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NCERT Textbook - पादप वृद्धि एवं परिवर्धन | सामान्य विज्ञानं (General Science) for UPSC CSE in Hindi PDF Download

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 Page 1


239
ikni o`f¼ ,oa ifjo/Zu
vkius igys gh bl bdkbZ osQ vè;k; 5 osQ varxZr iwQy okys ikS/s osQ laxBu osQ ckjs
esa vè;;u fd;k gSA D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd ewy] ruk] ifÙk;ka] iwQy rFkk cht
tSlh lajpuk,a dgk¡ vkSj oSQls iSnk gksrh gSa vkSj og Hkh ,d Øec¼ rjhosQ ls\ vc
vki cht] ikS/ (uo vaoqQfjr ikS/k)] iknid (NksVk ikS/k) rFkk ifjiDo ikS/s tSls
'kCnksa ls ifjfpr gks x, gSaA vkius ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd lHkh isM+ le; osQ varjky esa
ÅapkbZ ,oa xksykbZ (pkSM+kbZ) esa yxkrkj o`f¼ djrs gSaA gkyk¡fd mlh o`{k dh ifÙk;ka]
iwQy ,oa iQy vkfn u osQoy ,d lhfer yackbZ&pkSM+kbZ osQ gksrs gSa] cfYd le;kuqowQy
o`{k ls fudyrs ,oa fxj tkrs gSaA ;gh izfØ;k yxkrkj nksgjkbZ tkrh gSA ,d ikS/s esa iwQy
vkus dh izfØ;k dkf;d o`f¼ osQ ckn D;ksa gksrh gS\ lHkh ikS/ksa  osQ vax fofHkUu rjg
osQ Årdksa ls cus gksrs gSaA D;k ,d dksf'kdk@Ård@vax dh lajpuk vkSj mlosQ }kjk
laiUu tkus okyh fØ;kdyki osQ chp dksbZ laca/ gS\ ikS/s dh lHkh dksf'kdk,a ;qXet
dh larfr ;k oa'kt gksrh gSA rc loky ;g mBrk gS fd D;ksa vkSj oSQls muesa
fHkUu&fHkUu lajpukRed ,oa fØ;kRed fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSa\ ifjo/Zu nks izfØ;kvksa dk
;ksx gS% o`f¼ ,oa foHksnuA 'kq#vkr esa ;g tkuuk vfuok;Z gS fd ,d ifjiDo o`{k dk
ifjo/Zu ,d ;qXed (,d fu"ksfpr vaMk) ls 'kq: gksdj ,d lqfuf'pr ,oa mPp
fu;fer oa'kkuqØe dh ?kVuk gSA bl izfØ;k osQ nkSjku ,d tfVy 'kjhj lajpuk dk
xBu gksrk gS tks tM+ksa] ifÙk;ksa] 'kk[kkvksa] iwQyksa] iQyksa ,oa chtksa dks mRikfnr djrk gS
vkSj varr% os ej tkrs gSaA (fp=k 15-1)
bl vè;k; esa_ vki oqQN mu dkjdksa osQ ckjs esas i<+saaxs tks fd bl ifjo/Zu izfØ;k
dks lapkfyr ,oa fu;af=kr djrs gSaA ;s dkjd ,d ikS/s osQ fy, vkarfjd ,oa ckgjh
gksrs gSaA
ikni o`f¼ ,oa ifjo/Zu
vè;k; 15
15-1 o`f¼
15-2 foHksnu] fufoZHksnu rFkk
iqufoZHksnu
15-3 ifjo/Zu
15-4 ikni o`f¼ fu;ked
15-5 nhfIrdkfyrk
15-6 olarhdj.k
Page 2


239
ikni o`f¼ ,oa ifjo/Zu
vkius igys gh bl bdkbZ osQ vè;k; 5 osQ varxZr iwQy okys ikS/s osQ laxBu osQ ckjs
esa vè;;u fd;k gSA D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd ewy] ruk] ifÙk;ka] iwQy rFkk cht
tSlh lajpuk,a dgk¡ vkSj oSQls iSnk gksrh gSa vkSj og Hkh ,d Øec¼ rjhosQ ls\ vc
vki cht] ikS/ (uo vaoqQfjr ikS/k)] iknid (NksVk ikS/k) rFkk ifjiDo ikS/s tSls
'kCnksa ls ifjfpr gks x, gSaA vkius ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd lHkh isM+ le; osQ varjky esa
ÅapkbZ ,oa xksykbZ (pkSM+kbZ) esa yxkrkj o`f¼ djrs gSaA gkyk¡fd mlh o`{k dh ifÙk;ka]
iwQy ,oa iQy vkfn u osQoy ,d lhfer yackbZ&pkSM+kbZ osQ gksrs gSa] cfYd le;kuqowQy
o`{k ls fudyrs ,oa fxj tkrs gSaA ;gh izfØ;k yxkrkj nksgjkbZ tkrh gSA ,d ikS/s esa iwQy
vkus dh izfØ;k dkf;d o`f¼ osQ ckn D;ksa gksrh gS\ lHkh ikS/ksa  osQ vax fofHkUu rjg
osQ Årdksa ls cus gksrs gSaA D;k ,d dksf'kdk@Ård@vax dh lajpuk vkSj mlosQ }kjk
laiUu tkus okyh fØ;kdyki osQ chp dksbZ laca/ gS\ ikS/s dh lHkh dksf'kdk,a ;qXet
dh larfr ;k oa'kt gksrh gSA rc loky ;g mBrk gS fd D;ksa vkSj oSQls muesa
fHkUu&fHkUu lajpukRed ,oa fØ;kRed fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSa\ ifjo/Zu nks izfØ;kvksa dk
;ksx gS% o`f¼ ,oa foHksnuA 'kq#vkr esa ;g tkuuk vfuok;Z gS fd ,d ifjiDo o`{k dk
