NCERT Textbook - जैव विविधता एवं संरक्षण | सामान्य विज्ञानं (General Science) for UPSC CSE in Hindi PDF Download

 Page 1


;fn nwj fLFkr vkdk'kxaxk ls dksbZ vU;xzgh (,sfy;u) vk;k gqvk
gekjs xzg i`Foh ij Hkze.k djs] rc lcls igys tks ckr mldks
vpafHkr djsxh] og 'kk;n gekjs thou dh vfr fo'kky fofoèkrk
gksxhA ge ekuo osQ fy, Hkh xzg ij mifLFkr thfor fofHkUu tkfr;k¡
(Lih'kh”k) ftuosQ lkFk ge jgrs gSa] gesa vk'p;Zpfdr fd, fcuk
ugha NksM+rhA lkekU; euq"; eqf'dy ls fo'okl djsxk fd gekjh
i`Foh ij 20,000 phfV;ksa dh tkfr;k¡¡] 3,00,000 chfVy (Hk`ax)]
28,000 eRL; tkfr;k¡¡ rFkk 20,000 ls vfèkd vfèkikni (vkWjfdM)
dh tkfr;k¡¡ gSaA ikfjfLFkfrdfon~ rFkk tSofodkl oSKkfud bl fofoèkrk
osQ egÙo dks oqQN vko';d iz'u iwN dj le>us dh dksf'k'k dj
jgs gSa_ tSls fd bruh fofHkUu tkfr;k¡ D;ksa gSa\ D;k ;g egku
fofoèkrk i`Foh osQ bfrgkl eas igys ls mifLFkr Fkh\ ;s lc
fofp=krk,¡ dgk¡ ls vkb±\ tho eaMy osQ fy, ;g fofoèkrk D;ksa vkSj
oSQls egÙoiw.kZ gS\ ;fn ;g fofoèkrk de gksrh rks D;k tho eaMy
dk dk;Z vyx gksrk\ ekuo thou bl fofoèkrk ls fdl izdkj
ykHkkafor gS\
15-1 tSo fofoèkrk
gekjs tSoeaMy esa u osQoy tkfr (Lih'kh”k) Lrj ij oju~ tSoh;
laxBu osQ lHkh Lrj ij dksf'kdkvksa osQ o`gr~ v.kq ls ysdj thokse
vè;k; 15 15 15 15 15
tSo fofo/rk ,oa laj{k.k
15.1 tSo fofo/rk
15.2 tSo fofo/rk lja{k.k
Page 2


;fn nwj fLFkr vkdk'kxaxk ls dksbZ vU;xzgh (,sfy;u) vk;k gqvk
gekjs xzg i`Foh ij Hkze.k djs] rc lcls igys tks ckr mldks
vpafHkr djsxh] og 'kk;n gekjs thou dh vfr fo'kky fofoèkrk
gksxhA ge ekuo osQ fy, Hkh xzg ij mifLFkr thfor fofHkUu tkfr;k¡
(Lih'kh”k) ftuosQ lkFk ge jgrs gSa] gesa vk'p;Zpfdr fd, fcuk
ugha NksM+rhA lkekU; euq"; eqf'dy ls fo'okl djsxk fd gekjh
i`Foh ij 20,000 phfV;ksa dh tkfr;k¡¡] 3,00,000 chfVy (Hk`ax)]
28,000 eRL; tkfr;k¡¡ rFkk 20,000 ls vfèkd vfèkikni (vkWjfdM)
dh tkfr;k¡¡ gSaA ikfjfLFkfrdfon~ rFkk tSofodkl oSKkfud bl fofoèkrk
osQ egÙo dks oqQN vko';d iz'u iwN dj le>us dh dksf'k'k dj
jgs gSa_ tSls fd bruh fofHkUu tkfr;k¡ D;ksa gSa\ D;k ;g egku
fofoèkrk i`Foh osQ bfrgkl eas igys ls mifLFkr Fkh\ ;s lc
fofp=krk,¡ dgk¡ ls vkb±\ tho eaMy osQ fy, ;g fofoèkrk D;ksa vkSj
oSQls egÙoiw.kZ gS\ ;fn ;g fofoèkrk de gksrh rks D;k tho eaMy
dk dk;Z vyx gksrk\ ekuo thou bl fofoèkrk ls fdl izdkj
ykHkkafor gS\
15-1 tSo fofoèkrk
gekjs tSoeaMy esa u osQoy tkfr (Lih'kh”k) Lrj ij oju~ tSoh;
laxBu osQ lHkh Lrj ij dksf'kdkvksa osQ o`gr~ v.kq ls ysdj thokse
vè;k; 15 15 15 15 15
tSo fofo/rk ,oa laj{k.k
15.1 tSo fofo/rk
15.2 tSo fofo/rk lja{k.k
283
tSo&fofo/rk ,oa lja{k.k
(ck;kse) rd cgqr fofoèkrk feyrh gSA tSo fofoèkrk 'kCn lkekftd thooSKkfud
,MoMZ foylu }kjk tSfod laxBu osQ izR;sd Lrj ij mifLFkr fofoèkrk dks n'kkZus osQ
fy, izpfyr fd;k x;k gSA blesa ls vfr egÙoiw.kZ fuEu gS —
(d) vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk& ,d tkfr vkuqoaf'kd Lrj ij vius forj.k {ks=k esa
cgqr fofoèkrk n'kkZ ldrh gSA fgeky; dh fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa mxus okyk
vkS"kèkh; ikni jkÅoksYiQh;k oksfeVksfj;k dh vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk mlosQ }kjk
mRikfnr lfØ; jlk;u jsljfiu dh {kerk rFkk lkanzrk ls lacafèkr gks ldrh
gSA Hkkjr esa 50 gtkj ls vfèkd vkuqoaf'kd :i esa fHkUu èkku dh rFkk
1000 ls vfèkd vke dh tkfr;k¡¡ gSaA
([k) tkrh; (Lih'kh”k) fofoèkrk& ;g fHkUurk tkfr Lrj ij gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ&if'peh ?kkV dh mHk;pj tkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk iwohZ ?kkV ls
vfèkd gSA
(x) ikfjfLFkfrdh; (bdksyksftdy) fofoèkrk& ;g fofoèkrk ikfjra=k Lrj
ij gS] tSls fd Hkkjr osQ jsfxLrku] o"kkZ ou] xjku (eSxzkso)] izokRo fHkfÙk
(dksjy jhiQ)] vknzZ Hkwfe] Tokjuneq[k (,L;q,jh) rFkk ,Yikbu 'kk}y
