Types of Elections & President of India | Polity for UPSC 2024 (Pre & Mains) PDF Download

 Page 1


 
 
Parliamentary System:
The Parliamentary system-institutions and practices
been adopted with modifications by many countries including India. The word 
‘parliament’ is derived from the French expression ‘parle’ which means to 
speak or parley. This term was also used to describe conferences such as those 
held between the King of France and the Pope in 1245. Gradually, the term 
began to be applied to the body of persons who gathered to discuss and approve 
government policies and fina
The term parliamentary system is used in two main senses. In a broad sense, it 
denotes all political systems where there exists an assembly of elected 
representatives of people having the responsibility for legislation. More 
commonly, the term parliamentary system or ‘parliamentary government’ refers 
to a system which is distinguished from the presidential system of government. 
Unlike the presidential system of government, which is based on the principle 
of separation of powers, the parliamentary syst
between the executive and legislative organs of the government.
The British parliamentary system, also known as the Westminster government 
(as the Parliament is located in Westminster in London) has some unique 
features. First, there is no single document referred to as the constitution. The 
institutions and practices have developed through conventions. Secondly, in the 
absence of a written constitution there are no special amending procedures. The 
British parliament enjoys great
supremacy, the British parliament has an unlimited authority, recognised by the 
judiciary, to make any law or to amend any law already made. No other body or 
court has the right to overrule or set aside its le
Important features of Parliamentary System:
Interdependence and double role:
the fusion of executive and legislative powers into a single 
the council of ministers, sit as members o
the fusion of executive and legislative powers. Those who recommend 
legislation as members of the cabinet also vote on the same legislation as 
members of the governing legislature.
Real and Nominal Executive:
divided into a largely formal head of state (the monarch/ President) and the head 
Parliamentary System: 
institutions and practices-evolved in Britain and have 
been adopted with modifications by many countries including India. The word 
‘parliament’ is derived from the French expression ‘parle’ which means to 
k or parley. This term was also used to describe conferences such as those 
held between the King of France and the Pope in 1245. Gradually, the term 
began to be applied to the body of persons who gathered to discuss and approve 
government policies and finances. 
The term parliamentary system is used in two main senses. In a broad sense, it 
denotes all political systems where there exists an assembly of elected 
representatives of people having the responsibility for legislation. More 
mentary system or ‘parliamentary government’ refers 
to a system which is distinguished from the presidential system of government. 
Unlike the presidential system of government, which is based on the principle 
of separation of powers, the parliamentary system involves interdependence 
between the executive and legislative organs of the government. 
The British parliamentary system, also known as the Westminster government 
(as the Parliament is located in Westminster in London) has some unique 
there is no single document referred to as the constitution. The 
institutions and practices have developed through conventions. Secondly, in the 
absence of a written constitution there are no special amending procedures. The 
British parliament enjoys great flexibility. Often described as parliamentary 
supremacy, the British parliament has an unlimited authority, recognised by the 
judiciary, to make any law or to amend any law already made. No other body or 
court has the right to overrule or set aside its legislation. 
Important features of Parliamentary System: 
Interdependence and double role: Parliamentary democracy is characterised by 
the fusion of executive and legislative powers into a single body. The executive, 
ministers, sit as members of parliament and play a double role in 
the fusion of executive and legislative powers. Those who recommend 
legislation as members of the cabinet also vote on the same legislation as 
members of the governing legislature. 
Real and Nominal Executive: Secondly, the executive branch of government is 
divided into a largely formal head of state (the monarch/ President) and the head 
evolved in Britain and have 
been adopted with modifications by many countries including India. The word 
‘parliament’ is derived from the French expression ‘parle’ which means to 
k or parley. This term was also used to describe conferences such as those 
held between the King of France and the Pope in 1245. Gradually, the term 
began to be applied to the body of persons who gathered to discuss and approve 
The term parliamentary system is used in two main senses. In a broad sense, it 
denotes all political systems where there exists an assembly of elected 
representatives of people having the responsibility for legislation. More 
mentary system or ‘parliamentary government’ refers 
to a system which is distinguished from the presidential system of government. 
Unlike the presidential system of government, which is based on the principle 
em involves interdependence 
The British parliamentary system, also known as the Westminster government 
(as the Parliament is located in Westminster in London) has some unique 
there is no single document referred to as the constitution. The 
institutions and practices have developed through conventions. Secondly, in the 
absence of a written constitution there are no special amending procedures. The 
flexibility. Often described as parliamentary 
supremacy, the British parliament has an unlimited authority, recognised by the 
judiciary, to make any law or to amend any law already made. No other body or 
Parliamentary democracy is characterised by 
body. The executive, 
f parliament and play a double role in 
the fusion of executive and legislative powers. Those who recommend 
legislation as members of the cabinet also vote on the same legislation as 
, the executive branch of government is 
divided into a largely formal head of state (the monarch/ President) and the head 
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Parliamentary System:
The Parliamentary system-institutions and practices
been adopted with modifications by many countries including India. The word 
‘parliament’ is derived from the French expression ‘parle’ which means to 
speak or parley. This term was also used to describe conferences such as those 
held between the King of France and the Pope in 1245. Gradually, the term 
began to be applied to the body of persons who gathered to discuss and approve 
government policies and fina
The term parliamentary system is used in two main senses. In a broad sense, it 
denotes all political systems where there exists an assembly of elected 
representatives of people having the responsibility for legislation. More 
commonly, the term parliamentary system or ‘parliamentary government’ refers 
to a system which is distinguished from the presidential system of government. 
Unlike the presidential system of government, which is based on the principle 
of separation of powers, the parliamentary syst
between the executive and legislative organs of the government.
The British parliamentary system, also known as the Westminster government 
(as the Parliament is located in Westminster in London) has some unique 
features. First, there is no single document referred to as the constitution. The 
institutions and practices have developed through conventions. Secondly, in the 
absence of a written constitution there are no special amending procedures. The 
British parliament enjoys great
supremacy, the British parliament has an unlimited authority, recognised by the 
judiciary, to make any law or to amend any law already made. No other body or 
court has the right to overrule or set aside its le
Important features of Parliamentary System:
Interdependence and double role:
the fusion of executive and legislative powers into a single 
the council of ministers, sit as members o
the fusion of executive and legislative powers. Those who recommend 
legislation as members of the cabinet also vote on the same legislation as 
members of the governing legislature.
Real and Nominal Executive:
divided into a largely formal head of state (the monarch/ President) and the head 
Parliamentary System: 
institutions and practices-evolved in Britain and have 
been adopted with modifications by many countries including India. The word 
‘parliament’ is derived from the French expression ‘parle’ which means to 
k or parley. This term was also used to describe conferences such as those 
held between the King of France and the Pope in 1245. Gradually, the term 
began to be applied to the body of persons who gathered to discuss and approve 
government policies and finances. 
The term parliamentary system is used in two main senses. In a broad sense, it 
denotes all political systems where there exists an assembly of elected 
representatives of people having the responsibility for legislation. More 
mentary system or ‘parliamentary government’ refers 
to a system which is distinguished from the presidential system of government. 
Unlike the presidential system of government, which is based on the principle 
of separation of powers, the parliamentary system involves interdependence 
between the executive and legislative organs of the government. 
The British parliamentary system, also known as the Westminster government 
(as the Parliament is located in Westminster in London) has some unique 
there is no single document referred to as the constitution. The 
institutions and practices have developed through conventions. Secondly, in the 
absence of a written constitution there are no special amending procedures. The 
British parliament enjoys great flexibility. Often described as parliamentary 
supremacy, the British parliament has an unlimited authority, recognised by the 
judiciary, to make any law or to amend any law already made. No other body or 
court has the right to overrule or set aside its legislation. 
Important features of Parliamentary System: 
Interdependence and double role: Parliamentary democracy is characterised by 
the fusion of executive and legislative powers into a single body. The executive, 
ministers, sit as members of parliament and play a double role in 
the fusion of executive and legislative powers. Those who recommend 
legislation as members of the cabinet also vote on the same legislation as 
members of the governing legislature. 
Real and Nominal Executive: Secondly, the executive branch of government is 
divided into a largely formal head of state (the monarch/ President) and the head 
evolved in Britain and have 
been adopted with modifications by many countries including India. The word 
‘parliament’ is derived from the French expression ‘parle’ which means to 
k or parley. This term was also used to describe conferences such as those 
held between the King of France and the Pope in 1245. Gradually, the term 
began to be applied to the body of persons who gathered to discuss and approve 
The term parliamentary system is used in two main senses. In a broad sense, it 
denotes all political systems where there exists an assembly of elected 
representatives of people having the responsibility for legislation. More 
mentary system or ‘parliamentary government’ refers 
to a system which is distinguished from the presidential system of government. 
Unlike the presidential system of government, which is based on the principle 
em involves interdependence 
The British parliamentary system, also known as the Westminster government 
(as the Parliament is located in Westminster in London) has some unique 
there is no single document referred to as the constitution. The 
institutions and practices have developed through conventions. Secondly, in the 
absence of a written constitution there are no special amending procedures. The 
flexibility. Often described as parliamentary 
supremacy, the British parliament has an unlimited authority, recognised by the 
judiciary, to make any law or to amend any law already made. No other body or 
Parliamentary democracy is characterised by 
body. The executive, 
f parliament and play a double role in 
the fusion of executive and legislative powers. Those who recommend 
legislation as members of the cabinet also vote on the same legislation as 
, the executive branch of government is 
divided into a largely formal head of state (the monarch/ President) and the head 
 