ifjo/Zu ,d ;qXed (,d fu"ksfpr vaMk) ls 'kq: gksdj ,d lqfuf'pr ,oa mPp
fu;fer oa'kkuqØe dh ?kVuk gSA bl izfØ;k osQ nkSjku ,d tfVy 'kjhj lajpuk dk
xBu gksrk gS tks tM+ksa] ifÙk;ksa] 'kk[kkvksa] iwQyksa] iQyksa ,oa chtksa dks mRikfnr djrk gS
vkSj varr% os ej tkrs gSaA (fp=k 15-1)
bl vè;k; esa_ vki oqQN mu dkjdksa osQ ckjs esas i<+saaxs tks fd bl ifjo/Zu izfØ;k
dks lapkfyr ,oa fu;af=kr djrs gSaA ;s dkjd ,d ikS/s osQ fy, vkarfjd ,oa ckgjh
gksrs gSaA
ikni o`f¼ ,oa ifjo/Zu
vè;k; 15
15-1 o`f¼
15-2 foHksnu] fufoZHksnu rFkk
iqufoZHksnu
15-3 ifjo/Zu
15-4 ikni o`f¼ fu;ked
15-5 nhfIrdkfyrk
15-6 olarhdj.k
240
tho foKku
15-1 o`f¼
,d thfor oLrq osQ fy, o`f¼ dks lokZf/d vk/kjHkwr ,oa lqLi"V fof'k"Vrk osQ :i
easa tkuk tkrk gSA o`f¼ D;k gS\ o`f¼ dks ,d vo;o ;k vax ;k blosQ fdlh Hkkx
;k ;gk¡ rd fd ,d dksf'kdk osQ vk/kj esa vfuoR;Z (vuiyV) LFkkbZ c<+r osQ :i
esa ikfjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkekU;r% o`f¼ mikip;h çfØ;kvksa (mip; ,oa
vip; nksuksa ls) ls tqM+k gksrk gS tks ÅtkZ osQ O;; ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA blfy, ,d
iÙkh dk foLrkj o`f¼ gSA vki ,d ydM+h osQ VqdM+s dks ikuh esa Mkyus ls gq, iSQyko
;k foLrkj dk o.kZu oSQls djsaxs\
15-1-1  ikni o`f¼ çk;% vifjfer gS
ikni o`f¼ vuwBs <ax ls gksrh gS_ D;ksafd ikS/s thou Hkj vlhfer o`f¼ dh {kerk dks
vftZr fd, gksrs gSaA bl {kerk dk dkj.k muosQ 'kjhj esa oqQN [kkl txgksa ij
foHkT;ksrd (esfjLVse) Årdksa dh mifLFkfr gSA ,sls foHkT;ksrdksa dh dksf'kdkvksa esa
foHkktu ,oa Lo'kk'orrk (fujarjrk) dh {kerk gksrh gSA gkyk¡fd ;g mRikn tYn gh
foHkktu dh {kerk [kks nsrs gSa vkSj ,slh dksf'kdk,a tks foHkktu dh {kerk [kks nsrh gS]
os ikni 'kjhj dh jpuk djrh gSA bl izdkj dh o`f¼ tgk¡ ij foHkT;ksrd dh
fØ;kRedrk ls ikS/s osQ 'kjhj esa lnSo ubZ dksf'kdkvksa dks tksM+k tkrk gS] mls o`f¼ dk
[kqyk Lo:i dgk tkrk gSA D;k gksxk tc foHkT;ksrd dk foHkktu can gks tk,\ D;k
dHkh ,slk gksrk gS\
fp=k 15-1 lse esa vaoqQj.k ,oa uoksn~fHknksa dk ifjo/Zu
chti=kk/kj
chti=k
chti=kksifjd
vaoqQf'kdk
chtkoj.k
feV~Vh dh
js[kk
chtki=k
chti=kk/kj
Page 3


239
ikni o`f¼ ,oa ifjo/Zu
vkius igys gh bl bdkbZ osQ vè;k; 5 osQ varxZr iwQy okys ikS/s osQ laxBu osQ ckjs
esa vè;;u fd;k gSA D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd ewy] ruk] ifÙk;ka] iwQy rFkk cht
tSlh lajpuk,a dgk¡ vkSj oSQls iSnk gksrh gSa vkSj og Hkh ,d Øec¼ rjhosQ ls\ vc
vki cht] ikS/ (uo vaoqQfjr ikS/k)] iknid (NksVk ikS/k) rFkk ifjiDo ikS/s tSls
'kCnksa ls ifjfpr gks x, gSaA vkius ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd lHkh isM+ le; osQ varjky esa
ÅapkbZ ,oa xksykbZ (pkSM+kbZ) esa yxkrkj o`f¼ djrs gSaA gkyk¡fd mlh o`{k dh ifÙk;ka]
iwQy ,oa iQy vkfn u osQoy ,d lhfer yackbZ&pkSM+kbZ osQ gksrs gSa] cfYd le;kuqowQy
o`{k ls fudyrs ,oa fxj tkrs gSaA ;gh izfØ;k yxkrkj nksgjkbZ tkrh gSA ,d ikS/s esa iwQy
vkus dh izfØ;k dkf;d o`f¼ osQ ckn D;ksa gksrh gS\ lHkh ikS/ksa  osQ vax fofHkUu rjg
osQ Årdksa ls cus gksrs gSaA D;k ,d dksf'kdk@Ård@vax dh lajpuk vkSj mlosQ }kjk
laiUu tkus okyh fØ;kdyki osQ chp dksbZ laca/ gS\ ikS/s dh lHkh dksf'kdk,a ;qXet
dh larfr ;k oa'kt gksrh gSA rc loky ;g mBrk gS fd D;ksa vkSj oSQls muesa
fHkUu&fHkUu lajpukRed ,oa fØ;kRed fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSa\ ifjo/Zu nks izfØ;kvksa dk
;ksx gS% o`f¼ ,oa foHksnuA 'kq#vkr esa ;g tkuuk vfuok;Z gS fd ,d ifjiDo o`{k dk