(ehMkst) dh ikfjra=k fofHkUurk LoSaQMhusfo;kbZ ns'k ukosZ ls vfèkd gSA
izÑfr dh bl le`¼ tSo fofoèkrk dks ,d=k gksus esa fodkl osQ yk[kksa o"kZ yxs]
ysfdu tkrh; {kfr ;fn blh nj ls tkjh jgh rc ge bl laink dks nks 'krkCnh ls Hkh
de le; esa [kks ldrs gSaA vktdy lalkj osQ vfèkdrj yksxksa osQ fy, bl xzg ij
gekjs thou rFkk j[k&j[kko osQ fy, tSo&fofoèkrk o bldk laj{k.k ,d vR;ko';d
vkSj egÙoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; i;kZoj.kh; eqn~nk cuk gqvk gSA
15-1-1 i`Foh rFkk Hkkjr esa fdruh tkfr;k¡¡ (Lih'kh”k) gSa\
vc rd [kksth rFkk ukfer tkfr;ksa osQ izdkf'kr lk{;ksa ,oa rF;ksa ls ge tkurs gSa fd
vkt rd fdruh tkfr;k¡¡ vafdr dh xbZ gSa] ysfdu i`Foh ij fdruh tkfr;k¡¡ gSa bl
iz'u dk mÙkj nsuk vklku ugha gSaA vkbZ-;w-lh-,u- (baVjus'kuy ;wfu;u iQkWj oaQtjos'ku
vkWiQ uspj ,aM uspqjy fjlkslsZl) (2004) osQ vuqlkj_ vc rd n'kkZ;h xbZ tarq o
ikniksa dh oqQy la[;k 1-5 fefy;u ls oqQN vfèkd gSA ysfdu gesa ;g Kkr ugha gS
fd vHkh vkSj fdruh tkfr;ksa dh [kkst rFkk O;k[;k 'ks"k gSA vkadyu esa cgqr
fofHkUurk,¡ gSa rFkk muesa ls oqQN 'kSf{kd vuqeku ek=k gSa fd ofxZdh lewg dh tkfr;ksa
dh [kkst m".k dfVcaèkh; (VªkWfidy) ns'kksa dh vis{kk 'khrks".k (VsaijsV) ns'kksa esa vfèkd
iw.kZ gSA ;g lkspdj fd izcy :i esa m".k dfVcaèk dh cgqr lh tkfr;ksa dh [kkst 'ks"k
gSA oSKkfudksa us xgu :i ls vè;;u fd, x, dhVksa osQ lewg dh m".k dfVcaèkh; o
'khrks".k tkfr;ksa dh lkaf[;dh; rqyuk dj muosQ ifj.kkeksa osQ vuqikr dks tarq o ikniksa
esa vuqekfur dj i`Foh dh oqQy tkfr;ksa dk vkadyu fd;kA oqQN pje vkadyu dh
ijkl 20&25 fefy;u gS] ysfdu jkscVZ es, }kjk fn;k x;k ,d vfèkd larqfyr rFkk
oSKkfud :i ls 'kq¼ vkadyu oSf'od tkrh; fofoèkrk dks yxHkx 70 yk[k
(7 fefy;u) rd ekurk gSA
Page 3


;fn nwj fLFkr vkdk'kxaxk ls dksbZ vU;xzgh (,sfy;u) vk;k gqvk
gekjs xzg i`Foh ij Hkze.k djs] rc lcls igys tks ckr mldks
vpafHkr djsxh] og 'kk;n gekjs thou dh vfr fo'kky fofoèkrk
gksxhA ge ekuo osQ fy, Hkh xzg ij mifLFkr thfor fofHkUu tkfr;k¡
(Lih'kh”k) ftuosQ lkFk ge jgrs gSa] gesa vk'p;Zpfdr fd, fcuk
ugha NksM+rhA lkekU; euq"; eqf'dy ls fo'okl djsxk fd gekjh
i`Foh ij 20,000 phfV;ksa dh tkfr;k¡¡] 3,00,000 chfVy (Hk`ax)]
28,000 eRL; tkfr;k¡¡ rFkk 20,000 ls vfèkd vfèkikni (vkWjfdM)
dh tkfr;k¡¡ gSaA ikfjfLFkfrdfon~ rFkk tSofodkl oSKkfud bl fofoèkrk
osQ egÙo dks oqQN vko';d iz'u iwN dj le>us dh dksf'k'k dj
jgs gSa_ tSls fd bruh fofHkUu tkfr;k¡ D;ksa gSa\ D;k ;g egku
fofoèkrk i`Foh osQ bfrgkl eas igys ls mifLFkr Fkh\ ;s lc
fofp=krk,¡ dgk¡ ls vkb±\ tho eaMy osQ fy, ;g fofoèkrk D;ksa vkSj
oSQls egÙoiw.kZ gS\ ;fn ;g fofoèkrk de gksrh rks D;k tho eaMy
dk dk;Z vyx gksrk\ ekuo thou bl fofoèkrk ls fdl izdkj
ykHkkafor gS\
15-1 tSo fofoèkrk
gekjs tSoeaMy esa u osQoy tkfr (Lih'kh”k) Lrj ij oju~ tSoh;
laxBu osQ lHkh Lrj ij dksf'kdkvksa osQ o`gr~ v.kq ls ysdj thokse
vè;k; 15 15 15 15 15
tSo fofo/rk ,oa laj{k.k
15.1 tSo fofo/rk
15.2 tSo fofo/rk lja{k.k
283
tSo&fofo/rk ,oa lja{k.k
(ck;kse) rd cgqr fofoèkrk feyrh gSA tSo fofoèkrk 'kCn lkekftd thooSKkfud
,MoMZ foylu }kjk tSfod laxBu osQ izR;sd Lrj ij mifLFkr fofoèkrk dks n'kkZus osQ
fy, izpfyr fd;k x;k gSA blesa ls vfr egÙoiw.kZ fuEu gS —
(d) vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk& ,d tkfr vkuqoaf'kd Lrj ij vius forj.k {ks=k esa
cgqr fofoèkrk n'kkZ ldrh gSA fgeky; dh fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa mxus okyk
vkS"kèkh; ikni jkÅoksYiQh;k oksfeVksfj;k dh vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk mlosQ }kjk
mRikfnr lfØ; jlk;u jsljfiu dh {kerk rFkk lkanzrk ls lacafèkr gks ldrh
gSA Hkkjr esa 50 gtkj ls vfèkd vkuqoaf'kd :i esa fHkUu èkku dh rFkk
1000 ls vfèkd vke dh tkfr;k¡¡ gSaA
