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Rivers (Addnl) Part 2
Page 2


Rivers (Addnl) Part 2
Himalayan Rivers
Indu
s
Ganga
Brahmaputr
a
Page 3


Rivers (Addnl) Part 2
Himalayan Rivers
Indu
s
Ganga
Brahmaputr
a
Himalayan Rivers
• Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra comprise the Himalayan river systems.
• The Himalayan Rivers existed even before the formation of Himalayas i.e.  
before the collision of Indian Plate with the Eurasian plate. {Antecedent  
Drainage}They were flowing into the Tethys Sea.
• These rivers had their source in the now Tibetan region.
• The deep gorges of the Indus, the Satluj, the Brahmaputra etc. clearly  
indicate that these rivers are older than the Himalayas.
• They continued to flow throughout the building phase of the Himalayas;  
their banks rising steeply while the beds went lower and lower due to 
vertical erosion thus cutting deep gorges.
• Thus, many of the Himalayan Rivers are typical examples of antecedent  
drainage.
Page 4


Rivers (Addnl) Part 2
Himalayan Rivers
Indu
s
Ganga
Brahmaputr
a
Himalayan Rivers
• Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra comprise the Himalayan river systems.
• The Himalayan Rivers existed even before the formation of Himalayas i.e.  
before the collision of Indian Plate with the Eurasian plate. {Antecedent  
Drainage}They were flowing into the Tethys Sea.
• These rivers had their source in the now Tibetan region.
• The deep gorges of the Indus, the Satluj, the Brahmaputra etc. clearly  
indicate that these rivers are older than the Himalayas.
• They continued to flow throughout the building phase of the Himalayas;  
their banks rising steeply while the beds went lower and lower due to 
vertical erosion thus cutting deep gorges.
• Thus, many of the Himalayan Rivers are typical examples of antecedent  
drainage.
Indus
river
• Indus River (locally called Sindhu) is  
one of the longest rivers in Asia.  
Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in  
the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar
• India got her name from Indus.
• „The Indus Valley Civilization? was  
born around this river.
• It ? slength is about 2,900 km. Its total 
drainage area is about 1,165,000  
square km [more than half of it lies in  
semiarid plains of Pakistan].
• It is joined by Dhar River near Indo-
China border.
Page 5


Rivers (Addnl) Part 2
Himalayan Rivers
Indu
s
Ganga
Brahmaputr
a
Himalayan Rivers
• Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra comprise the Himalayan river systems.
• The Himalayan Rivers existed even before the formation of Himalayas i.e.  
before the collision of Indian Plate with the Eurasian plate. {Antecedent  
Drainage}They were flowing into the Tethys Sea.
• These rivers had their source in the now Tibetan region.
• The deep gorges of the Indus, the Satluj, the Brahmaputra etc. clearly  
indicate that these rivers are older than the Himalayas.
• They continued to flow throughout the building phase of the Himalayas;  
their banks rising steeply while the beds went lower and lower due to 
vertical erosion thus cutting deep gorges.
• Thus, many of the Himalayan Rivers are typical examples of antecedent  
drainage.
Indus
river
• Indus River (locally called Sindhu) is  
one of the longest rivers in Asia.  
Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in  
the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar
• India got her name from Indus.
• „The Indus Valley Civilization? was  
born around this river.
• It ? slength is about 2,900 km. Its total 
drainage area is about 1,165,000  
square km [more than half of it lies in  
semiarid plains of Pakistan].
• It is joined by Dhar River near Indo-
China border.
Indus
river
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FAQs on PPT: Rivers Additional - Crash Course for UPSC Aspirants

1. What are the main factors that contribute to the formation of rivers?
Ans. Rivers are primarily formed by the combination of rainfall, snowmelt, and the flow of underground water. The topography of the land, geological features, and the presence of mountains or hills also play a significant role in the formation of rivers.
2. How do rivers shape the landscape over time?
Ans. Rivers shape the landscape through erosion, transport, and deposition of sediments. As rivers flow, they erode the surrounding rocks and soil, carrying the sediments downstream. Over time, this erosion can create valleys, canyons, and other landforms. Deposition of sediments by rivers can also lead to the formation of deltas and floodplains.
3. What are the different stages of a river's life cycle?
Ans. A river goes through three main stages in its life cycle: the youthful stage, the mature stage, and the old age stage. In the youthful stage, the river has a steep gradient, fast flow, and carries a large amount of sediments. As it progresses to the mature stage, the river's gradient becomes gentler, and it develops meanders. In the old age stage, the river's gradient is almost flat, and it tends to have a wide floodplain.
4. How do rivers support ecosystems and biodiversity?
Ans. Rivers support diverse ecosystems by providing habitats for a wide range of plants and animals. They serve as a source of water for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes. Rivers also transport nutrients and sediments, which contribute to the fertility of the surrounding land. The riparian zones along rivers support a unique mix of vegetation that provides food, shelter, and breeding grounds for various species.
5. What are the major threats to rivers and their ecosystems?
Ans. Rivers face numerous threats, including pollution from industrial and agricultural activities, habitat destruction due to dam construction and river channelization, invasive species, and climate change. These threats can disrupt the delicate balance of river ecosystems, leading to the decline of biodiversity and the degradation of water quality. Conservation efforts are crucial to protect and restore rivers and their ecosystems.
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