 
of the government (the Prime Minister) who exercises most of the executive 
powers and is responsible to the parliament. The function o
state is not to govern but to see that there is a government. When a crisis occurs, 
either through the breakdown of a coalition government or through some 
national emergency, the head of the state has the responsibility to select an 
individual to form a government and get on with the business of governing. The 
Prime Minister leads the Cabinet and therefore the government. The British 
model underlines how Head of the State ‘reigns but does not rule’.
Majority Party: The political party whic
Sabha forms the government. The leader of that party is appointed as the Prime 
Minister by the President; other ministers are appointed by the President on the 
advice of the prime minister. 
in British terms and the rest of the members of the majority party or coalition of 
parties in the parliament. The government, in a sense, has an automatic majority 
and most decisions are made from among these groups.
Collective Responsibility: Parliamentary democracy means collegial executive. 
Although the Prime Minister is the chief executive, he or she is not a singular 
executive. The collegial executive is a collection of ministers (Council of 
Ministers in Indian context) who must make 
general agreement before legislation is recommended or policies are proposed. 
The ministers are both individually and collectively responsible to the 
parliament for their actions. In Indian scenario, ministers are collec
responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in particular 
(Article 75). They act as a team, and swim and sink together.
Dissolution of the Lower House
Sabha) can be dissolved by
Minister. In other words, the prime minister can advise the President to
the Lok Sabha before the expiry of its term and hold fresh elections.
that the executive enjoys the right to get the 
parliamentary system. 
Secrecy: The ministers operate on the principle of secrecy of procedure
cannot divulge information about their proceedings, policies and
They take the oath of secrecy before entering their o
the ministers is administered by the President.
of the government (the Prime Minister) who exercises most of the executive 
powers and is responsible to the parliament. The function of the head of the 
state is not to govern but to see that there is a government. When a crisis occurs, 
either through the breakdown of a coalition government or through some 
national emergency, the head of the state has the responsibility to select an 
idual to form a government and get on with the business of governing. The 
Prime Minister leads the Cabinet and therefore the government. The British 
model underlines how Head of the State ‘reigns but does not rule’. 
The political party which secures majority seats in the Lok 
Sabha forms the government. The leader of that party is appointed as the Prime 
Minister by the President; other ministers are appointed by the President on the 
advice of the prime minister. Typically, the government is the CoM or Cabinet 
and the rest of the members of the majority party or coalition of 
parties in the parliament. The government, in a sense, has an automatic majority 
and most decisions are made from among these groups. 
Parliamentary democracy means collegial executive. 
Although the Prime Minister is the chief executive, he or she is not a singular 
executive. The collegial executive is a collection of ministers (Council of 
Ministers in Indian context) who must make decisions as a group and must be in 
general agreement before legislation is recommended or policies are proposed. 
The ministers are both individually and collectively responsible to the 
parliament for their actions. In Indian scenario, ministers are collec
responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in particular 
(Article 75). They act as a team, and swim and sink together. 
Dissolution of the Lower House: The lower house of the Parliament
Sabha) can be dissolved by the President on recommendation of the
Minister. In other words, the prime minister can advise the President to
the Lok Sabha before the expiry of its term and hold fresh elections. 
that the executive enjoys the right to get the legislature dissolved
The ministers operate on the principle of secrecy of procedure
cannot divulge information about their proceedings, policies and
They take the oath of secrecy before entering their office. The oath of secrecy to 
the ministers is administered by the President. 
of the government (the Prime Minister) who exercises most of the executive 
f the head of the 
state is not to govern but to see that there is a government. When a crisis occurs, 
either through the breakdown of a coalition government or through some 
national emergency, the head of the state has the responsibility to select an 
idual to form a government and get on with the business of governing. The 
Prime Minister leads the Cabinet and therefore the government. The British 
h secures majority seats in the Lok 
Sabha forms the government. The leader of that party is appointed as the Prime 
Minister by the President; other ministers are appointed by the President on the 
he CoM or Cabinet 
and the rest of the members of the majority party or coalition of 
parties in the parliament. The government, in a sense, has an automatic majority 
Parliamentary democracy means collegial executive. 
Although the Prime Minister is the chief executive, he or she is not a singular 
executive. The collegial executive is a collection of ministers (Council of 
decisions as a group and must be in 
general agreement before legislation is recommended or policies are proposed. 
The ministers are both individually and collectively responsible to the 
parliament for their actions. In Indian scenario, ministers are collectively 
responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in particular 
The lower house of the Parliament (Lok 
the President on recommendation of the Prime 
Minister. In other words, the prime minister can advise the President to dissolve 
 This means 
legislature dissolved in a 
The ministers operate on the principle of secrecy of procedure and 
cannot divulge information about their proceedings, policies and decisions. 
of secrecy to 
Page 3


 
 