([k) tkrh; (Lih'kh”k) fofoèkrk& ;g fHkUurk tkfr Lrj ij gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ&if'peh ?kkV dh mHk;pj tkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk iwohZ ?kkV ls
vfèkd gSA
(x) ikfjfLFkfrdh; (bdksyksftdy) fofoèkrk& ;g fofoèkrk ikfjra=k Lrj
ij gS] tSls fd Hkkjr osQ jsfxLrku] o"kkZ ou] xjku (eSxzkso)] izokRo fHkfÙk
(dksjy jhiQ)] vknzZ Hkwfe] Tokjuneq[k (,L;q,jh) rFkk ,Yikbu 'kk}y
(ehMkst) dh ikfjra=k fofHkUurk LoSaQMhusfo;kbZ ns'k ukosZ ls vfèkd gSA
izÑfr dh bl le`¼ tSo fofoèkrk dks ,d=k gksus esa fodkl osQ yk[kksa o"kZ yxs]
ysfdu tkrh; {kfr ;fn blh nj ls tkjh jgh rc ge bl laink dks nks 'krkCnh ls Hkh
de le; esa [kks ldrs gSaA vktdy lalkj osQ vfèkdrj yksxksa osQ fy, bl xzg ij
gekjs thou rFkk j[k&j[kko osQ fy, tSo&fofoèkrk o bldk laj{k.k ,d vR;ko';d
vkSj egÙoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; i;kZoj.kh; eqn~nk cuk gqvk gSA
15-1-1 i`Foh rFkk Hkkjr esa fdruh tkfr;k¡¡ (Lih'kh”k) gSa\
vc rd [kksth rFkk ukfer tkfr;ksa osQ izdkf'kr lk{;ksa ,oa rF;ksa ls ge tkurs gSa fd
vkt rd fdruh tkfr;k¡¡ vafdr dh xbZ gSa] ysfdu i`Foh ij fdruh tkfr;k¡¡ gSa bl
iz'u dk mÙkj nsuk vklku ugha gSaA vkbZ-;w-lh-,u- (baVjus'kuy ;wfu;u iQkWj oaQtjos'ku
vkWiQ uspj ,aM uspqjy fjlkslsZl) (2004) osQ vuqlkj_ vc rd n'kkZ;h xbZ tarq o
ikniksa dh oqQy la[;k 1-5 fefy;u ls oqQN vfèkd gSA ysfdu gesa ;g Kkr ugha gS
fd vHkh vkSj fdruh tkfr;ksa dh [kkst rFkk O;k[;k 'ks"k gSA vkadyu esa cgqr
fofHkUurk,¡ gSa rFkk muesa ls oqQN 'kSf{kd vuqeku ek=k gSa fd ofxZdh lewg dh tkfr;ksa
dh [kkst m".k dfVcaèkh; (VªkWfidy) ns'kksa dh vis{kk 'khrks".k (VsaijsV) ns'kksa esa vfèkd
iw.kZ gSA ;g lkspdj fd izcy :i esa m".k dfVcaèk dh cgqr lh tkfr;ksa dh [kkst 'ks"k
gSA oSKkfudksa us xgu :i ls vè;;u fd, x, dhVksa osQ lewg dh m".k dfVcaèkh; o
'khrks".k tkfr;ksa dh lkaf[;dh; rqyuk dj muosQ ifj.kkeksa osQ vuqikr dks tarq o ikniksa
esa vuqekfur dj i`Foh dh oqQy tkfr;ksa dk vkadyu fd;kA oqQN pje vkadyu dh
ijkl 20&25 fefy;u gS] ysfdu jkscVZ es, }kjk fn;k x;k ,d vfèkd larqfyr rFkk
oSKkfud :i ls 'kq¼ vkadyu oSf'od tkrh; fofoèkrk dks yxHkx 70 yk[k
(7 fefy;u) rd ekurk gSA
284
tho foKku
vkb,! i`Foh dh tSofofoèkrk osQ oqQN jkspd igyqvksa dks orZeku esa miyCèk
tkrh; lwfp;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij ns[ksaA lHkh vkdfyr tkfr;ksa esa ls 70 izfr'kr ls vfèkd
tarq gSa] tcfd 'kSoky] dod] czk;ksiQkbV] vko`Ùkchth rFkk vuko`Ùkchft;ksa tSls ikniksa
dks feykdj 22 izfr'kr ls vfèkd ugha gSaA tarqvksa esa dhV lcls vfèkd le`¼ tkrh;
oxZ lewg gS] tks laiw.kZ tkfr;ksa osQ 70 izfr'kr ls vfèkd gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd
bl xzg esa izR;sd 10 tarqvksa esa 7 dhV gSaA iqu% dhVksa dh bl vR;fèkd fofoèkrk dks
ge oSQls le>k,¡\ lalkj esa dod tkfr;ksa dh oqQy la[;k] eNyh] mHk;pj
(,EiQhfc;k)] ljhl`i (jsIVkby) rFkk Lruèkkfj;ksa (eSeYl) ls vfèkd gSA fp=k 15-1 esa oqQN
eq[; oxZd (VSDlk) dh tkfr;ksa dh tSo&fofoèkrk dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
;g ckr è;ku esa gksuh pkfg, fd ;s vkadyu (izksoSQfj;ksV) dh la[;k ugha crkrsA
thooSKkfudksa dks ;g iDdk fo'okl ugha gS fd izksoSQfj;ksfVd tkfr;ksa dh la[;k
fdruh gks ldrh gSA leL;k ;g gS fd ikjaifjd oxhZdj.k osQ rjhosQ lw{ethokas dks
fp=k 15-1 oSf'od tSo fofo/rk dk izfrfuf/Ro& vd'ks:dh] d'ks:dh rFkk ikni tkfr osQ
oxZdksa dh vuqikfrd la[;k
'kSoky
ykbosQu
vko`rchth;
dod
ekWlsl
iQuZ vkfn
ikni
vosQ'k#dh
d'ks#dh
mHk;pj
ljhl`i
i{kh
Lru/kjh
eRL;
dhV
eksyLd
ØLVSf'k;k
vU; izkf.k lewg
Page 4


;fn nwj fLFkr vkdk'kxaxk ls dksbZ vU;xzgh (,sfy;u) vk;k gqvk
gekjs xzg i`Foh ij Hkze.k djs] rc lcls igys tks ckr mldks
vpafHkr djsxh] og 'kk;n gekjs thou dh vfr fo'kky fofoèkrk
