )
=? ( 1 )
0
( )
1
Que let
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FAQs on Fourier Series - Topic-wise Tests & Solved Examples for Mathematics
| 1. What is Fourier series? |  |
Ans. Fourier series is a mathematical representation of a periodic function as a sum of sine and cosine functions. It allows us to decompose any periodic function into its constituent frequency components.
| 2. What is the importance of Fourier series? | |
Ans. Fourier series is important in various fields such as physics, engineering, signal processing, and image analysis. It enables us to analyze and manipulate periodic signals and functions, making it a valuable tool in understanding and solving complex problems.
| 3. How is Fourier series used in signal processing? | |
Ans. Fourier series is extensively used in signal processing to analyze and process signals. By decomposing a signal into its frequency components, we can filter out unwanted frequencies, compress data, remove noise, and extract meaningful information from the signal.
| 4. Can Fourier series be used for non-periodic functions? | |
Ans. Fourier series is specifically designed for periodic functions. However, it can also be extended to represent non-periodic functions by considering them as periodic with an infinitely long period. This extension is known as the Fourier transform.
| 5. What are some applications of Fourier series? | |
Ans. Fourier series finds applications in various fields, including audio and image compression, pattern recognition, digital communications, solving partial differential equations, analyzing musical instruments' sounds, and understanding various physical phenomena such as heat conduction and wave propagation.
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