Parliamentary System:
The Parliamentary system-institutions and practices
been adopted with modifications by many countries including India. The word 
‘parliament’ is derived from the French expression ‘parle’ which means to 
speak or parley. This term was also used to describe conferences such as those 
held between the King of France and the Pope in 1245. Gradually, the term 
began to be applied to the body of persons who gathered to discuss and approve 
government policies and fina
The term parliamentary system is used in two main senses. In a broad sense, it 
denotes all political systems where there exists an assembly of elected 
representatives of people having the responsibility for legislation. More 
commonly, the term parliamentary system or ‘parliamentary government’ refers 
to a system which is distinguished from the presidential system of government. 
Unlike the presidential system of government, which is based on the principle 
of separation of powers, the parliamentary syst
between the executive and legislative organs of the government.
The British parliamentary system, also known as the Westminster government 
(as the Parliament is located in Westminster in London) has some unique 
features. First, there is no single document referred to as the constitution. The 
institutions and practices have developed through conventions. Secondly, in the 
absence of a written constitution there are no special amending procedures. The 
British parliament enjoys great
supremacy, the British parliament has an unlimited authority, recognised by the 
judiciary, to make any law or to amend any law already made. No other body or 
court has the right to overrule or set aside its le
Important features of Parliamentary System:
Interdependence and double role:
the fusion of executive and legislative powers into a single 
the council of ministers, sit as members o
the fusion of executive and legislative powers. Those who recommend 
legislation as members of the cabinet also vote on the same legislation as 
members of the governing legislature.
Real and Nominal Executive:
divided into a largely formal head of state (the monarch/ President) and the head 
Parliamentary System: 
institutions and practices-evolved in Britain and have 
been adopted with modifications by many countries including India. The word 
‘parliament’ is derived from the French expression ‘parle’ which means to 
k or parley. This term was also used to describe conferences such as those 
held between the King of France and the Pope in 1245. Gradually, the term 
began to be applied to the body of persons who gathered to discuss and approve 
government policies and finances. 
The term parliamentary system is used in two main senses. In a broad sense, it 
denotes all political systems where there exists an assembly of elected 
representatives of people having the responsibility for legislation. More 
mentary system or ‘parliamentary government’ refers 
to a system which is distinguished from the presidential system of government. 
Unlike the presidential system of government, which is based on the principle 
of separation of powers, the parliamentary system involves interdependence 
between the executive and legislative organs of the government. 
The British parliamentary system, also known as the Westminster government 
(as the Parliament is located in Westminster in London) has some unique 
there is no single document referred to as the constitution. The 
institutions and practices have developed through conventions. Secondly, in the 
absence of a written constitution there are no special amending procedures. The 
British parliament enjoys great flexibility. Often described as parliamentary 
supremacy, the British parliament has an unlimited authority, recognised by the 
judiciary, to make any law or to amend any law already made. No other body or 
court has the right to overrule or set aside its legislation. 
Important features of Parliamentary System: 
Interdependence and double role: Parliamentary democracy is characterised by 
the fusion of executive and legislative powers into a single body. The executive, 
ministers, sit as members of parliament and play a double role in 
the fusion of executive and legislative powers. Those who recommend 
legislation as members of the cabinet also vote on the same legislation as 
members of the governing legislature. 
Real and Nominal Executive: Secondly, the executive branch of government is 
divided into a largely formal head of state (the monarch/ President) and the head 
evolved in Britain and have 
been adopted with modifications by many countries including India. The word 
‘parliament’ is derived from the French expression ‘parle’ which means to 
k or parley. This term was also used to describe conferences such as those 
held between the King of France and the Pope in 1245. Gradually, the term 
began to be applied to the body of persons who gathered to discuss and approve 
The term parliamentary system is used in two main senses. In a broad sense, it 
denotes all political systems where there exists an assembly of elected 
representatives of people having the responsibility for legislation. More 
mentary system or ‘parliamentary government’ refers 
to a system which is distinguished from the presidential system of government. 
Unlike the presidential system of government, which is based on the principle 
em involves interdependence 
The British parliamentary system, also known as the Westminster government 
(as the Parliament is located in Westminster in London) has some unique 
there is no single document referred to as the constitution. The 
institutions and practices have developed through conventions. Secondly, in the 
absence of a written constitution there are no special amending procedures. The 
flexibility. Often described as parliamentary 
supremacy, the British parliament has an unlimited authority, recognised by the 
judiciary, to make any law or to amend any law already made. No other body or 
Parliamentary democracy is characterised by 
body. The executive, 
f parliament and play a double role in 
the fusion of executive and legislative powers. Those who recommend 
legislation as members of the cabinet also vote on the same legislation as 
, the executive branch of government is 
divided into a largely formal head of state (the monarch/ President) and the head 
 
 
of the government (the Prime Minister) who exercises most of the executive 
powers and is responsible to the parliament. The function o
state is not to govern but to see that there is a government. When a crisis occurs, 
either through the breakdown of a coalition government or through some 
national emergency, the head of the state has the responsibility to select an 
individual to form a government and get on with the business of governing. The 
Prime Minister leads the Cabinet and therefore the government. The British 
model underlines how Head of the State ‘reigns but does not rule’.
Majority Party: The political party whic
Sabha forms the government. The leader of that party is appointed as the Prime 
Minister by the President; other ministers are appointed by the President on the 
advice of the prime minister. 
in British terms and the rest of the members of the majority party or coalition of 
parties in the parliament. The government, in a sense, has an automatic majority 
and most decisions are made from among these groups.
Collective Responsibility: Parliamentary democracy means collegial executive. 
Although the Prime Minister is the chief executive, he or she is not a singular 
executive. The collegial executive is a collection of ministers (Council of 
Ministers in Indian context) who must make 
general agreement before legislation is recommended or policies are proposed. 
The ministers are both individually and collectively responsible to the 
parliament for their actions. In Indian scenario, ministers are collec
responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in particular 
(Article 75). They act as a team, and swim and sink together.
Dissolution of the Lower House
Sabha) can be dissolved by
Minister. In other words, the prime minister can advise the President to
the Lok Sabha before the expiry of its term and hold fresh elections.
that the executive enjoys the right to get the 
parliamentary system. 
Secrecy: The ministers operate on the principle of secrecy of procedure
cannot divulge information about their proceedings, policies and
They take the oath of secrecy before entering their o
the ministers is administered by the President.
of the government (the Prime Minister) who exercises most of the executive 
powers and is responsible to the parliament. The function of the head of the 
state is not to govern but to see that there is a government. When a crisis occurs, 
either through the breakdown of a coalition government or through some 
national emergency, the head of the state has the responsibility to select an 
idual to form a government and get on with the business of governing. The 
Prime Minister leads the Cabinet and therefore the government. The British 
model underlines how Head of the State ‘reigns but does not rule’. 
The political party which secures majority seats in the Lok 
Sabha forms the government. The leader of that party is appointed as the Prime 
Minister by the President; other ministers are appointed by the President on the 
advice of the prime minister. Typically, the government is the CoM or Cabinet 
and the rest of the members of the majority party or coalition of 
parties in the parliament. The government, in a sense, has an automatic majority 
and most decisions are made from among these groups. 
Parliamentary democracy means collegial executive. 
Although the Prime Minister is the chief executive, he or she is not a singular 
executive. The collegial executive is a collection of ministers (Council of 
Ministers in Indian context) who must make decisions as a group and must be in 
general agreement before legislation is recommended or policies are proposed. 
The ministers are both individually and collectively responsible to the 
parliament for their actions. In Indian scenario, ministers are collec
responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in particular 
(Article 75). They act as a team, and swim and sink together. 
Dissolution of the Lower House: The lower house of the Parliament
Sabha) can be dissolved by the President on recommendation of the
Minister. In other words, the prime minister can advise the President to
the Lok Sabha before the expiry of its term and hold fresh elections. 
that the executive enjoys the right to get the legislature dissolved
The ministers operate on the principle of secrecy of procedure
cannot divulge information about their proceedings, policies and
They take the oath of secrecy before entering their office. The oath of secrecy to 
the ministers is administered by the President. 
of the government (the Prime Minister) who exercises most of the executive 
f the head of the 
state is not to govern but to see that there is a government. When a crisis occurs, 
either through the breakdown of a coalition government or through some 
national emergency, the head of the state has the responsibility to select an 
idual to form a government and get on with the business of governing. The 
Prime Minister leads the Cabinet and therefore the government. The British 
h secures majority seats in the Lok 
Sabha forms the government. The leader of that party is appointed as the Prime 
Minister by the President; other ministers are appointed by the President on the 
he CoM or Cabinet 
and the rest of the members of the majority party or coalition of 
parties in the parliament. The government, in a sense, has an automatic majority 
Parliamentary democracy means collegial executive. 
Although the Prime Minister is the chief executive, he or she is not a singular 
executive. The collegial executive is a collection of ministers (Council of 
decisions as a group and must be in 
general agreement before legislation is recommended or policies are proposed. 
The ministers are both individually and collectively responsible to the 
parliament for their actions. In Indian scenario, ministers are collectively 
responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in particular 
The lower house of the Parliament (Lok 
the President on recommendation of the Prime 
Minister. In other words, the prime minister can advise the President to dissolve 
 This means 
legislature dissolved in a 
The ministers operate on the principle of secrecy of procedure and 
cannot divulge information about their proceedings, policies and decisions. 
of secrecy to 
 