gksxhA ge ekuo osQ fy, Hkh xzg ij mifLFkr thfor fofHkUu tkfr;k¡
(Lih'kh”k) ftuosQ lkFk ge jgrs gSa] gesa vk'p;Zpfdr fd, fcuk
ugha NksM+rhA lkekU; euq"; eqf'dy ls fo'okl djsxk fd gekjh
i`Foh ij 20,000 phfV;ksa dh tkfr;k¡¡] 3,00,000 chfVy (Hk`ax)]
28,000 eRL; tkfr;k¡¡ rFkk 20,000 ls vfèkd vfèkikni (vkWjfdM)
dh tkfr;k¡¡ gSaA ikfjfLFkfrdfon~ rFkk tSofodkl oSKkfud bl fofoèkrk
osQ egÙo dks oqQN vko';d iz'u iwN dj le>us dh dksf'k'k dj
jgs gSa_ tSls fd bruh fofHkUu tkfr;k¡ D;ksa gSa\ D;k ;g egku
fofoèkrk i`Foh osQ bfrgkl eas igys ls mifLFkr Fkh\ ;s lc
fofp=krk,¡ dgk¡ ls vkb±\ tho eaMy osQ fy, ;g fofoèkrk D;ksa vkSj
oSQls egÙoiw.kZ gS\ ;fn ;g fofoèkrk de gksrh rks D;k tho eaMy
dk dk;Z vyx gksrk\ ekuo thou bl fofoèkrk ls fdl izdkj
ykHkkafor gS\
15-1 tSo fofoèkrk
gekjs tSoeaMy esa u osQoy tkfr (Lih'kh”k) Lrj ij oju~ tSoh;
laxBu osQ lHkh Lrj ij dksf'kdkvksa osQ o`gr~ v.kq ls ysdj thokse
vè;k; 15 15 15 15 15
tSo fofo/rk ,oa laj{k.k
15.1 tSo fofo/rk
15.2 tSo fofo/rk lja{k.k
283
tSo&fofo/rk ,oa lja{k.k
(ck;kse) rd cgqr fofoèkrk feyrh gSA tSo fofoèkrk 'kCn lkekftd thooSKkfud
,MoMZ foylu }kjk tSfod laxBu osQ izR;sd Lrj ij mifLFkr fofoèkrk dks n'kkZus osQ
fy, izpfyr fd;k x;k gSA blesa ls vfr egÙoiw.kZ fuEu gS —
(d) vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk& ,d tkfr vkuqoaf'kd Lrj ij vius forj.k {ks=k esa
cgqr fofoèkrk n'kkZ ldrh gSA fgeky; dh fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa mxus okyk
vkS"kèkh; ikni jkÅoksYiQh;k oksfeVksfj;k dh vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk mlosQ }kjk
mRikfnr lfØ; jlk;u jsljfiu dh {kerk rFkk lkanzrk ls lacafèkr gks ldrh
gSA Hkkjr esa 50 gtkj ls vfèkd vkuqoaf'kd :i esa fHkUu èkku dh rFkk
1000 ls vfèkd vke dh tkfr;k¡¡ gSaA
([k) tkrh; (Lih'kh”k) fofoèkrk& ;g fHkUurk tkfr Lrj ij gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ&if'peh ?kkV dh mHk;pj tkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk iwohZ ?kkV ls
vfèkd gSA
(x) ikfjfLFkfrdh; (bdksyksftdy) fofoèkrk& ;g fofoèkrk ikfjra=k Lrj
ij gS] tSls fd Hkkjr osQ jsfxLrku] o"kkZ ou] xjku (eSxzkso)] izokRo fHkfÙk
(dksjy jhiQ)] vknzZ Hkwfe] Tokjuneq[k (,L;q,jh) rFkk ,Yikbu 'kk}y
(ehMkst) dh ikfjra=k fofHkUurk LoSaQMhusfo;kbZ ns'k ukosZ ls vfèkd gSA
izÑfr dh bl le`¼ tSo fofoèkrk dks ,d=k gksus esa fodkl osQ yk[kksa o"kZ yxs]
ysfdu tkrh; {kfr ;fn blh nj ls tkjh jgh rc ge bl laink dks nks 'krkCnh ls Hkh
de le; esa [kks ldrs gSaA vktdy lalkj osQ vfèkdrj yksxksa osQ fy, bl xzg ij
gekjs thou rFkk j[k&j[kko osQ fy, tSo&fofoèkrk o bldk laj{k.k ,d vR;ko';d
vkSj egÙoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; i;kZoj.kh; eqn~nk cuk gqvk gSA
15-1-1 i`Foh rFkk Hkkjr esa fdruh tkfr;k¡¡ (Lih'kh”k) gSa\
vc rd [kksth rFkk ukfer tkfr;ksa osQ izdkf'kr lk{;ksa ,oa rF;ksa ls ge tkurs gSa fd
vkt rd fdruh tkfr;k¡¡ vafdr dh xbZ gSa] ysfdu i`Foh ij fdruh tkfr;k¡¡ gSa bl
iz'u dk mÙkj nsuk vklku ugha gSaA vkbZ-;w-lh-,u- (baVjus'kuy ;wfu;u iQkWj oaQtjos'ku
vkWiQ uspj ,aM uspqjy fjlkslsZl) (2004) osQ vuqlkj_ vc rd n'kkZ;h xbZ tarq o
ikniksa dh oqQy la[;k 1-5 fefy;u ls oqQN vfèkd gSA ysfdu gesa ;g Kkr ugha gS
fd vHkh vkSj fdruh tkfr;ksa dh [kkst rFkk O;k[;k 'ks"k gSA vkadyu esa cgqr
fofHkUurk,¡ gSa rFkk muesa ls oqQN 'kSf{kd vuqeku ek=k gSa fd ofxZdh lewg dh tkfr;ksa
dh [kkst m".k dfVcaèkh; (VªkWfidy) ns'kksa dh vis{kk 'khrks".k (VsaijsV) ns'kksa esa vfèkd
iw.kZ gSA ;g lkspdj fd izcy :i esa m".k dfVcaèk dh cgqr lh tkfr;ksa dh [kkst 'ks"k
gSA oSKkfudksa us xgu :i ls vè;;u fd, x, dhVksa osQ lewg dh m".k dfVcaèkh; o
'khrks".k tkfr;ksa dh lkaf[;dh; rqyuk dj muosQ ifj.kkeksa osQ vuqikr dks tarq o ikniksa