ifjo/Zu ,d ;qXed (,d fu"ksfpr vaMk) ls 'kq: gksdj ,d lqfuf'pr ,oa mPp
fu;fer oa'kkuqØe dh ?kVuk gSA bl izfØ;k osQ nkSjku ,d tfVy 'kjhj lajpuk dk
xBu gksrk gS tks tM+ksa] ifÙk;ksa] 'kk[kkvksa] iwQyksa] iQyksa ,oa chtksa dks mRikfnr djrk gS
vkSj varr% os ej tkrs gSaA (fp=k 15-1)
bl vè;k; esa_ vki oqQN mu dkjdksa osQ ckjs esas i<+saaxs tks fd bl ifjo/Zu izfØ;k
dks lapkfyr ,oa fu;af=kr djrs gSaA ;s dkjd ,d ikS/s osQ fy, vkarfjd ,oa ckgjh
gksrs gSaA
ikni o`f¼ ,oa ifjo/Zu
vè;k; 15
15-1 o`f¼
15-2 foHksnu] fufoZHksnu rFkk
iqufoZHksnu
15-3 ifjo/Zu
15-4 ikni o`f¼ fu;ked
15-5 nhfIrdkfyrk
15-6 olarhdj.k
240
tho foKku
15-1 o`f¼
,d thfor oLrq osQ fy, o`f¼ dks lokZf/d vk/kjHkwr ,oa lqLi"V fof'k"Vrk osQ :i
easa tkuk tkrk gSA o`f¼ D;k gS\ o`f¼ dks ,d vo;o ;k vax ;k blosQ fdlh Hkkx
;k ;gk¡ rd fd ,d dksf'kdk osQ vk/kj esa vfuoR;Z (vuiyV) LFkkbZ c<+r osQ :i
esa ikfjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkekU;r% o`f¼ mikip;h çfØ;kvksa (mip; ,oa
vip; nksuksa ls) ls tqM+k gksrk gS tks ÅtkZ osQ O;; ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA blfy, ,d
iÙkh dk foLrkj o`f¼ gSA vki ,d ydM+h osQ VqdM+s dks ikuh esa Mkyus ls gq, iSQyko
;k foLrkj dk o.kZu oSQls djsaxs\
15-1-1  ikni o`f¼ çk;% vifjfer gS
ikni o`f¼ vuwBs <ax ls gksrh gS_ D;ksafd ikS/s thou Hkj vlhfer o`f¼ dh {kerk dks
vftZr fd, gksrs gSaA bl {kerk dk dkj.k muosQ 'kjhj esa oqQN [kkl txgksa ij
foHkT;ksrd (esfjLVse) Årdksa dh mifLFkfr gSA ,sls foHkT;ksrdksa dh dksf'kdkvksa esa
foHkktu ,oa Lo'kk'orrk (fujarjrk) dh {kerk gksrh gSA gkyk¡fd ;g mRikn tYn gh
foHkktu dh {kerk [kks nsrs gSa vkSj ,slh dksf'kdk,a tks foHkktu dh {kerk [kks nsrh gS]
os ikni 'kjhj dh jpuk djrh gSA bl izdkj dh o`f¼ tgk¡ ij foHkT;ksrd dh
fØ;kRedrk ls ikS/s osQ 'kjhj esa lnSo ubZ dksf'kdkvksa dks tksM+k tkrk gS] mls o`f¼ dk
[kqyk Lo:i dgk tkrk gSA D;k gksxk tc foHkT;ksrd dk foHkktu can gks tk,\ D;k
dHkh ,slk gksrk gS\
fp=k 15-1 lse esa vaoqQj.k ,oa uoksn~fHknksa dk ifjo/Zu
chti=kk/kj
chti=k
chti=kksifjd
vaoqQf'kdk
chtkoj.k
feV~Vh dh
js[kk
chtki=k
chti=kk/kj
241
ikni o`f¼ ,oa ifjo/Zu
vkius vè;k; 6 esa ewy f'k[kkxz foHkT;ksrd rFkk izjksg
f'k[kkxz foHkT;ksrd osQ Lrj ij foHkT;ksrd osQ ckjs esa i<+k
gSA ;s ikS/ksa dh çkFkfed o`f¼ osQ fy, ftEesnkj gksrs gSa vkSj
eq[;r;k ikS/s osQ v{k osQ lekukarj nh?khZdj.k esa Hkkxhnkjh
djrs gSaA f}cht iÙkh rFkk uXuchth ikS/ksa esa ik'oZ foHkT;ksrd]
laoguh oSaQfc;e rFkk dkoZQ oSaQfc;e thou esa ckn esa çdV
gksrs gSaA ;s foHkT;ksrd mu vax dh pkSM+kbZ dks c<+krs gSa] tgk¡
;s fØ;k'khy gksrs gSaA bls f}rh;d o`f¼ osQ uke ls tkuk
tkrk gS (fp=k&15-2 ns[kas)A
15-1-2 o`f¼ eki ;ksX; gS
dksf'kdh; Lrj ij o`f¼ eq[;r% thonzO; ek=kk esa o`f¼ dk
ifj.kke gSA pw¡fd thonzO; dh o`f¼ dks lh/s ekiuk dfBu
gS_ vr% oqQN nwljh ek=kkvksa dks ekik tkrk gS tks de ;k
T;knk blh osQ vuqikr esa gksrk gSA blfy,] o`f¼ dks fofHkUu
ekinaMksa }kjk ekik tkrk gSA oqQNsd ekinaM ;s gSa% rkth Hkkj
o`f¼] 'kq"d Hkkj] yackbZ {ks=kiQy] vk;ru rFkk dksf'kdkvksa
dh la[;k vkfnA vkidks ;g tkudj vk'p;Z gksxk fd ,d
eDosQ dh ewy f'k[kkxz foHkT;ksrd esa izfr ?kaVs 17] 500 ;k
vf/d ubZ dks'kdk,a iSnk gks ldrh gSa] tcfd ,d rjcwt
esa dksf'kdkvksa dh vkdkj esa o`f¼ 3] 50] 000 xquk rd gks
ldrh gSA igys okys mnkgj.k esa o`f¼ dks dksf'kdkvksa dh
la[;k esa o`f¼ osQ :i O;Dr fd;k x;k gS] tcfd ckn okys
esa o`f¼ dks dksf'kdk osQ vkdkj esa c<+ksÙkjh osQ :i esa fd;k
x;k gSA ,d ijkx ufydk dh o`f¼] yackbZ esa c<+r dk ,d