 
Presidential form of government
form of representative democracy comes in the form of Presidential system, the 
foremost example of which is USA. Unlike the Parliamentary system, 
Presidential form of government is based on strict separation of po
all its organs-executive, legislative and Judicial
presidential system of government are as follows:
(a) The American President is both the head of the State and the head of
government. As the head of State, he occupies a ceremonial position. As
head of government, he leads the executive organ of government.
(b) The President is elected by an electoral college for a fixed tenure of four
years. He cannot be removed by the Congress except by impeachment for
grave unconstitutional act. 
(c) The President governs with the 
‘Kitchen Cabinet’. It is only an advisory body and consists of non
departmental secretaries. They are selected and appointed by him, are
responsible only to him, and can be removed by him any time.
(d) The President and his secretaries are not responsible to the Congress for
their acts. They neither possess membership in the Congress nor attend its
sessions. 
(e) The President cannot dissolve the House of Representatives
house of the Congress. 
Indian and Parliamentary system:
As India was preparing to become an independent democratic republic
forsaking all relations with colonialism, there began, almost simultaneously the
search for a model of polity upon which our institutional structures were to be
based and political processes made to function. The search was made difficult 
by the complex nature of our social reality reflecting different classes, caste 
groups, ethnic and religious minorities
aspirations. 
Almost all thinkers and activists of t
suited the interests and aspirations of all 
Prakash Narayan, for exam
Presidential form of government: Apart from Parliamentary system, another 
form of representative democracy comes in the form of Presidential system, the 
foremost example of which is USA. Unlike the Parliamentary system, 
Presidential form of government is based on strict separation of powers among 
executive, legislative and Judicial. The features of the American 
system of government are as follows: 
(a) The American President is both the head of the State and the head of
government. As the head of State, he occupies a ceremonial position. As
leads the executive organ of government. 
(b) The President is elected by an electoral college for a fixed tenure of four
years. He cannot be removed by the Congress except by impeachment for
(c) The President governs with the help of a cabinet or a smaller body called
‘Kitchen Cabinet’. It is only an advisory body and consists of non
departmental secretaries. They are selected and appointed by him, are
responsible only to him, and can be removed by him any time. 
President and his secretaries are not responsible to the Congress for
their acts. They neither possess membership in the Congress nor attend its
(e) The President cannot dissolve the House of Representatives—
Indian and Parliamentary system: 
As India was preparing to become an independent democratic republic
forsaking all relations with colonialism, there began, almost simultaneously the
search for a model of polity upon which our institutional structures were to be
based and political processes made to function. The search was made difficult 
the complex nature of our social reality reflecting different classes, caste 
religious minorities—all having diverse interests and 
Almost all thinkers and activists of the time were keen on evolving a 
suited the interests and aspirations of all sections of the Indian society. 
, for example, while articulating a plea for reconstruction of 
Apart from Parliamentary system, another 
form of representative democracy comes in the form of Presidential system, the 
foremost example of which is USA. Unlike the Parliamentary system, 
wers among 
The features of the American 
(a) The American President is both the head of the State and the head of 
government. As the head of State, he occupies a ceremonial position. As the 
(b) The President is elected by an electoral college for a fixed tenure of four 
years. He cannot be removed by the Congress except by impeachment for a 
help of a cabinet or a smaller body called 
‘Kitchen Cabinet’. It is only an advisory body and consists of non-elected 
departmental secretaries. They are selected and appointed by him, are 
President and his secretaries are not responsible to the Congress for 
their acts. They neither possess membership in the Congress nor attend its 
—the lower 
As India was preparing to become an independent democratic republic 
forsaking all relations with colonialism, there began, almost simultaneously the 
search for a model of polity upon which our institutional structures were to be 
based and political processes made to function. The search was made difficult 
the complex nature of our social reality reflecting different classes, caste 
all having diverse interests and 
he time were keen on evolving a polity that 
sections of the Indian society. Jaya 
ng a plea for reconstruction of 
Page 4


 
 
Parliamentary System:
The Parliamentary system-institutions and practices
been adopted with modifications by many countries including India. The word 
‘parliament’ is derived from the French expression ‘parle’ which means to 
speak or parley. This term was also used to describe conferences such as those 
held between the King of France and the Pope in 1245. Gradually, the term 
began to be applied to the body of persons who gathered to discuss and approve 
government policies and fina
The term parliamentary system is used in two main senses. In a broad sense, it 
denotes all political systems where there exists an assembly of elected 
representatives of people having the responsibility for legislation. More 
commonly, the term parliamentary system or ‘parliamentary government’ refers 
to a system which is distinguished from the presidential system of government. 
Unlike the presidential system of government, which is based on the principle 
of separation of powers, the parliamentary syst
between the executive and legislative organs of the government.
The British parliamentary system, also known as the Westminster government 
(as the Parliament is located in Westminster in London) has some unique 
features. First, there is no single document referred to as the constitution. The 
institutions and practices have developed through conventions. Secondly, in the 
absence of a written constitution there are no special amending procedures. The 
British parliament enjoys great
supremacy, the British parliament has an unlimited authority, recognised by the 
judiciary, to make any law or to amend any law already made. No other body or 
court has the right to overrule or set aside its le
Important features of Parliamentary System:
Interdependence and double role:
the fusion of executive and legislative powers into a single 
the council of ministers, sit as members o
the fusion of executive and legislative powers. Those who recommend 
legislation as members of the cabinet also vote on the same legislation as 
members of the governing legislature.
Real and Nominal Executive:
divided into a largely formal head of state (the monarch/ President) and the head 
Parliamentary System: 
institutions and practices-evolved in Britain and have 
been adopted with modifications by many countries including India. The word 
‘parliament’ is derived from the French expression ‘parle’ which means to 
k or parley. This term was also used to describe conferences such as those 
held between the King of France and the Pope in 1245. Gradually, the term 
began to be applied to the body of persons who gathered to discuss and approve 
government policies and finances. 
The term parliamentary system is used in two main senses. In a broad sense, it 
denotes all political systems where there exists an assembly of elected 
representatives of people having the responsibility for legislation. More 
mentary system or ‘parliamentary government’ refers 
to a system which is distinguished from the presidential system of government. 
Unlike the presidential system of government, which is based on the principle 
of separation of powers, the parliamentary system involves interdependence 
between the executive and legislative organs of the government. 
The British parliamentary system, also known as the Westminster government 
(as the Parliament is located in Westminster in London) has some unique 
there is no single document referred to as the constitution. The 
institutions and practices have developed through conventions. Secondly, in the 
absence of a written constitution there are no special amending procedures. The 
British parliament enjoys great flexibility. Often described as parliamentary 
supremacy, the British parliament has an unlimited authority, recognised by the 
judiciary, to make any law or to amend any law already made. No other body or 
court has the right to overrule or set aside its legislation. 
Important features of Parliamentary System: 
Interdependence and double role: Parliamentary democracy is characterised by 
the fusion of executive and legislative powers into a single body. The executive, 
ministers, sit as members of parliament and play a double role in 
the fusion of executive and legislative powers. Those who recommend 
legislation as members of the cabinet also vote on the same legislation as 
members of the governing legislature. 
Real and Nominal Executive: Secondly, the executive branch of government is 
divided into a largely formal head of state (the monarch/ President) and the head 
evolved in Britain and have 
been adopted with modifications by many countries including India. The word 
‘parliament’ is derived from the French expression ‘parle’ which means to 
k or parley. This term was also used to describe conferences such as those 
held between the King of France and the Pope in 1245. Gradually, the term 
began to be applied to the body of persons who gathered to discuss and approve 
The term parliamentary system is used in two main senses. In a broad sense, it 
denotes all political systems where there exists an assembly of elected 
representatives of people having the responsibility for legislation. More 
mentary system or ‘parliamentary government’ refers 
to a system which is distinguished from the presidential system of government. 
Unlike the presidential system of government, which is based on the principle 
em involves interdependence 
The British parliamentary system, also known as the Westminster government 
(as the Parliament is located in Westminster in London) has some unique 
there is no single document referred to as the constitution. The 
institutions and practices have developed through conventions. Secondly, in the 
absence of a written constitution there are no special amending procedures. The 
flexibility. Often described as parliamentary 
supremacy, the British parliament has an unlimited authority, recognised by the 
judiciary, to make any law or to amend any law already made. No other body or 
Parliamentary democracy is characterised by 
body. The executive, 
f parliament and play a double role in 
the fusion of executive and legislative powers. Those who recommend 
legislation as members of the cabinet also vote on the same legislation as 
, the executive branch of government is 
divided into a largely formal head of state (the monarch/ President) and the head 
 
