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1. What are the main factors that contributed to the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)?
Ans. The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) can be attributed to various factors such as environmental changes, migration, invasion, and decline in trade networks. The drying up of the Ghaggar-Hakra River, which was the lifeline of the civilization, is believed to have disrupted agricultural practices and caused a decline in food production. Additionally, the migration of people from rural areas to urban centers may have put pressure on resources, leading to social unrest. The invasion of the region by the Aryans and the decline of long-distance trade networks further contributed to the decline of the IVC.
2. How did environmental changes contribute to the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)?
Ans. Environmental changes played a significant role in the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization. The drying up of the Ghaggar-Hakra River, which is thought to have been a major water source for the IVC, resulted in a decline in agricultural productivity. This led to food shortages and disrupted the economic stability of the civilization. Additionally, the changing patterns of monsoon rainfall and the shift of rivers further affected the availability of water for irrigation, ultimately contributing to the decline of the IVC.
3. What was the impact of migration on the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)?
Ans. Migration is considered to have had an impact on the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization. As the civilization grew, people from rural areas migrated to urban centers in search of better opportunities and resources. This influx of population may have put pressure on the available resources, leading to increased competition and social unrest. The migration of people from outside the region, such as the invading Aryans, also had a significant impact on the decline of the IVC as it disrupted the existing social and cultural structures.
4. How did the decline in trade networks contribute to the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)?
Ans. The decline in trade networks played a crucial role in the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization. The IVC was known for its extensive trade connections with regions such as Mesopotamia and Central Asia. However, with the decline of these trade networks, the IVC lost its economic prosperity and access to valuable resources. This decline in trade would have had a significant impact on the economy of the civilization, leading to a decline in wealth and overall decline of the IVC.
5. What evidence supports the theories of the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)?
Ans. Several pieces of evidence support the theories of the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization. Archaeological excavations have revealed signs of destruction in many Indus Valley cities, suggesting the possibility of invasions or conflicts. Additionally, the discovery of abandoned cities and a decline in the quality of craftsmanship indicate a decline in urban life and economic prosperity. The analysis of skeletal remains has also provided insights into health conditions and dietary changes, which can be linked to environmental changes and decline in resources. All these pieces of evidence contribute to our understanding of the decline of the IVC.
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