vPNk ekinaM gS] tcfd i`"Bk/kj iÙkh dh o`f¼ dks mlosQ
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy dh c<+r osQ :i esa ekik tk ldrk gSA
15-1-3 o`f¼ osQ pj.k
o`f¼ dh vof/ dks eq[;r% rhu pj.kksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS_
foHkT;ksrdh;] nh?khZdj.k ,oa ifjiDork (fp=k&15-3)A vkvks]
ge bls ewykxz dks ns[k dj le>saA
foHkT;ksrdh; pj.k esa dksf'kdk,a ewy f'k[kkxz rFkk izjksg
f'k[kkxz nksuksa esa yxkrkj foHkkftr gksrh gSaA bu {ks=kksa dh
dksf'kdk,a thonzO; ls Hkjiwj gksrh gSa vkSj O;kid lay{;
osQanzd dks vf/Ñr fd, gksrh gaSA mudh dksf'kdk fHkfÙk
izkFkfed] iryh rFkk izpqj thonzO; rarq la;kstu osQ lkFk
lsyqykftd gksrh gSA foHkT;ksrd {ks=k osQ lehiLFk (Bhd
fp=k 15-2 ewy vxzLFk foHkT;ksrd] izjksg vxzLFk
foHkT;ksrd rFkk laoguh oSaQfc;e dk vkjs[k
fu#i.kA dksf'kdk vkSj o`f¼ dh fn'kk dks
fn[kkrs gq, rhjA
fp=k 15-3 nh?khZdj.k {ks=k dk igpku lekukarj js[kk
rduhd }kjkA {ks=k v] c] l] n tks 'kh"kZ
osQ ihNs gSa lcls T;knk nh?khZÑr gq, gSaA
izjksg vxzLFk
foHkT;ksrd
laoguh
oSaQfc;e
laoguh
oSaQfc;e
ewy vxzLFk
foHkT;ksrd
ewy
izjksg
o
y
j
;
n
l
c
v
Page 4


239
ikni o`f¼ ,oa ifjo/Zu
vkius igys gh bl bdkbZ osQ vè;k; 5 osQ varxZr iwQy okys ikS/s osQ laxBu osQ ckjs
esa vè;;u fd;k gSA D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd ewy] ruk] ifÙk;ka] iwQy rFkk cht
tSlh lajpuk,a dgk¡ vkSj oSQls iSnk gksrh gSa vkSj og Hkh ,d Øec¼ rjhosQ ls\ vc
vki cht] ikS/ (uo vaoqQfjr ikS/k)] iknid (NksVk ikS/k) rFkk ifjiDo ikS/s tSls
'kCnksa ls ifjfpr gks x, gSaA vkius ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd lHkh isM+ le; osQ varjky esa
ÅapkbZ ,oa xksykbZ (pkSM+kbZ) esa yxkrkj o`f¼ djrs gSaA gkyk¡fd mlh o`{k dh ifÙk;ka]
iwQy ,oa iQy vkfn u osQoy ,d lhfer yackbZ&pkSM+kbZ osQ gksrs gSa] cfYd le;kuqowQy
o`{k ls fudyrs ,oa fxj tkrs gSaA ;gh izfØ;k yxkrkj nksgjkbZ tkrh gSA ,d ikS/s esa iwQy
vkus dh izfØ;k dkf;d o`f¼ osQ ckn D;ksa gksrh gS\ lHkh ikS/ksa  osQ vax fofHkUu rjg
osQ Årdksa ls cus gksrs gSaA D;k ,d dksf'kdk@Ård@vax dh lajpuk vkSj mlosQ }kjk
laiUu tkus okyh fØ;kdyki osQ chp dksbZ laca/ gS\ ikS/s dh lHkh dksf'kdk,a ;qXet
dh larfr ;k oa'kt gksrh gSA rc loky ;g mBrk gS fd D;ksa vkSj oSQls muesa
fHkUu&fHkUu lajpukRed ,oa fØ;kRed fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSa\ ifjo/Zu nks izfØ;kvksa dk
;ksx gS% o`f¼ ,oa foHksnuA 'kq#vkr esa ;g tkuuk vfuok;Z gS fd ,d ifjiDo o`{k dk
ifjo/Zu ,d ;qXed (,d fu"ksfpr vaMk) ls 'kq: gksdj ,d lqfuf'pr ,oa mPp
fu;fer oa'kkuqØe dh ?kVuk gSA bl izfØ;k osQ nkSjku ,d tfVy 'kjhj lajpuk dk
xBu gksrk gS tks tM+ksa] ifÙk;ksa] 'kk[kkvksa] iwQyksa] iQyksa ,oa chtksa dks mRikfnr djrk gS
vkSj varr% os ej tkrs gSaA (fp=k 15-1)
bl vè;k; esa_ vki oqQN mu dkjdksa osQ ckjs esas i<+saaxs tks fd bl ifjo/Zu izfØ;k
dks lapkfyr ,oa fu;af=kr djrs gSaA ;s dkjd ,d ikS/s osQ fy, vkarfjd ,oa ckgjh
gksrs gSaA
ikni o`f¼ ,oa ifjo/Zu
vè;k; 15
15-1 o`f¼
15-2 foHksnu] fufoZHksnu rFkk
iqufoZHksnu
15-3 ifjo/Zu
15-4 ikni o`f¼ fu;ked
15-5 nhfIrdkfyrk
15-6 olarhdj.k
240
tho foKku
15-1 o`f¼
,d thfor oLrq osQ fy, o`f¼ dks lokZf/d vk/kjHkwr ,oa lqLi"V fof'k"Vrk osQ :i
easa tkuk tkrk gSA o`f¼ D;k gS\ o`f¼ dks ,d vo;o ;k vax ;k blosQ fdlh Hkkx
;k ;gk¡ rd fd ,d dksf'kdk osQ vk/kj esa vfuoR;Z (vuiyV) LFkkbZ c<+r osQ :i
esa ikfjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkekU;r% o`f¼ mikip;h çfØ;kvksa (mip; ,oa