 
of the government (the Prime Minister) who exercises most of the executive 
powers and is responsible to the parliament. The function o
state is not to govern but to see that there is a government. When a crisis occurs, 
either through the breakdown of a coalition government or through some 
national emergency, the head of the state has the responsibility to select an 
individual to form a government and get on with the business of governing. The 
Prime Minister leads the Cabinet and therefore the government. The British 
model underlines how Head of the State ‘reigns but does not rule’.
Majority Party: The political party whic
Sabha forms the government. The leader of that party is appointed as the Prime 
Minister by the President; other ministers are appointed by the President on the 
advice of the prime minister. 
in British terms and the rest of the members of the majority party or coalition of 
parties in the parliament. The government, in a sense, has an automatic majority 
and most decisions are made from among these groups.
Collective Responsibility: Parliamentary democracy means collegial executive. 
Although the Prime Minister is the chief executive, he or she is not a singular 
executive. The collegial executive is a collection of ministers (Council of 
Ministers in Indian context) who must make 
general agreement before legislation is recommended or policies are proposed. 
The ministers are both individually and collectively responsible to the 
parliament for their actions. In Indian scenario, ministers are collec
responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in particular 
(Article 75). They act as a team, and swim and sink together.
Dissolution of the Lower House
Sabha) can be dissolved by
Minister. In other words, the prime minister can advise the President to
the Lok Sabha before the expiry of its term and hold fresh elections.
that the executive enjoys the right to get the 
parliamentary system. 
Secrecy: The ministers operate on the principle of secrecy of procedure
cannot divulge information about their proceedings, policies and
They take the oath of secrecy before entering their o
the ministers is administered by the President.
of the government (the Prime Minister) who exercises most of the executive 
powers and is responsible to the parliament. The function of the head of the 
state is not to govern but to see that there is a government. When a crisis occurs, 
either through the breakdown of a coalition government or through some 
national emergency, the head of the state has the responsibility to select an 
idual to form a government and get on with the business of governing. The 
Prime Minister leads the Cabinet and therefore the government. The British 
model underlines how Head of the State ‘reigns but does not rule’. 
The political party which secures majority seats in the Lok 
Sabha forms the government. The leader of that party is appointed as the Prime 
Minister by the President; other ministers are appointed by the President on the 
advice of the prime minister. Typically, the government is the CoM or Cabinet 
and the rest of the members of the majority party or coalition of 
parties in the parliament. The government, in a sense, has an automatic majority 
and most decisions are made from among these groups. 
Parliamentary democracy means collegial executive. 
Although the Prime Minister is the chief executive, he or she is not a singular 
executive. The collegial executive is a collection of ministers (Council of 
Ministers in Indian context) who must make decisions as a group and must be in 
general agreement before legislation is recommended or policies are proposed. 
The ministers are both individually and collectively responsible to the 
parliament for their actions. In Indian scenario, ministers are collec
responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in particular 
(Article 75). They act as a team, and swim and sink together. 
Dissolution of the Lower House: The lower house of the Parliament
Sabha) can be dissolved by the President on recommendation of the
Minister. In other words, the prime minister can advise the President to
the Lok Sabha before the expiry of its term and hold fresh elections. 
that the executive enjoys the right to get the legislature dissolved
The ministers operate on the principle of secrecy of procedure
cannot divulge information about their proceedings, policies and
They take the oath of secrecy before entering their office. The oath of secrecy to 
the ministers is administered by the President. 
of the government (the Prime Minister) who exercises most of the executive 
f the head of the 
state is not to govern but to see that there is a government. When a crisis occurs, 
either through the breakdown of a coalition government or through some 
national emergency, the head of the state has the responsibility to select an 
idual to form a government and get on with the business of governing. The 
Prime Minister leads the Cabinet and therefore the government. The British 
h secures majority seats in the Lok 
Sabha forms the government. The leader of that party is appointed as the Prime 
Minister by the President; other ministers are appointed by the President on the 
he CoM or Cabinet 
and the rest of the members of the majority party or coalition of 
parties in the parliament. The government, in a sense, has an automatic majority 
Parliamentary democracy means collegial executive. 
Although the Prime Minister is the chief executive, he or she is not a singular 
executive. The collegial executive is a collection of ministers (Council of 
decisions as a group and must be in 
general agreement before legislation is recommended or policies are proposed. 
The ministers are both individually and collectively responsible to the 
parliament for their actions. In Indian scenario, ministers are collectively 
responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in particular 
The lower house of the Parliament (Lok 
the President on recommendation of the Prime 
Minister. In other words, the prime minister can advise the President to dissolve 
 This means 
legislature dissolved in a 
The ministers operate on the principle of secrecy of procedure and 
cannot divulge information about their proceedings, policies and decisions. 
of secrecy to 
 
 
Presidential form of government
form of representative democracy comes in the form of Presidential system, the 
foremost example of which is USA. Unlike the Parliamentary system, 
Presidential form of government is based on strict separation of po
all its organs-executive, legislative and Judicial
presidential system of government are as follows:
(a) The American President is both the head of the State and the head of
government. As the head of State, he occupies a ceremonial position. As
head of government, he leads the executive organ of government.
(b) The President is elected by an electoral college for a fixed tenure of four
years. He cannot be removed by the Congress except by impeachment for
grave unconstitutional act. 
(c) The President governs with the 
‘Kitchen Cabinet’. It is only an advisory body and consists of non
departmental secretaries. They are selected and appointed by him, are
responsible only to him, and can be removed by him any time.
(d) The President and his secretaries are not responsible to the Congress for
their acts. They neither possess membership in the Congress nor attend its
sessions. 
(e) The President cannot dissolve the House of Representatives
house of the Congress. 
Indian and Parliamentary system:
As India was preparing to become an independent democratic republic
forsaking all relations with colonialism, there began, almost simultaneously the
search for a model of polity upon which our institutional structures were to be
based and political processes made to function. The search was made difficult 
by the complex nature of our social reality reflecting different classes, caste 
groups, ethnic and religious minorities
aspirations. 
Almost all thinkers and activists of t
suited the interests and aspirations of all 
Prakash Narayan, for exam
Presidential form of government: Apart from Parliamentary system, another 
form of representative democracy comes in the form of Presidential system, the 
foremost example of which is USA. Unlike the Parliamentary system, 
Presidential form of government is based on strict separation of powers among 
executive, legislative and Judicial. The features of the American 
system of government are as follows: 
(a) The American President is both the head of the State and the head of
government. As the head of State, he occupies a ceremonial position. As
leads the executive organ of government. 
(b) The President is elected by an electoral college for a fixed tenure of four
years. He cannot be removed by the Congress except by impeachment for
(c) The President governs with the help of a cabinet or a smaller body called
‘Kitchen Cabinet’. It is only an advisory body and consists of non
departmental secretaries. They are selected and appointed by him, are
responsible only to him, and can be removed by him any time. 
President and his secretaries are not responsible to the Congress for
their acts. They neither possess membership in the Congress nor attend its
(e) The President cannot dissolve the House of Representatives—
Indian and Parliamentary system: 
As India was preparing to become an independent democratic republic
forsaking all relations with colonialism, there began, almost simultaneously the
search for a model of polity upon which our institutional structures were to be
based and political processes made to function. The search was made difficult 
the complex nature of our social reality reflecting different classes, caste 
religious minorities—all having diverse interests and 
Almost all thinkers and activists of the time were keen on evolving a 
suited the interests and aspirations of all sections of the Indian society. 
, for example, while articulating a plea for reconstruction of 
Apart from Parliamentary system, another 
form of representative democracy comes in the form of Presidential system, the 
foremost example of which is USA. Unlike the Parliamentary system, 
wers among 
The features of the American 
(a) The American President is both the head of the State and the head of 
government. As the head of State, he occupies a ceremonial position. As the 
(b) The President is elected by an electoral college for a fixed tenure of four 
years. He cannot be removed by the Congress except by impeachment for a 
help of a cabinet or a smaller body called 
‘Kitchen Cabinet’. It is only an advisory body and consists of non-elected 
departmental secretaries. They are selected and appointed by him, are 
President and his secretaries are not responsible to the Congress for 
their acts. They neither possess membership in the Congress nor attend its 
—the lower 
As India was preparing to become an independent democratic republic 
forsaking all relations with colonialism, there began, almost simultaneously the 
search for a model of polity upon which our institutional structures were to be 
based and political processes made to function. The search was made difficult 
the complex nature of our social reality reflecting different classes, caste 
all having diverse interests and 
he time were keen on evolving a polity that 
sections of the Indian society. Jaya 
ng a plea for reconstruction of 
 