esa vuqekfur dj i`Foh dh oqQy tkfr;ksa dk vkadyu fd;kA oqQN pje vkadyu dh
ijkl 20&25 fefy;u gS] ysfdu jkscVZ es, }kjk fn;k x;k ,d vfèkd larqfyr rFkk
oSKkfud :i ls 'kq¼ vkadyu oSf'od tkrh; fofoèkrk dks yxHkx 70 yk[k
(7 fefy;u) rd ekurk gSA
284
tho foKku
vkb,! i`Foh dh tSofofoèkrk osQ oqQN jkspd igyqvksa dks orZeku esa miyCèk
tkrh; lwfp;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij ns[ksaA lHkh vkdfyr tkfr;ksa esa ls 70 izfr'kr ls vfèkd
tarq gSa] tcfd 'kSoky] dod] czk;ksiQkbV] vko`Ùkchth rFkk vuko`Ùkchft;ksa tSls ikniksa
dks feykdj 22 izfr'kr ls vfèkd ugha gSaA tarqvksa esa dhV lcls vfèkd le`¼ tkrh;
oxZ lewg gS] tks laiw.kZ tkfr;ksa osQ 70 izfr'kr ls vfèkd gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd
bl xzg esa izR;sd 10 tarqvksa esa 7 dhV gSaA iqu% dhVksa dh bl vR;fèkd fofoèkrk dks
ge oSQls le>k,¡\ lalkj esa dod tkfr;ksa dh oqQy la[;k] eNyh] mHk;pj
(,EiQhfc;k)] ljhl`i (jsIVkby) rFkk Lruèkkfj;ksa (eSeYl) ls vfèkd gSA fp=k 15-1 esa oqQN
eq[; oxZd (VSDlk) dh tkfr;ksa dh tSo&fofoèkrk dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
;g ckr è;ku esa gksuh pkfg, fd ;s vkadyu (izksoSQfj;ksV) dh la[;k ugha crkrsA
thooSKkfudksa dks ;g iDdk fo'okl ugha gS fd izksoSQfj;ksfVd tkfr;ksa dh la[;k
fdruh gks ldrh gSA leL;k ;g gS fd ikjaifjd oxhZdj.k osQ rjhosQ lw{ethokas dks
fp=k 15-1 oSf'od tSo fofo/rk dk izfrfuf/Ro& vd'ks:dh] d'ks:dh rFkk ikni tkfr osQ
oxZdksa dh vuqikfrd la[;k
'kSoky
ykbosQu
vko`rchth;
dod
ekWlsl
iQuZ vkfn
ikni
vosQ'k#dh
d'ks#dh
mHk;pj
ljhl`i
i{kh
Lru/kjh
eRL;
dhV
eksyLd
ØLVSf'k;k
vU; izkf.k lewg
285
tSo&fofo/rk ,oa lja{k.k
igpkuusa osQ fy, mfpr ugha gSa rFkk cgqr lh tkfr;k¡¡ iz;ksx'kkyk esa laoèkZu ;ksX;
(dYpjscy) ugha gSaA ;fn bu tkfr;ksa dks le>kus osQ fy, tSo jklk;fud vFkok
vkf.od rjhosQ viukrs gSa] rc budh fofoèkrk yk[kksa esa igq¡p ldrh gSA
;|fi Hkkjr dk Hkwfe{ks=k fo'o dk osQoy 2-4 izfr'kr gSA ysfdu bldh oSf'od
tkrh; fofoèkrk 8-1 izfr'kr gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lalkj osQ 12 egkfofoèk ns'kksa esa
Hkkjr Hkh ,d gSA Hkkjr esa yxHkx 45000 ikni tkfr;k¡¡ rFkk blls nks xquk ls vfèkd
tarq tkfr;ksa dks vfHkfyf[kr fd;k tk pqdk gSA okLro esa vHkh dbZ thfor tkfr;ksa dh
[kkst rFkk mudk uke fn;k tkuk 'ks"k gS\ ;fn jkcZV es, osQ oSf'od vk¡dyu dks
Lohdkj djsa] rc vHkh rd oqQy 22 izfr'kr tkfr;ksa dh gh [kkst gqbZ gSA bl vuqikr
ls Hkkjr dh fofoèkrk dk vkadyu djsa rks 1]00]000 ls vfèkd ikni rFkk 3]00]000
ls vfèkd tarq tkfr;ksa dh [kkst rFkk o.kZu gksuk 'ks"k gSA D;k ge dHkh vius ns'k dh
laiw.kZ tSfod laink dh [kkst dj losaQxs\ lksfp, bl dk;Z dks iw.kZ djus osQ fy,
fdruh izf'kf{kr ekuo 'kfDr (oxhZdj.kfon~) rFkk le; dh vko';drk gksxhA ;g
fLFkfr vkSj Hkh vfèkd Hk;kog gks ldrh gS] tc ge eglwl djrs gSa fd cgqr lh
tkfr;k¡¡ [kkst djus ls igys gh foyqIr gks jgha gSaA izÑfr dk tSfod iqLrdky; mleas
laxzfgr iqLrdksa osQ 'kh"kZdksa osQ lwphc¼ djus ls igys gh fou"V gks jgk gSA
15-1-2 tSo fofoèkrk osQ izfr:i (iSVuZ)
(d) v{kka'kh; izo.krk& tarq o ikniksa dh fofoèkrk laiw.kZ fo'o esa leku u
gksdj vleku forj.k n'kkZrh gSA cgqr ls tarq o ikSèkksa osQ lewg esa jkspd
fofoèkrk feyrh gS ftlesa eq[; :i ls v{kka'kkas ij fofoèkrk esa Øec¼
izo.krk (mrkj&p<+ko) gSA lkeka;r% Hkweè; js[kk ls èkqzoksa dh vksj tkus ij
tkfr fofoèkrk ?kVrh tkrh gSA osQoy oqQN gh vioknksa dks NksM+dj m".k
dfVcaèkh; {ks=k (v{kka'kh; lhek 23-5 fMxzh mÙkj ls 23-5 fMxzh nf{k.k
rd) esa 'khrks".k ;k èkqzo izns'kkas ls vfèkd tkfr;k¡¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA Hkweè; js[kk
osQ lehi fLFkr dksyfEc;k esa 1400 i{kh tkfr;k¡¡ gSa] tcfd a;q;koZQ] tks fd
41 fMxzh mÙkj  esa gS] 105 i{kh tkfr;k¡¡ o xzhuySaM osQ 71fMxzh mÙkj esa