vip; nksuksa ls) ls tqM+k gksrk gS tks ÅtkZ osQ O;; ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA blfy, ,d
iÙkh dk foLrkj o`f¼ gSA vki ,d ydM+h osQ VqdM+s dks ikuh esa Mkyus ls gq, iSQyko
;k foLrkj dk o.kZu oSQls djsaxs\
15-1-1  ikni o`f¼ çk;% vifjfer gS
ikni o`f¼ vuwBs <ax ls gksrh gS_ D;ksafd ikS/s thou Hkj vlhfer o`f¼ dh {kerk dks
vftZr fd, gksrs gSaA bl {kerk dk dkj.k muosQ 'kjhj esa oqQN [kkl txgksa ij
foHkT;ksrd (esfjLVse) Årdksa dh mifLFkfr gSA ,sls foHkT;ksrdksa dh dksf'kdkvksa esa
foHkktu ,oa Lo'kk'orrk (fujarjrk) dh {kerk gksrh gSA gkyk¡fd ;g mRikn tYn gh
foHkktu dh {kerk [kks nsrs gSa vkSj ,slh dksf'kdk,a tks foHkktu dh {kerk [kks nsrh gS]
os ikni 'kjhj dh jpuk djrh gSA bl izdkj dh o`f¼ tgk¡ ij foHkT;ksrd dh
fØ;kRedrk ls ikS/s osQ 'kjhj esa lnSo ubZ dksf'kdkvksa dks tksM+k tkrk gS] mls o`f¼ dk
[kqyk Lo:i dgk tkrk gSA D;k gksxk tc foHkT;ksrd dk foHkktu can gks tk,\ D;k
dHkh ,slk gksrk gS\
fp=k 15-1 lse esa vaoqQj.k ,oa uoksn~fHknksa dk ifjo/Zu
chti=kk/kj
chti=k
chti=kksifjd
vaoqQf'kdk
chtkoj.k
feV~Vh dh
js[kk
chtki=k
chti=kk/kj
241
ikni o`f¼ ,oa ifjo/Zu
vkius vè;k; 6 esa ewy f'k[kkxz foHkT;ksrd rFkk izjksg
f'k[kkxz foHkT;ksrd osQ Lrj ij foHkT;ksrd osQ ckjs esa i<+k
gSA ;s ikS/ksa dh çkFkfed o`f¼ osQ fy, ftEesnkj gksrs gSa vkSj
eq[;r;k ikS/s osQ v{k osQ lekukarj nh?khZdj.k esa Hkkxhnkjh
djrs gSaA f}cht iÙkh rFkk uXuchth ikS/ksa esa ik'oZ foHkT;ksrd]
laoguh oSaQfc;e rFkk dkoZQ oSaQfc;e thou esa ckn esa çdV
gksrs gSaA ;s foHkT;ksrd mu vax dh pkSM+kbZ dks c<+krs gSa] tgk¡
;s fØ;k'khy gksrs gSaA bls f}rh;d o`f¼ osQ uke ls tkuk
tkrk gS (fp=k&15-2 ns[kas)A
15-1-2 o`f¼ eki ;ksX; gS
dksf'kdh; Lrj ij o`f¼ eq[;r% thonzO; ek=kk esa o`f¼ dk
ifj.kke gSA pw¡fd thonzO; dh o`f¼ dks lh/s ekiuk dfBu
gS_ vr% oqQN nwljh ek=kkvksa dks ekik tkrk gS tks de ;k
T;knk blh osQ vuqikr esa gksrk gSA blfy,] o`f¼ dks fofHkUu
ekinaMksa }kjk ekik tkrk gSA oqQNsd ekinaM ;s gSa% rkth Hkkj
o`f¼] 'kq"d Hkkj] yackbZ {ks=kiQy] vk;ru rFkk dksf'kdkvksa
dh la[;k vkfnA vkidks ;g tkudj vk'p;Z gksxk fd ,d
eDosQ dh ewy f'k[kkxz foHkT;ksrd esa izfr ?kaVs 17] 500 ;k
vf/d ubZ dks'kdk,a iSnk gks ldrh gSa] tcfd ,d rjcwt
esa dksf'kdkvksa dh vkdkj esa o`f¼ 3] 50] 000 xquk rd gks
ldrh gSA igys okys mnkgj.k esa o`f¼ dks dksf'kdkvksa dh
la[;k esa o`f¼ osQ :i O;Dr fd;k x;k gS] tcfd ckn okys
esa o`f¼ dks dksf'kdk osQ vkdkj esa c<+ksÙkjh osQ :i esa fd;k
x;k gSA ,d ijkx ufydk dh o`f¼] yackbZ esa c<+r dk ,d
vPNk ekinaM gS] tcfd i`"Bk/kj iÙkh dh o`f¼ dks mlosQ
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy dh c<+r osQ :i esa ekik tk ldrk gSA
15-1-3 o`f¼ osQ pj.k
o`f¼ dh vof/ dks eq[;r% rhu pj.kksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS_
foHkT;ksrdh;] nh?khZdj.k ,oa ifjiDork (fp=k&15-3)A vkvks]
ge bls ewykxz dks ns[k dj le>saA
foHkT;ksrdh; pj.k esa dksf'kdk,a ewy f'k[kkxz rFkk izjksg
f'k[kkxz nksuksa esa yxkrkj foHkkftr gksrh gSaA bu {ks=kksa dh
dksf'kdk,a thonzO; ls Hkjiwj gksrh gSa vkSj O;kid lay{;
osQanzd dks vf/Ñr fd, gksrh gaSA mudh dksf'kdk fHkfÙk
izkFkfed] iryh rFkk izpqj thonzO; rarq la;kstu osQ lkFk
lsyqykftd gksrh gSA foHkT;ksrd {ks=k osQ lehiLFk (Bhd
fp=k 15-2 ewy vxzLFk foHkT;ksrd] izjksg vxzLFk
foHkT;ksrd rFkk laoguh oSaQfc;e dk vkjs[k
fu#i.kA dksf'kdk vkSj o`f¼ dh fn'kk dks
fn[kkrs gq, rhjA
fp=k 15-3 nh?khZdj.k {ks=k dk igpku lekukarj js[kk
rduhd }kjkA {ks=k v] c] l] n tks 'kh"kZ
osQ ihNs gSa lcls T;knk nh?khZÑr gq, gSaA
izjksg vxzLFk