 
the Indian polity emphasised the need for a rat
suited Indian conditions and realities. 
In other words, he argued for a syncretic
consideration to the practices of the ancient Indian
western model, was organised in tune
scientific organisation of the 
that would assure the preservatio
Disapproving big state structur
establishment of decentralised structures whose
informed by ethics. He felt that what we consider the Mother of Parliament
morally impotent to do any good to the English so
according to Gandhi, remains under the cont
change. Furthermore, for Gandhi, the developm
assessment of issues by party members guided by a mob
rhetorically called party discipline have led to the ruin of the parliament.
However, the compulsions of economi
ensure political integration of varied
collectivity of “The People” our leaders
modern state with elaborate struct
choice of a federal parliamentary system was the result of a colonial legacy and 
experience. The legislative experience since the colonial rule began in the early 
eighteenth century, with modifications in the method and nature of 
representation in subsequent years, had a profound influence in articulating the 
normative structure of our post
the ‘Westminster model’ with some modifications, the framers of the 
constitution were motivated by the need for a responsible government to that of 
a stable government to be found in the Presidential system of government.
Reasons for adopting the Parliamentary form
Familiarity with the System 
with the parliamentary system as it had been in operation
British rule. K M Munshi argued that, ‘For the last thirty
kind of responsibility has been introduced in the
Our constitutional traditions have become
why should we go back and buy a novel
the Indian polity emphasised the need for a rational and scientific model that 
suited Indian conditions and realities.  
In other words, he argued for a syncretic model that would give due 
the practices of the ancient Indian polity that, unlike the pure 
ganised in tune with the social nature of man and the 
scientific organisation of the society. He argued for a social and political life 
that would assure the preservation of human values. 
Disapproving big state structures, Mahatma Gandhi favoured the 
establishment of decentralised structures whose social and political rules are 
informed by ethics. He felt that what we consider the Mother of Parliament
morally impotent to do any good to the English society at large. The parliament, 
according to Gandhi, remains under the control of ministers who constantly 
change. Furthermore, for Gandhi, the development of the party system and the 
es by party members guided by a mob-
called party discipline have led to the ruin of the parliament.
e compulsions of economic development, coupled with the 
ensure political integration of varied elements and interests under a 
collectivity of “The People” our leaders set upon an agenda of building 
modern state with elaborate structures, institutions and political processes.
choice of a federal parliamentary system was the result of a colonial legacy and 
xperience. The legislative experience since the colonial rule began in the early 
eighteenth century, with modifications in the method and nature of 
representation in subsequent years, had a profound influence in articulating the 
post-independent system of governance. In 
the ‘Westminster model’ with some modifications, the framers of the 
constitution were motivated by the need for a responsible government to that of 
a stable government to be found in the Presidential system of government.
Parliamentary form: 
Familiarity with the System The Constitution-makers were somewhat familiar 
with the parliamentary system as it had been in operation in India during the 
British rule. K M Munshi argued that, ‘For the last thirty or forty years, some 
kind of responsibility has been introduced in the governance of this country. 
Our constitutional traditions have become Parliamentary. After this experience, 
why should we go back and buy a novel experience.’ 
ional and scientific model that 
model that would give due 
polity that, unlike the pure 
nature of man and the 
and political life 
favoured the 
social and political rules are 
informed by ethics. He felt that what we consider the Mother of Parliaments is 
ciety at large. The parliament, 
rol of ministers who constantly 
ent of the party system and the 
-psychology 
called party discipline have led to the ruin of the parliament. 
c development, coupled with the need to 
ts and interests under a corporate 
set upon an agenda of building a big 
ures, institutions and political processes. The 
choice of a federal parliamentary system was the result of a colonial legacy and 
xperience. The legislative experience since the colonial rule began in the early 
eighteenth century, with modifications in the method and nature of 
representation in subsequent years, had a profound influence in articulating the 
In choosing 
the ‘Westminster model’ with some modifications, the framers of the 
constitution were motivated by the need for a responsible government to that of 
a stable government to be found in the Presidential system of government. 
somewhat familiar 
in India during the 
or forty years, some 
nce of this country. 
Parliamentary. After this experience, 
Page 5


 
 
Parliamentary System:
The Parliamentary system-institutions and practices
been adopted with modifications by many countries including India. The word 
‘parliament’ is derived from the French expression ‘parle’ which means to 
speak or parley. This term was also used to describe conferences such as those 
held between the King of France and the Pope in 1245. Gradually, the term 
began to be applied to the body of persons who gathered to discuss and approve 
government policies and fina
The term parliamentary system is used in two main senses. In a broad sense, it 
denotes all political systems where there exists an assembly of elected 
representatives of people having the responsibility for legislation. More 
commonly, the term parliamentary system or ‘parliamentary government’ refers 
to a system which is distinguished from the presidential system of government. 
Unlike the presidential system of government, which is based on the principle 
of separation of powers, the parliamentary syst
between the executive and legislative organs of the government.
The British parliamentary system, also known as the Westminster government 
(as the Parliament is located in Westminster in London) has some unique 
features. First, there is no single document referred to as the constitution. The 
institutions and practices have developed through conventions. Secondly, in the 
absence of a written constitution there are no special amending procedures. The 
British parliament enjoys great
supremacy, the British parliament has an unlimited authority, recognised by the 
judiciary, to make any law or to amend any law already made. No other body or 
court has the right to overrule or set aside its le
Important features of Parliamentary System:
Interdependence and double role:
the fusion of executive and legislative powers into a single 
the council of ministers, sit as members o
the fusion of executive and legislative powers. Those who recommend 
legislation as members of the cabinet also vote on the same legislation as 
members of the governing legislature.
Real and Nominal Executive:
divided into a largely formal head of state (the monarch/ President) and the head 
Parliamentary System: 
institutions and practices-evolved in Britain and have 
been adopted with modifications by many countries including India. The word 
‘parliament’ is derived from the French expression ‘parle’ which means to 
k or parley. This term was also used to describe conferences such as those 
held between the King of France and the Pope in 1245. Gradually, the term 
began to be applied to the body of persons who gathered to discuss and approve 
government policies and finances. 
The term parliamentary system is used in two main senses. In a broad sense, it 
denotes all political systems where there exists an assembly of elected 
representatives of people having the responsibility for legislation. More 
mentary system or ‘parliamentary government’ refers 
to a system which is distinguished from the presidential system of government. 
Unlike the presidential system of government, which is based on the principle 
of separation of powers, the parliamentary system involves interdependence 
between the executive and legislative organs of the government. 
The British parliamentary system, also known as the Westminster government 
(as the Parliament is located in Westminster in London) has some unique 
there is no single document referred to as the constitution. The 
institutions and practices have developed through conventions. Secondly, in the 
absence of a written constitution there are no special amending procedures. The 
British parliament enjoys great flexibility. Often described as parliamentary 
supremacy, the British parliament has an unlimited authority, recognised by the 
judiciary, to make any law or to amend any law already made. No other body or 
court has the right to overrule or set aside its legislation. 
Important features of Parliamentary System: 
Interdependence and double role: Parliamentary democracy is characterised by 
the fusion of executive and legislative powers into a single body. The executive, 
ministers, sit as members of parliament and play a double role in 
the fusion of executive and legislative powers. Those who recommend 
legislation as members of the cabinet also vote on the same legislation as 
members of the governing legislature. 
Real and Nominal Executive: Secondly, the executive branch of government is 
divided into a largely formal head of state (the monarch/ President) and the head 
evolved in Britain and have 
been adopted with modifications by many countries including India. The word 
‘parliament’ is derived from the French expression ‘parle’ which means to 
k or parley. This term was also used to describe conferences such as those 
held between the King of France and the Pope in 1245. Gradually, the term 
began to be applied to the body of persons who gathered to discuss and approve 
The term parliamentary system is used in two main senses. In a broad sense, it 
denotes all political systems where there exists an assembly of elected 
representatives of people having the responsibility for legislation. More 
mentary system or ‘parliamentary government’ refers 
to a system which is distinguished from the presidential system of government. 
Unlike the presidential system of government, which is based on the principle 
em involves interdependence 
The British parliamentary system, also known as the Westminster government 
(as the Parliament is located in Westminster in London) has some unique 
there is no single document referred to as the constitution. The 
institutions and practices have developed through conventions. Secondly, in the 
absence of a written constitution there are no special amending procedures. The 
flexibility. Often described as parliamentary 
supremacy, the British parliament has an unlimited authority, recognised by the 
judiciary, to make any law or to amend any law already made. No other body or 
Parliamentary democracy is characterised by 
body. The executive, 
f parliament and play a double role in 
the fusion of executive and legislative powers. Those who recommend 
legislation as members of the cabinet also vote on the same legislation as 
, the executive branch of government is 
divided into a largely formal head of state (the monarch/ President) and the head 
 