osQoy 56 i{kh tkfr;k¡¡ gSaA Hkkjr esa] ftldk vfèkdrj HkwHkkx m".k dfVcaèk
{ks=k esa gS] 1200 ls vfèkd i{kh tkfr;k¡¡ gSaA bDokMksj osQ m".k dfVcaèk osQ
ou {ks=k esa] tSls fd bDokMksj] laoguh ikSèkksa dh tkfr;k¡¡ ;w-,l-,- osQ eè;
if'pe esa fLFkr 'khrks".k {ks=k osQ oukas ls 10 xquk vfèkd gSA nf{k.kh
vesfjdk osQ vestu m".k dfVcaèk o"kkZ ouksa dh tSofofoèkrk i`Foh ij
lcls vfèkd gSA ;gk¡ ij 40 gtkj ikni tkfr;k¡¡] 3000 eRL;] 1300
i{kh] 427 Lruèkkjh] 427 mHk;pj] 378 ljhl`i rFkk 1 yk[k iPphl
gtkj ls vfèkd vd'ks#dh tkfr;ksa dk vkokl gSA oSKkfudksa dk vuqeku
gS fd bu o"kkZ ouksa esa vHkh Hkh de ls de 2 yk[k dhV tkfr;ksa dh [kkst
rFkk igpku 'ks"k gSaA
Page 5


;fn nwj fLFkr vkdk'kxaxk ls dksbZ vU;xzgh (,sfy;u) vk;k gqvk
gekjs xzg i`Foh ij Hkze.k djs] rc lcls igys tks ckr mldks
vpafHkr djsxh] og 'kk;n gekjs thou dh vfr fo'kky fofoèkrk
gksxhA ge ekuo osQ fy, Hkh xzg ij mifLFkr thfor fofHkUu tkfr;k¡
(Lih'kh”k) ftuosQ lkFk ge jgrs gSa] gesa vk'p;Zpfdr fd, fcuk
ugha NksM+rhA lkekU; euq"; eqf'dy ls fo'okl djsxk fd gekjh
i`Foh ij 20,000 phfV;ksa dh tkfr;k¡¡] 3,00,000 chfVy (Hk`ax)]
28,000 eRL; tkfr;k¡¡ rFkk 20,000 ls vfèkd vfèkikni (vkWjfdM)
dh tkfr;k¡¡ gSaA ikfjfLFkfrdfon~ rFkk tSofodkl oSKkfud bl fofoèkrk
osQ egÙo dks oqQN vko';d iz'u iwN dj le>us dh dksf'k'k dj
jgs gSa_ tSls fd bruh fofHkUu tkfr;k¡ D;ksa gSa\ D;k ;g egku
fofoèkrk i`Foh osQ bfrgkl eas igys ls mifLFkr Fkh\ ;s lc
fofp=krk,¡ dgk¡ ls vkb±\ tho eaMy osQ fy, ;g fofoèkrk D;ksa vkSj
oSQls egÙoiw.kZ gS\ ;fn ;g fofoèkrk de gksrh rks D;k tho eaMy
dk dk;Z vyx gksrk\ ekuo thou bl fofoèkrk ls fdl izdkj
ykHkkafor gS\
15-1 tSo fofoèkrk
gekjs tSoeaMy esa u osQoy tkfr (Lih'kh”k) Lrj ij oju~ tSoh;
laxBu osQ lHkh Lrj ij dksf'kdkvksa osQ o`gr~ v.kq ls ysdj thokse
vè;k; 15 15 15 15 15
tSo fofo/rk ,oa laj{k.k
15.1 tSo fofo/rk
15.2 tSo fofo/rk lja{k.k
283
tSo&fofo/rk ,oa lja{k.k
(ck;kse) rd cgqr fofoèkrk feyrh gSA tSo fofoèkrk 'kCn lkekftd thooSKkfud
,MoMZ foylu }kjk tSfod laxBu osQ izR;sd Lrj ij mifLFkr fofoèkrk dks n'kkZus osQ
fy, izpfyr fd;k x;k gSA blesa ls vfr egÙoiw.kZ fuEu gS —
(d) vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk& ,d tkfr vkuqoaf'kd Lrj ij vius forj.k {ks=k esa
cgqr fofoèkrk n'kkZ ldrh gSA fgeky; dh fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa mxus okyk
vkS"kèkh; ikni jkÅoksYiQh;k oksfeVksfj;k dh vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk mlosQ }kjk
mRikfnr lfØ; jlk;u jsljfiu dh {kerk rFkk lkanzrk ls lacafèkr gks ldrh
gSA Hkkjr esa 50 gtkj ls vfèkd vkuqoaf'kd :i esa fHkUu èkku dh rFkk
1000 ls vfèkd vke dh tkfr;k¡¡ gSaA
([k) tkrh; (Lih'kh”k) fofoèkrk& ;g fHkUurk tkfr Lrj ij gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ&if'peh ?kkV dh mHk;pj tkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk iwohZ ?kkV ls
vfèkd gSA
(x) ikfjfLFkfrdh; (bdksyksftdy) fofoèkrk& ;g fofoèkrk ikfjra=k Lrj
ij gS] tSls fd Hkkjr osQ jsfxLrku] o"kkZ ou] xjku (eSxzkso)] izokRo fHkfÙk
(dksjy jhiQ)] vknzZ Hkwfe] Tokjuneq[k (,L;q,jh) rFkk ,Yikbu 'kk}y
(ehMkst) dh ikfjra=k fofHkUurk LoSaQMhusfo;kbZ ns'k ukosZ ls vfèkd gSA
izÑfr dh bl le`¼ tSo fofoèkrk dks ,d=k gksus esa fodkl osQ yk[kksa o"kZ yxs]
ysfdu tkrh; {kfr ;fn blh nj ls tkjh jgh rc ge bl laink dks nks 'krkCnh ls Hkh
de le; esa [kks ldrs gSaA vktdy lalkj osQ vfèkdrj yksxksa osQ fy, bl xzg ij
gekjs thou rFkk j[k&j[kko osQ fy, tSo&fofoèkrk o bldk laj{k.k ,d vR;ko';d
vkSj egÙoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; i;kZoj.kh; eqn~nk cuk gqvk gSA
15-1-1 i`Foh rFkk Hkkjr esa fdruh tkfr;k¡¡ (Lih'kh”k) gSa\
vc rd [kksth rFkk ukfer tkfr;ksa osQ izdkf'kr lk{;ksa ,oa rF;ksa ls ge tkurs gSa fd