foHkT;ksrd
laoguh
oSaQfc;e
laoguh
oSaQfc;e
ewy vxzLFk
foHkT;ksrd
ewy
izjksg
o
y
j
;
n
l
c
v
242
tho foKku
vxyk] uksd ls nwj) dksf'kdk nh?khZdj.k osQ pj.k dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA bl pj.k
esa dksf'kdkvksa dk cM+k gqvk jl/kuh Hkou] dksf'kdk fo'kkyhdj.k rFkk uo dksf'kdk
fHkfÙk fu{ksi.k vkfn fof'k"Vrk,a gSaA iqu% f'k[kkxz ls vkxs vFkkZr~ nh?khZdj.k osQ vf/d
lehiLFk v{k dk og Hkkx fLFkr gksrk gS tks fd ifjiDork osQ pj.k esa tk jgk gksrk
gSA bl ifj{ks=k esa fLFkr gksus okyh dksf'kdk,a vius vafre vkdkj dks izkIr fd, gksrh
gSa rFkk mudh fHkfÙk dh eksVkbZ ,oa jl/kuh pje ij gksrk gSA vè;k; 6 esa vkius
vfèkdrj ftu Årdksa@dksf'kdkvksa osQ izdkj dk vè;;u fd;k_ os blh pj.k dk
izfrfuf/Ro djrh gSA
15-1-4  o`f¼ nj
le; dh izfr bdkbZ osQ nkSjku c<+h gqbZ o`f¼ dks o`f¼ nj dgk tkrk gSA vr% o`f¼
dh nj dks xf.krh; <ax ls (fp=k 15-4) O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d tho ;k
mlosQ vax dbZ rjhdksa ls vf/d dksf'kdk,a iSnk dj ldrk gSA
fp=k 15-4 (v) vadxf.krh; vkSj (c) T;kfefrd o`f¼
dksf'kdk,a foHkktu esa leFkZ
dksf'kdk,a tks foHkkftr gksus esa vleFkZ
T;kfefrd voLFkk%
lHkh dksf'kdkvksa esa foHkktu
;qXet foHkktd
T;kfefrd
vadxf.krh;
vadxf.krh; voLFkk
bu dksf'kdkvksa esa foHkktu
bu dksf'kdkvksa esa foHkktu ugha
Page 5


239
ikni o`f¼ ,oa ifjo/Zu
vkius igys gh bl bdkbZ osQ vè;k; 5 osQ varxZr iwQy okys ikS/s osQ laxBu osQ ckjs
esa vè;;u fd;k gSA D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd ewy] ruk] ifÙk;ka] iwQy rFkk cht
tSlh lajpuk,a dgk¡ vkSj oSQls iSnk gksrh gSa vkSj og Hkh ,d Øec¼ rjhosQ ls\ vc
vki cht] ikS/ (uo vaoqQfjr ikS/k)] iknid (NksVk ikS/k) rFkk ifjiDo ikS/s tSls
'kCnksa ls ifjfpr gks x, gSaA vkius ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd lHkh isM+ le; osQ varjky esa
ÅapkbZ ,oa xksykbZ (pkSM+kbZ) esa yxkrkj o`f¼ djrs gSaA gkyk¡fd mlh o`{k dh ifÙk;ka]
iwQy ,oa iQy vkfn u osQoy ,d lhfer yackbZ&pkSM+kbZ osQ gksrs gSa] cfYd le;kuqowQy
o`{k ls fudyrs ,oa fxj tkrs gSaA ;gh izfØ;k yxkrkj nksgjkbZ tkrh gSA ,d ikS/s esa iwQy
vkus dh izfØ;k dkf;d o`f¼ osQ ckn D;ksa gksrh gS\ lHkh ikS/ksa  osQ vax fofHkUu rjg
osQ Årdksa ls cus gksrs gSaA D;k ,d dksf'kdk@Ård@vax dh lajpuk vkSj mlosQ }kjk
laiUu tkus okyh fØ;kdyki osQ chp dksbZ laca/ gS\ ikS/s dh lHkh dksf'kdk,a ;qXet
dh larfr ;k oa'kt gksrh gSA rc loky ;g mBrk gS fd D;ksa vkSj oSQls muesa
fHkUu&fHkUu lajpukRed ,oa fØ;kRed fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSa\ ifjo/Zu nks izfØ;kvksa dk
;ksx gS% o`f¼ ,oa foHksnuA 'kq#vkr esa ;g tkuuk vfuok;Z gS fd ,d ifjiDo o`{k dk
ifjo/Zu ,d ;qXed (,d fu"ksfpr vaMk) ls 'kq: gksdj ,d lqfuf'pr ,oa mPp
fu;fer oa'kkuqØe dh ?kVuk gSA bl izfØ;k osQ nkSjku ,d tfVy 'kjhj lajpuk dk
xBu gksrk gS tks tM+ksa] ifÙk;ksa] 'kk[kkvksa] iwQyksa] iQyksa ,oa chtksa dks mRikfnr djrk gS
vkSj varr% os ej tkrs gSaA (fp=k 15-1)
bl vè;k; esa_ vki oqQN mu dkjdksa osQ ckjs esas i<+saaxs tks fd bl ifjo/Zu izfØ;k
dks lapkfyr ,oa fu;af=kr djrs gSaA ;s dkjd ,d ikS/s osQ fy, vkarfjd ,oa ckgjh
gksrs gSaA
ikni o`f¼ ,oa ifjo/Zu
vè;k; 15
15-1 o`f¼
15-2 foHksnu] fufoZHksnu rFkk
iqufoZHksnu
15-3 ifjo/Zu
15-4 ikni o`f¼ fu;ked
15-5 nhfIrdkfyrk
15-6 olarhdj.k
240
tho foKku
15-1 o`f¼
,d thfor oLrq osQ fy, o`f¼ dks lokZf/d vk/kjHkwr ,oa lqLi"V fof'k"Vrk osQ :i
easa tkuk tkrk gSA o`f¼ D;k gS\ o`f¼ dks ,d vo;o ;k vax ;k blosQ fdlh Hkkx
;k ;gk¡ rd fd ,d dksf'kdk osQ vk/kj esa vfuoR;Z (vuiyV) LFkkbZ c<+r osQ :i