 
of the government (the Prime Minister) who exercises most of the executive 
powers and is responsible to the parliament. The function o
state is not to govern but to see that there is a government. When a crisis occurs, 
either through the breakdown of a coalition government or through some 
national emergency, the head of the state has the responsibility to select an 
individual to form a government and get on with the business of governing. The 
Prime Minister leads the Cabinet and therefore the government. The British 
model underlines how Head of the State ‘reigns but does not rule’.
Majority Party: The political party whic
Sabha forms the government. The leader of that party is appointed as the Prime 
Minister by the President; other ministers are appointed by the President on the 
advice of the prime minister. 
in British terms and the rest of the members of the majority party or coalition of 
parties in the parliament. The government, in a sense, has an automatic majority 
and most decisions are made from among these groups.
Collective Responsibility: Parliamentary democracy means collegial executive. 
Although the Prime Minister is the chief executive, he or she is not a singular 
executive. The collegial executive is a collection of ministers (Council of 
Ministers in Indian context) who must make 
general agreement before legislation is recommended or policies are proposed. 
The ministers are both individually and collectively responsible to the 
parliament for their actions. In Indian scenario, ministers are collec
responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in particular 
(Article 75). They act as a team, and swim and sink together.
Dissolution of the Lower House
Sabha) can be dissolved by
Minister. In other words, the prime minister can advise the President to
the Lok Sabha before the expiry of its term and hold fresh elections.
that the executive enjoys the right to get the 
parliamentary system. 
Secrecy: The ministers operate on the principle of secrecy of procedure
cannot divulge information about their proceedings, policies and
They take the oath of secrecy before entering their o
the ministers is administered by the President.
of the government (the Prime Minister) who exercises most of the executive 
powers and is responsible to the parliament. The function of the head of the 
state is not to govern but to see that there is a government. When a crisis occurs, 
either through the breakdown of a coalition government or through some 
national emergency, the head of the state has the responsibility to select an 
idual to form a government and get on with the business of governing. The 
Prime Minister leads the Cabinet and therefore the government. The British 
model underlines how Head of the State ‘reigns but does not rule’. 
The political party which secures majority seats in the Lok 
Sabha forms the government. The leader of that party is appointed as the Prime 
Minister by the President; other ministers are appointed by the President on the 
advice of the prime minister. Typically, the government is the CoM or Cabinet 
and the rest of the members of the majority party or coalition of 
parties in the parliament. The government, in a sense, has an automatic majority 
and most decisions are made from among these groups. 
Parliamentary democracy means collegial executive. 
Although the Prime Minister is the chief executive, he or she is not a singular 
executive. The collegial executive is a collection of ministers (Council of 
Ministers in Indian context) who must make decisions as a group and must be in 
general agreement before legislation is recommended or policies are proposed. 
The ministers are both individually and collectively responsible to the 
parliament for their actions. In Indian scenario, ministers are collec
responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in particular 
(Article 75). They act as a team, and swim and sink together. 
Dissolution of the Lower House: The lower house of the Parliament
Sabha) can be dissolved by the President on recommendation of the
Minister. In other words, the prime minister can advise the President to
the Lok Sabha before the expiry of its term and hold fresh elections. 
that the executive enjoys the right to get the legislature dissolved
The ministers operate on the principle of secrecy of procedure
cannot divulge information about their proceedings, policies and
They take the oath of secrecy before entering their office. The oath of secrecy to 
the ministers is administered by the President. 
of the government (the Prime Minister) who exercises most of the executive 
f the head of the 
state is not to govern but to see that there is a government. When a crisis occurs, 
either through the breakdown of a coalition government or through some 
national emergency, the head of the state has the responsibility to select an 
idual to form a government and get on with the business of governing. The 
Prime Minister leads the Cabinet and therefore the government. The British 
h secures majority seats in the Lok 
Sabha forms the government. The leader of that party is appointed as the Prime 
Minister by the President; other ministers are appointed by the President on the 
he CoM or Cabinet 
and the rest of the members of the majority party or coalition of 
parties in the parliament. The government, in a sense, has an automatic majority 
Parliamentary democracy means collegial executive. 
Although the Prime Minister is the chief executive, he or she is not a singular 
executive. The collegial executive is a collection of ministers (Council of 
decisions as a group and must be in 
general agreement before legislation is recommended or policies are proposed. 
The ministers are both individually and collectively responsible to the 
parliament for their actions. In Indian scenario, ministers are collectively 
responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in particular 
The lower house of the Parliament (Lok 
the President on recommendation of the Prime 
Minister. In other words, the prime minister can advise the President to dissolve 
 This means 
legislature dissolved in a 
The ministers operate on the principle of secrecy of procedure and 
cannot divulge information about their proceedings, policies and decisions. 
of secrecy to 
 
 
Presidential form of government
form of representative democracy comes in the form of Presidential system, the 
foremost example of which is USA. Unlike the Parliamentary system, 
Presidential form of government is based on strict separation of po
all its organs-executive, legislative and Judicial
presidential system of government are as follows:
(a) The American President is both the head of the State and the head of
government. As the head of State, he occupies a ceremonial position. As
head of government, he leads the executive organ of government.
(b) The President is elected by an electoral college for a fixed tenure of four
years. He cannot be removed by the Congress except by impeachment for
grave unconstitutional act. 
(c) The President governs with the 
‘Kitchen Cabinet’. It is only an advisory body and consists of non
departmental secretaries. They are selected and appointed by him, are
responsible only to him, and can be removed by him any time.
(d) The President and his secretaries are not responsible to the Congress for
their acts. They neither possess membership in the Congress nor attend its
sessions. 
(e) The President cannot dissolve the House of Representatives
house of the Congress. 
Indian and Parliamentary system:
As India was preparing to become an independent democratic republic
forsaking all relations with colonialism, there began, almost simultaneously the
search for a model of polity upon which our institutional structures were to be
based and political processes made to function. The search was made difficult 
by the complex nature of our social reality reflecting different classes, caste 
groups, ethnic and religious minorities
aspirations. 
Almost all thinkers and activists of t
suited the interests and aspirations of all 
Prakash Narayan, for exam
Presidential form of government: Apart from Parliamentary system, another 
form of representative democracy comes in the form of Presidential system, the 
foremost example of which is USA. Unlike the Parliamentary system, 
Presidential form of government is based on strict separation of powers among 
executive, legislative and Judicial. The features of the American 
system of government are as follows: 
(a) The American President is both the head of the State and the head of
government. As the head of State, he occupies a ceremonial position. As
leads the executive organ of government. 
(b) The President is elected by an electoral college for a fixed tenure of four
years. He cannot be removed by the Congress except by impeachment for
(c) The President governs with the help of a cabinet or a smaller body called
‘Kitchen Cabinet’. It is only an advisory body and consists of non
departmental secretaries. They are selected and appointed by him, are
responsible only to him, and can be removed by him any time. 
President and his secretaries are not responsible to the Congress for
their acts. They neither possess membership in the Congress nor attend its
(e) The President cannot dissolve the House of Representatives—
Indian and Parliamentary system: 
As India was preparing to become an independent democratic republic
forsaking all relations with colonialism, there began, almost simultaneously the
search for a model of polity upon which our institutional structures were to be
based and political processes made to function. The search was made difficult 
the complex nature of our social reality reflecting different classes, caste 
religious minorities—all having diverse interests and 
Almost all thinkers and activists of the time were keen on evolving a 
suited the interests and aspirations of all sections of the Indian society. 
, for example, while articulating a plea for reconstruction of 
Apart from Parliamentary system, another 
form of representative democracy comes in the form of Presidential system, the 
foremost example of which is USA. Unlike the Parliamentary system, 
wers among 
The features of the American 
(a) The American President is both the head of the State and the head of 
government. As the head of State, he occupies a ceremonial position. As the 
(b) The President is elected by an electoral college for a fixed tenure of four 
years. He cannot be removed by the Congress except by impeachment for a 
help of a cabinet or a smaller body called 
‘Kitchen Cabinet’. It is only an advisory body and consists of non-elected 
departmental secretaries. They are selected and appointed by him, are 
President and his secretaries are not responsible to the Congress for 
their acts. They neither possess membership in the Congress nor attend its 
—the lower 
As India was preparing to become an independent democratic republic 
forsaking all relations with colonialism, there began, almost simultaneously the 
search for a model of polity upon which our institutional structures were to be 
based and political processes made to function. The search was made difficult 
the complex nature of our social reality reflecting different classes, caste 
all having diverse interests and 
he time were keen on evolving a polity that 
sections of the Indian society. Jaya 
ng a plea for reconstruction of 
 