vkt rd fdruh tkfr;k¡¡ vafdr dh xbZ gSa] ysfdu i`Foh ij fdruh tkfr;k¡¡ gSa bl
iz'u dk mÙkj nsuk vklku ugha gSaA vkbZ-;w-lh-,u- (baVjus'kuy ;wfu;u iQkWj oaQtjos'ku
vkWiQ uspj ,aM uspqjy fjlkslsZl) (2004) osQ vuqlkj_ vc rd n'kkZ;h xbZ tarq o
ikniksa dh oqQy la[;k 1-5 fefy;u ls oqQN vfèkd gSA ysfdu gesa ;g Kkr ugha gS
fd vHkh vkSj fdruh tkfr;ksa dh [kkst rFkk O;k[;k 'ks"k gSA vkadyu esa cgqr
fofHkUurk,¡ gSa rFkk muesa ls oqQN 'kSf{kd vuqeku ek=k gSa fd ofxZdh lewg dh tkfr;ksa
dh [kkst m".k dfVcaèkh; (VªkWfidy) ns'kksa dh vis{kk 'khrks".k (VsaijsV) ns'kksa esa vfèkd
iw.kZ gSA ;g lkspdj fd izcy :i esa m".k dfVcaèk dh cgqr lh tkfr;ksa dh [kkst 'ks"k
gSA oSKkfudksa us xgu :i ls vè;;u fd, x, dhVksa osQ lewg dh m".k dfVcaèkh; o
'khrks".k tkfr;ksa dh lkaf[;dh; rqyuk dj muosQ ifj.kkeksa osQ vuqikr dks tarq o ikniksa
esa vuqekfur dj i`Foh dh oqQy tkfr;ksa dk vkadyu fd;kA oqQN pje vkadyu dh
ijkl 20&25 fefy;u gS] ysfdu jkscVZ es, }kjk fn;k x;k ,d vfèkd larqfyr rFkk
oSKkfud :i ls 'kq¼ vkadyu oSf'od tkrh; fofoèkrk dks yxHkx 70 yk[k
(7 fefy;u) rd ekurk gSA
284
tho foKku
vkb,! i`Foh dh tSofofoèkrk osQ oqQN jkspd igyqvksa dks orZeku esa miyCèk
tkrh; lwfp;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij ns[ksaA lHkh vkdfyr tkfr;ksa esa ls 70 izfr'kr ls vfèkd
tarq gSa] tcfd 'kSoky] dod] czk;ksiQkbV] vko`Ùkchth rFkk vuko`Ùkchft;ksa tSls ikniksa
dks feykdj 22 izfr'kr ls vfèkd ugha gSaA tarqvksa esa dhV lcls vfèkd le`¼ tkrh;
oxZ lewg gS] tks laiw.kZ tkfr;ksa osQ 70 izfr'kr ls vfèkd gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd
bl xzg esa izR;sd 10 tarqvksa esa 7 dhV gSaA iqu% dhVksa dh bl vR;fèkd fofoèkrk dks
ge oSQls le>k,¡\ lalkj esa dod tkfr;ksa dh oqQy la[;k] eNyh] mHk;pj
(,EiQhfc;k)] ljhl`i (jsIVkby) rFkk Lruèkkfj;ksa (eSeYl) ls vfèkd gSA fp=k 15-1 esa oqQN
eq[; oxZd (VSDlk) dh tkfr;ksa dh tSo&fofoèkrk dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
;g ckr è;ku esa gksuh pkfg, fd ;s vkadyu (izksoSQfj;ksV) dh la[;k ugha crkrsA
thooSKkfudksa dks ;g iDdk fo'okl ugha gS fd izksoSQfj;ksfVd tkfr;ksa dh la[;k
fdruh gks ldrh gSA leL;k ;g gS fd ikjaifjd oxhZdj.k osQ rjhosQ lw{ethokas dks
fp=k 15-1 oSf'od tSo fofo/rk dk izfrfuf/Ro& vd'ks:dh] d'ks:dh rFkk ikni tkfr osQ
oxZdksa dh vuqikfrd la[;k
'kSoky
ykbosQu
vko`rchth;
dod
ekWlsl
iQuZ vkfn
ikni
vosQ'k#dh
d'ks#dh
mHk;pj
ljhl`i
i{kh
Lru/kjh
eRL;
dhV
eksyLd
ØLVSf'k;k
vU; izkf.k lewg
285
tSo&fofo/rk ,oa lja{k.k
igpkuusa osQ fy, mfpr ugha gSa rFkk cgqr lh tkfr;k¡¡ iz;ksx'kkyk esa laoèkZu ;ksX;
(dYpjscy) ugha gSaA ;fn bu tkfr;ksa dks le>kus osQ fy, tSo jklk;fud vFkok
vkf.od rjhosQ viukrs gSa] rc budh fofoèkrk yk[kksa esa igq¡p ldrh gSA
;|fi Hkkjr dk Hkwfe{ks=k fo'o dk osQoy 2-4 izfr'kr gSA ysfdu bldh oSf'od
tkrh; fofoèkrk 8-1 izfr'kr gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lalkj osQ 12 egkfofoèk ns'kksa esa
Hkkjr Hkh ,d gSA Hkkjr esa yxHkx 45000 ikni tkfr;k¡¡ rFkk blls nks xquk ls vfèkd
tarq tkfr;ksa dks vfHkfyf[kr fd;k tk pqdk gSA okLro esa vHkh dbZ thfor tkfr;ksa dh
[kkst rFkk mudk uke fn;k tkuk 'ks"k gS\ ;fn jkcZV es, osQ oSf'od vk¡dyu dks
Lohdkj djsa] rc vHkh rd oqQy 22 izfr'kr tkfr;ksa dh gh [kkst gqbZ gSA bl vuqikr
ls Hkkjr dh fofoèkrk dk vkadyu djsa rks 1]00]000 ls vfèkd ikni rFkk 3]00]000
ls vfèkd tarq tkfr;ksa dh [kkst rFkk o.kZu gksuk 'ks"k gSA D;k ge dHkh vius ns'k dh
laiw.kZ tSfod laink dh [kkst dj losaQxs\ lksfp, bl dk;Z dks iw.kZ djus osQ fy,
fdruh izf'kf{kr ekuo 'kfDr (oxhZdj.kfon~) rFkk le; dh vko';drk gksxhA ;g
fLFkfr vkSj Hkh vfèkd Hk;kog gks ldrh gS] tc ge eglwl djrs gSa fd cgqr lh
tkfr;k¡¡ [kkst djus ls igys gh foyqIr gks jgha gSaA izÑfr dk tSfod iqLrdky; mleas