esa ikfjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkekU;r% o`f¼ mikip;h çfØ;kvksa (mip; ,oa
vip; nksuksa ls) ls tqM+k gksrk gS tks ÅtkZ osQ O;; ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA blfy, ,d
iÙkh dk foLrkj o`f¼ gSA vki ,d ydM+h osQ VqdM+s dks ikuh esa Mkyus ls gq, iSQyko
;k foLrkj dk o.kZu oSQls djsaxs\
15-1-1  ikni o`f¼ çk;% vifjfer gS
ikni o`f¼ vuwBs <ax ls gksrh gS_ D;ksafd ikS/s thou Hkj vlhfer o`f¼ dh {kerk dks
vftZr fd, gksrs gSaA bl {kerk dk dkj.k muosQ 'kjhj esa oqQN [kkl txgksa ij
foHkT;ksrd (esfjLVse) Årdksa dh mifLFkfr gSA ,sls foHkT;ksrdksa dh dksf'kdkvksa esa
foHkktu ,oa Lo'kk'orrk (fujarjrk) dh {kerk gksrh gSA gkyk¡fd ;g mRikn tYn gh
foHkktu dh {kerk [kks nsrs gSa vkSj ,slh dksf'kdk,a tks foHkktu dh {kerk [kks nsrh gS]
os ikni 'kjhj dh jpuk djrh gSA bl izdkj dh o`f¼ tgk¡ ij foHkT;ksrd dh
fØ;kRedrk ls ikS/s osQ 'kjhj esa lnSo ubZ dksf'kdkvksa dks tksM+k tkrk gS] mls o`f¼ dk
[kqyk Lo:i dgk tkrk gSA D;k gksxk tc foHkT;ksrd dk foHkktu can gks tk,\ D;k
dHkh ,slk gksrk gS\
fp=k 15-1 lse esa vaoqQj.k ,oa uoksn~fHknksa dk ifjo/Zu
chti=kk/kj
chti=k
chti=kksifjd
vaoqQf'kdk
chtkoj.k
feV~Vh dh
js[kk
chtki=k
chti=kk/kj
241
ikni o`f¼ ,oa ifjo/Zu
vkius vè;k; 6 esa ewy f'k[kkxz foHkT;ksrd rFkk izjksg
f'k[kkxz foHkT;ksrd osQ Lrj ij foHkT;ksrd osQ ckjs esa i<+k
gSA ;s ikS/ksa dh çkFkfed o`f¼ osQ fy, ftEesnkj gksrs gSa vkSj
eq[;r;k ikS/s osQ v{k osQ lekukarj nh?khZdj.k esa Hkkxhnkjh
djrs gSaA f}cht iÙkh rFkk uXuchth ikS/ksa esa ik'oZ foHkT;ksrd]
laoguh oSaQfc;e rFkk dkoZQ oSaQfc;e thou esa ckn esa çdV
gksrs gSaA ;s foHkT;ksrd mu vax dh pkSM+kbZ dks c<+krs gSa] tgk¡
;s fØ;k'khy gksrs gSaA bls f}rh;d o`f¼ osQ uke ls tkuk
tkrk gS (fp=k&15-2 ns[kas)A
15-1-2 o`f¼ eki ;ksX; gS
dksf'kdh; Lrj ij o`f¼ eq[;r% thonzO; ek=kk esa o`f¼ dk
ifj.kke gSA pw¡fd thonzO; dh o`f¼ dks lh/s ekiuk dfBu
gS_ vr% oqQN nwljh ek=kkvksa dks ekik tkrk gS tks de ;k
T;knk blh osQ vuqikr esa gksrk gSA blfy,] o`f¼ dks fofHkUu
ekinaMksa }kjk ekik tkrk gSA oqQNsd ekinaM ;s gSa% rkth Hkkj
o`f¼] 'kq"d Hkkj] yackbZ {ks=kiQy] vk;ru rFkk dksf'kdkvksa
dh la[;k vkfnA vkidks ;g tkudj vk'p;Z gksxk fd ,d
eDosQ dh ewy f'k[kkxz foHkT;ksrd esa izfr ?kaVs 17] 500 ;k
vf/d ubZ dks'kdk,a iSnk gks ldrh gSa] tcfd ,d rjcwt
esa dksf'kdkvksa dh vkdkj esa o`f¼ 3] 50] 000 xquk rd gks
ldrh gSA igys okys mnkgj.k esa o`f¼ dks dksf'kdkvksa dh
la[;k esa o`f¼ osQ :i O;Dr fd;k x;k gS] tcfd ckn okys
esa o`f¼ dks dksf'kdk osQ vkdkj esa c<+ksÙkjh osQ :i esa fd;k
x;k gSA ,d ijkx ufydk dh o`f¼] yackbZ esa c<+r dk ,d
vPNk ekinaM gS] tcfd i`"Bk/kj iÙkh dh o`f¼ dks mlosQ
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy dh c<+r osQ :i esa ekik tk ldrk gSA
15-1-3 o`f¼ osQ pj.k
o`f¼ dh vof/ dks eq[;r% rhu pj.kksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS_
foHkT;ksrdh;] nh?khZdj.k ,oa ifjiDork (fp=k&15-3)A vkvks]
ge bls ewykxz dks ns[k dj le>saA
foHkT;ksrdh; pj.k esa dksf'kdk,a ewy f'k[kkxz rFkk izjksg
f'k[kkxz nksuksa esa yxkrkj foHkkftr gksrh gSaA bu {ks=kksa dh
dksf'kdk,a thonzO; ls Hkjiwj gksrh gSa vkSj O;kid lay{;
osQanzd dks vf/Ñr fd, gksrh gaSA mudh dksf'kdk fHkfÙk
izkFkfed] iryh rFkk izpqj thonzO; rarq la;kstu osQ lkFk
lsyqykftd gksrh gSA foHkT;ksrd {ks=k osQ lehiLFk (Bhd
fp=k 15-2 ewy vxzLFk foHkT;ksrd] izjksg vxzLFk
foHkT;ksrd rFkk laoguh oSaQfc;e dk vkjs[k