 
the Indian polity emphasised the need for a rat
suited Indian conditions and realities. 
In other words, he argued for a syncretic
consideration to the practices of the ancient Indian
western model, was organised in tune
scientific organisation of the 
that would assure the preservatio
Disapproving big state structur
establishment of decentralised structures whose
informed by ethics. He felt that what we consider the Mother of Parliament
morally impotent to do any good to the English so
according to Gandhi, remains under the cont
change. Furthermore, for Gandhi, the developm
assessment of issues by party members guided by a mob
rhetorically called party discipline have led to the ruin of the parliament.
However, the compulsions of economi
ensure political integration of varied
collectivity of “The People” our leaders
modern state with elaborate struct
choice of a federal parliamentary system was the result of a colonial legacy and 
experience. The legislative experience since the colonial rule began in the early 
eighteenth century, with modifications in the method and nature of 
representation in subsequent years, had a profound influence in articulating the 
normative structure of our post
the ‘Westminster model’ with some modifications, the framers of the 
constitution were motivated by the need for a responsible government to that of 
a stable government to be found in the Presidential system of government.
Reasons for adopting the Parliamentary form
Familiarity with the System 
with the parliamentary system as it had been in operation
British rule. K M Munshi argued that, ‘For the last thirty
kind of responsibility has been introduced in the
Our constitutional traditions have become
why should we go back and buy a novel
the Indian polity emphasised the need for a rational and scientific model that 
suited Indian conditions and realities.  
In other words, he argued for a syncretic model that would give due 
the practices of the ancient Indian polity that, unlike the pure 
ganised in tune with the social nature of man and the 
scientific organisation of the society. He argued for a social and political life 
that would assure the preservation of human values. 
Disapproving big state structures, Mahatma Gandhi favoured the 
establishment of decentralised structures whose social and political rules are 
informed by ethics. He felt that what we consider the Mother of Parliament
morally impotent to do any good to the English society at large. The parliament, 
according to Gandhi, remains under the control of ministers who constantly 
change. Furthermore, for Gandhi, the development of the party system and the 
es by party members guided by a mob-
called party discipline have led to the ruin of the parliament.
e compulsions of economic development, coupled with the 
ensure political integration of varied elements and interests under a 
collectivity of “The People” our leaders set upon an agenda of building 
modern state with elaborate structures, institutions and political processes.
choice of a federal parliamentary system was the result of a colonial legacy and 
xperience. The legislative experience since the colonial rule began in the early 
eighteenth century, with modifications in the method and nature of 
representation in subsequent years, had a profound influence in articulating the 
post-independent system of governance. In 
the ‘Westminster model’ with some modifications, the framers of the 
constitution were motivated by the need for a responsible government to that of 
a stable government to be found in the Presidential system of government.
Parliamentary form: 
Familiarity with the System The Constitution-makers were somewhat familiar 
with the parliamentary system as it had been in operation in India during the 
British rule. K M Munshi argued that, ‘For the last thirty or forty years, some 
kind of responsibility has been introduced in the governance of this country. 
Our constitutional traditions have become Parliamentary. After this experience, 
why should we go back and buy a novel experience.’ 
ional and scientific model that 
model that would give due 
polity that, unlike the pure 
nature of man and the 
and political life 
favoured the 
social and political rules are 
informed by ethics. He felt that what we consider the Mother of Parliaments is 
ciety at large. The parliament, 
rol of ministers who constantly 
ent of the party system and the 
-psychology 
called party discipline have led to the ruin of the parliament. 
c development, coupled with the need to 
ts and interests under a corporate 
set upon an agenda of building a big 
ures, institutions and political processes. The 
choice of a federal parliamentary system was the result of a colonial legacy and 
xperience. The legislative experience since the colonial rule began in the early 
eighteenth century, with modifications in the method and nature of 
representation in subsequent years, had a profound influence in articulating the 
In choosing 
the ‘Westminster model’ with some modifications, the framers of the 
constitution were motivated by the need for a responsible government to that of 
a stable government to be found in the Presidential system of government. 
somewhat familiar 
in India during the 
or forty years, some 
nce of this country. 
Parliamentary. After this experience, 
 
 
Preference to More Responsibility 
Constituent Assembly that ‘a democratic executive must satisfy two
stability and responsibility. Unfortunately, it has not been
devise a system which can ensure both in equal degree. The
gives more stability but less responsibility. The British
hand, gives more responsibility but less stability. The
recommending the parliamentary system of Executive
responsibility to more stability.’
Need to Avoid Legislative
Constitution wanted to avoid the conflicts between the legislature and the
executive which are bound to occur in the presidential system prevalent in
They thought that an infant democracy
perpetual cleavage, feud or conflict or threatened conflict between these
organs of the government. They wanted a form of government that would
conductive to the manifold development of the country.
Nature of Indian Society 
most complex plural societies in the world. Hence, the
adopted the parliamentary system as it offers greater
representation to various section, interests and regions in the
promotes a national spirit among the people and builds a
Difference between British and Indian Models:
1. India has a republican system in place of British monarchical system. In
words, the Head of the State in India (that is, President) is elected,
Head of the State in Britain (that is, King or Queen) enjoys a
position. 
2. The British system is based on the doctrine of the sovereignty of
while the Parliament is not supreme in India and enjoys
powers due to a written Constitution, federal
fundamental rights. 
3. In Britain, the prime minister should be a member of the Lower House
(House of Commons) of the Par
member of any of the two Houses of Parliament.
Preference to More Responsibility Dr B R Ambedkar pointed 
Constituent Assembly that ‘a democratic executive must satisfy two 
stability and responsibility. Unfortunately, it has not been possible so far to 
devise a system which can ensure both in equal degree. The American system 
stability but less responsibility. The British system, on the other 
hand, gives more responsibility but less stability. The Draft Constitution in 
recommending the parliamentary system of Executive has preferred more 
responsibility to more stability.’ 
eed to Avoid Legislative—Executive Conflicts The framers of
Constitution wanted to avoid the conflicts between the legislature and the
executive which are bound to occur in the presidential system prevalent in
They thought that an infant democracy could not afford to take the risk
perpetual cleavage, feud or conflict or threatened conflict between these
organs of the government. They wanted a form of government that would
conductive to the manifold development of the country. 
Nature of Indian Society India is one of the most heterogeneous
most complex plural societies in the world. Hence, the Constitution
adopted the parliamentary system as it offers greater scope for giving 
representation to various section, interests and regions in the govern
promotes a national spirit among the people and builds a united India.
Difference between British and Indian Models: 
1. India has a republican system in place of British monarchical system. In
e Head of the State in India (that is, President) is elected,
Head of the State in Britain (that is, King or Queen) enjoys a
2. The British system is based on the doctrine of the sovereignty of 
t is not supreme in India and enjoys limited and restricted 
powers due to a written Constitution, federal system, judicial review and 
3. In Britain, the prime minister should be a member of the Lower House
(House of Commons) of the Parliament. In India, the prime minister may
f the two Houses of Parliament. 
Dr B R Ambedkar pointed out in the 
 conditions: 
possible so far to 
American system 
system, on the other 
Draft Constitution in 
has preferred more 
The framers of the 
Constitution wanted to avoid the conflicts between the legislature and the 
executive which are bound to occur in the presidential system prevalent in USA. 
could not afford to take the risk of a 
perpetual cleavage, feud or conflict or threatened conflict between these two 
organs of the government. They wanted a form of government that would be 
ne of the most heterogeneous States and 
Constitution-makers 
scope for giving 
government. This 
united India. 
1. India has a republican system in place of British monarchical system. In other 
e Head of the State in India (that is, President) is elected, while the 
Head of the State in Britain (that is, King or Queen) enjoys a hereditary 
 Parliament, 
limited and restricted 
l review and 
3. In Britain, the prime minister should be a member of the Lower House 
liament. In India, the prime minister may be a