laxzfgr iqLrdksa osQ 'kh"kZdksa osQ lwphc¼ djus ls igys gh fou"V gks jgk gSA
15-1-2 tSo fofoèkrk osQ izfr:i (iSVuZ)
(d) v{kka'kh; izo.krk& tarq o ikniksa dh fofoèkrk laiw.kZ fo'o esa leku u
gksdj vleku forj.k n'kkZrh gSA cgqr ls tarq o ikSèkksa osQ lewg esa jkspd
fofoèkrk feyrh gS ftlesa eq[; :i ls v{kka'kkas ij fofoèkrk esa Øec¼
izo.krk (mrkj&p<+ko) gSA lkeka;r% Hkweè; js[kk ls èkqzoksa dh vksj tkus ij
tkfr fofoèkrk ?kVrh tkrh gSA osQoy oqQN gh vioknksa dks NksM+dj m".k
dfVcaèkh; {ks=k (v{kka'kh; lhek 23-5 fMxzh mÙkj ls 23-5 fMxzh nf{k.k
rd) esa 'khrks".k ;k èkqzo izns'kkas ls vfèkd tkfr;k¡¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA Hkweè; js[kk
osQ lehi fLFkr dksyfEc;k esa 1400 i{kh tkfr;k¡¡ gSa] tcfd a;q;koZQ] tks fd
41 fMxzh mÙkj  esa gS] 105 i{kh tkfr;k¡¡ o xzhuySaM osQ 71fMxzh mÙkj esa
osQoy 56 i{kh tkfr;k¡¡ gSaA Hkkjr esa] ftldk vfèkdrj HkwHkkx m".k dfVcaèk
{ks=k esa gS] 1200 ls vfèkd i{kh tkfr;k¡¡ gSaA bDokMksj osQ m".k dfVcaèk osQ
ou {ks=k esa] tSls fd bDokMksj] laoguh ikSèkksa dh tkfr;k¡¡ ;w-,l-,- osQ eè;
if'pe esa fLFkr 'khrks".k {ks=k osQ oukas ls 10 xquk vfèkd gSA nf{k.kh
vesfjdk osQ vestu m".k dfVcaèk o"kkZ ouksa dh tSofofoèkrk i`Foh ij
lcls vfèkd gSA ;gk¡ ij 40 gtkj ikni tkfr;k¡¡] 3000 eRL;] 1300
i{kh] 427 Lruèkkjh] 427 mHk;pj] 378 ljhl`i rFkk 1 yk[k iPphl
gtkj ls vfèkd vd'ks#dh tkfr;ksa dk vkokl gSA oSKkfudksa dk vuqeku
gS fd bu o"kkZ ouksa esa vHkh Hkh de ls de 2 yk[k dhV tkfr;ksa dh [kkst
rFkk igpku 'ks"k gSaA
286
tho foKku
m".k dfVcaèk {ks=k esa ,slk D;k fo'ks"k gS] ftlosQ dkj.k mlesa lcls vfèkd
tSo&fofoèkrk gS\ ikfjfLFkfrd rFkk tSo fodklfon~ksa us cgqr lh ifjdYiuk,¡
dh gSa ftuesa ls oqQN eq[; fuEu gS& (d) tkfr mn~Hkou (Lihf'k,'ku)
vkerkSj ij le; dk dk;Z gSA 'khrks".k {ks=k esa izkphu le; ls ckj&ckj
fgeunu (Xysf'k,'ku) gksrk jgk tcfd m".k dfVcaèk {ks=k yk[kksa o"kks± ls
vis{kkÑr vckfèkr jgk gS] blh dkj.k tkfr fodkl rFkk fofoèkrk osQ fy,
cgqr le; feykA ([k) m".k dfVcaèk i;kZoj.k 'khrks".k i;kZoj.k] ls fHkUu
rFkk de ekSleh; ifjorZu n'kkZrk gSA ;g fLFkj i;kZoj.k fuosQr fof'k"Vhdj.k
(fudLisf'k,ykbts'ku) dks izksRlkfgr djrk jgk ftldh otg ls vfèkdkfèkd
tkfr fofoèkrk gqbZA (x) m".k dfVcaèk {ks=kksa esa vfèkd lkSj ÅtkZ miyCèk
gS ftlls mRiknu vfèkd gksrk gS ftlls ijks{k :i ls vfèkd tSofofoèkrk
dk gksrh gSA
([k) tkrh; {ks=k lacaèk& teZuh osQ egku izÑfrfon~ o Hkwxksy'kkL=kh vysDtSaMj
okWu gEcksYV us nf{k.kh vesjhdk osQ taxykas osQ xgu vUos"k.k osQ le;
n'kkZ;k fd oqQN lhek rd fdlh {ks=k dh
tkrh; le`f¼ vUos"k.k {ks=k dh lhek c<+kus
osQ lkFk c<+rh gSA okLro esa] tkfr le`f¼
vkSj oxZdksa (vuko`Ùkchth ikni] i{kh] pexknM+]
vyo.ktyh; eNfy;k¡) dh O;kid fdLeksa
osQ {ks=k osQ chp lacaèk vk;rkdkj vfrijoy;
(jsDVsaxqyj gkbijcksy) gksrk gS (fp=k 15-2)A
y?kqx.kd iSekus ij ;g lacaèk ,d lhèkh js[kk
n'kkZrk gS tks fd fuEu lehdj.k }kjk
iznf'kZr gS —
log S= log C+ Z log A
tgk¡ ij S = tkrh; le`f¼]  A= {ks=k
Z = js[kh; <ky (lekJ;.k xq.kkad fjxzs'ku
dks,fiQf'k,aV)]
C= Y & var% [kaM (baVjlsIV)
ikfjfLFkfrd oSKkfudksa us crk;k fd Z  dk
eku 0-1 ls 0-2 ijkl esa gksrk gS Hkys gh
oxhZdh lewg vFkok {ks=k (tSlsfd fczVsu osQ
ikni] oSQfyiQksfuZ;k osQ i{kh ;k a;w;koZQ osQ eksyLd) oqQN Hkh gksA lekJ;.k
js[kk (fjxszlu ykbu) dh <yku vk'p;Ztud:i ls ,d tSlh gksrh gSA
ysfdu ;fn ge fdlh cM+s lewg] tSls laiw.kZ egk}hi] osQ tkrh; {ks=k lacaèk
dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSa rc Kkr gksrk gS fd lekJ;.k js[kk dh <yku rhoz
:i ls frjNh [kM+h gS (Z  dk eku dh ijkl 0-6 ls 1-2 gS)A
fp=k 15-2 tkrh; vkSj laca/ dk izn'kZu% ykWx iSekus ij laca/
js[kh; gks tkrs gSaA
{ks=k
tkfr le`f¼
ykWx&ykWx iSekuk