fu#i.kA dksf'kdk vkSj o`f¼ dh fn'kk dks
fn[kkrs gq, rhjA
fp=k 15-3 nh?khZdj.k {ks=k dk igpku lekukarj js[kk
rduhd }kjkA {ks=k v] c] l] n tks 'kh"kZ
osQ ihNs gSa lcls T;knk nh?khZÑr gq, gSaA
izjksg vxzLFk
foHkT;ksrd
laoguh
oSaQfc;e
laoguh
oSaQfc;e
ewy vxzLFk
foHkT;ksrd
ewy
izjksg
o
y
j
;
n
l
c
v
242
tho foKku
vxyk] uksd ls nwj) dksf'kdk nh?khZdj.k osQ pj.k dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA bl pj.k
esa dksf'kdkvksa dk cM+k gqvk jl/kuh Hkou] dksf'kdk fo'kkyhdj.k rFkk uo dksf'kdk
fHkfÙk fu{ksi.k vkfn fof'k"Vrk,a gSaA iqu% f'k[kkxz ls vkxs vFkkZr~ nh?khZdj.k osQ vf/d
lehiLFk v{k dk og Hkkx fLFkr gksrk gS tks fd ifjiDork osQ pj.k esa tk jgk gksrk
gSA bl ifj{ks=k esa fLFkr gksus okyh dksf'kdk,a vius vafre vkdkj dks izkIr fd, gksrh
gSa rFkk mudh fHkfÙk dh eksVkbZ ,oa jl/kuh pje ij gksrk gSA vè;k; 6 esa vkius
vfèkdrj ftu Årdksa@dksf'kdkvksa osQ izdkj dk vè;;u fd;k_ os blh pj.k dk
izfrfuf/Ro djrh gSA
15-1-4  o`f¼ nj
le; dh izfr bdkbZ osQ nkSjku c<+h gqbZ o`f¼ dks o`f¼ nj dgk tkrk gSA vr% o`f¼
dh nj dks xf.krh; <ax ls (fp=k 15-4) O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d tho ;k
mlosQ vax dbZ rjhdksa ls vf/d dksf'kdk,a iSnk dj ldrk gSA
fp=k 15-4 (v) vadxf.krh; vkSj (c) T;kfefrd o`f¼
dksf'kdk,a foHkktu esa leFkZ
dksf'kdk,a tks foHkkftr gksus esa vleFkZ
T;kfefrd voLFkk%
lHkh dksf'kdkvksa esa foHkktu
;qXet foHkktd
T;kfefrd
vadxf.krh;
vadxf.krh; voLFkk
bu dksf'kdkvksa esa foHkktu
bu dksf'kdkvksa esa foHkktu ugha
243
ikni o`f¼ ,oa ifjo/Zu
o`f¼ nj vadxf.krh; ;k T;kferh; (js[kkxf.krh;) laoaèkZu
gks ldrh gSA vadxf.krh; o`f¼ esa] lelw=kh foHkktu osQ ckn
osQoy ,d iq=kh dksf'kdk yxkrkj foHkkftr gksrh jgrh gS rks
tc fd nwljh foHksfnr ,oa ifjiDo gksrh jgrh gSaA vadxf.kfr;
o`f¼ ,d ljyre vfHkO;fDr gS ftls ge fuf'pr nj ij
nh?khZÑr gksrs ewy esa ns[k ldrs gSaA (fp=k 15-5) dks ns[ksa
ftlesa vax dh yackbZ le; osQ fo:¼ vfyf[kr dh xbZ gS
ftlosQ iQyLo:i js[kh; oØ ik;k x;k gSA bls ge xf.krh;
:i esa bl izdkj pØ dj ldrs gSaaµ
L
t
 = L
O
 + rt
L
t 
= Vkbe Vh osQ le; yackbZ
L
O
 = Vkbe 'kwU; osQ le; yackbZ
r = o`f¼ nj nh?khZdj.k izfr bdkbZ le;
vkb,] vc ns[ksa] T;kferh; o`f¼ esa D;k gksrh gSA gkyk¡fd
vf/drj iz.kkfy;ksa esa izkjafHkd o`f¼ (ySxiQsl) /heh gksrh gS
vkSj ;g blosQ ckn rhoz xfr ls ,d pj?kkrkadh nj (ykWx ;k
pj?kkrkadh pj.k) esa c<+rh gSA ;gk¡ ij nksuksa larfr dksf'kdk,a
,d lelw=kh dksf'kdk osQ foHkktu dk vuqdj.k djrh gS rFkk
foHkkftr gksus ij yxkrkj ,slk djrs jgus osQ dkfcfy;r cuk,a
j[krh gSaA gkyk¡fd] lhfer iks"k.k vkiwfrZ osQ lkFk o`f¼ /heh
iM+rh gqbZ fLFkj pj.k dh vksj c<+ tkrh gSA ;fn ge le; osQ
izfr o`f¼ osQ ekinaM dks fu;ksftr djrs gSa rks ge ,d fof'k"V
flxeksbM ;k ,l&oØ ikrs gSa (fp=k 15-6)A ,l oØ lHkh
thfor izkf.k;ksa dh fof'k"Vrk gS tks LokHkkfod i;kZoj.k esa c<+
jgs gksrs gSaA ;g lHkh dksf'kdkvksa] Årdksa ,oa ,d ikS/ksa osQ
fo'ks"k vaxkas osQ fy, vkn'kZ gSA D;k vki vU; ,sls gh
vf/d mnkgj.kksa osQ ckjs esa lksp ldrs gSa\ ekSleh fØ;kdyki
izdV djus okys ,d o`{k ls vki fdl rjg osQ oØ dh
vis{kk dj ldrs gSa\ pj?kkrkadh; o`f¼ dks bl izdkj izdV
fd;k tk ldrk gS%
W
1
 = W
0
 
ert
W
1
= vafre vkdkj (Hkkj] ÅapkbZ] la[;k vkfn)
W
0 
= izFke vkdkj izkjafHkd le; esa
r = o`f¼ nj
t = le; esa o`f¼
e = LokHkkfod y?kqxkf.kd dk vk/kj
;gk¡ r = ,d lkis{k o`f¼ nj gS] rFkk lkFk gh ikS/s }kjk ubZ
ikni lkexzh dks iSnk djus dh {kerk dks ekius osQ fy, gS]
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