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Page 1
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? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? 2006 ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? 2015-16 ?? ???? ?? ???????????? ????
?? ????? ???
? ????? ???? ????? (IRNSS-1A) 1 ?????, 2013 ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? (IRNSS-1G) ?? 28 ??????, 2016 ??
???? ???? ??? ???
? IRNSS-1G ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? IRNSS ?? ??? ????? ???????- NavIC
(Navigation in Indian Constellation) ?? ???? ????
z ?????:
? ????????? ??? IRNSS ??? ?? ????? ???, ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??-???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????
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???? ??? ???
? ???? ?????? 2020 ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ‘??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????’ (WWRNS) ?? ?? ??? ?? ???
??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? (IMO) ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
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??? ?? ??? ???
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Page 2
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IRNSS-?????: ????
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??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? (?????? ??????? ????????? ??????) ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? (NaVIC-???????)
?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
?????? ?????
z ????????:
? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? 2006 ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? 2015-16 ?? ???? ?? ???????????? ????
?? ????? ???
? ????? ???? ????? (IRNSS-1A) 1 ?????, 2013 ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? (IRNSS-1G) ?? 28 ??????, 2016 ??
???? ???? ??? ???
? IRNSS-1G ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? IRNSS ?? ??? ????? ???????- NavIC
(Navigation in Indian Constellation) ?? ???? ????
z ?????:
? ????????? ??? IRNSS ??? ?? ????? ???, ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??-???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????
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???? ??? ???
? ???? ?????? 2020 ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ‘??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????’ (WWRNS) ?? ?? ??? ?? ???
??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? (IMO) ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
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‘???????’ (GLONASS), ????? ?? ‘??????’?? ?? ??? ?? ?????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??
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? ?????? 2019 ??? ?????? ?? ‘??????? ?????’ ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ‘NavIC’-?????? ??????
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Page 3
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IRNSS-?????: ????
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?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
?????? ?????
z ????????:
? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? 2006 ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? 2015-16 ?? ???? ?? ???????????? ????
?? ????? ???
? ????? ???? ????? (IRNSS-1A) 1 ?????, 2013 ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? (IRNSS-1G) ?? 28 ??????, 2016 ??
???? ???? ??? ???
? IRNSS-1G ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? IRNSS ?? ??? ????? ???????- NavIC
(Navigation in Indian Constellation) ?? ???? ????
z ?????:
? ????????? ??? IRNSS ??? ?? ????? ???, ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??-???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????
? IRNSS-1I ?? IRNSS-1A ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??, ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???
?????????? ?? ??? ???
? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????, ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???
? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ‘????? ????????? ??????’ (???????) ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??, ????? ????????? ???
1,500 ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???
? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
? ??????? ??????? (24 ?????) ?????? ????? ??????? 20-30 ???? ??, ?? ????? ??? ??????? 20 ???? ??? ?? ?? ????????
??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???
? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ‘???? ?????? ?????????? ????????’ (3GPP) ????? ????????
???? ??? ???
? ???? ?????? 2020 ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ‘??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????’ (WWRNS) ?? ?? ??? ?? ???
??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? (IMO) ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????
??? ?? ??? ???
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? ???? ?? 5 ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??, ????? ?? ??????? ?? GPS, ???? ??
‘???????’ (GLONASS), ????? ?? ‘??????’?? ?? ??? ?? ?????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??
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? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ????????????
???
? ?????? 2019 ??? ?????? ?? ‘??????? ?????’ ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ‘NavIC’-?????? ??????
???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ???
? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ‘NavIC’ ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???
? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??
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z ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????? (AAI) ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?? ‘????????? ???? ????????? ??????’ (SBAS) ???
z ?? ??????? ??? ??????????? SBAS ?????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????
?????? ??????
? ‘???’ ??????-??-????? (SIS) ??????-8 ?? ??????-10 ?? ????? ??? ????? ???
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DRDO) ?? ‘??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????’ (HSTDV) ?? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ??, ??????? ?????? ??
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???? ???? ???
Page 4
???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????????
IRNSS-?????: ????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? (?????? ??????? ????????? ??????) ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? (NaVIC-???????)
?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
?????? ?????
z ????????:
? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? 2006 ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? 2015-16 ?? ???? ?? ???????????? ????
?? ????? ???
? ????? ???? ????? (IRNSS-1A) 1 ?????, 2013 ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? (IRNSS-1G) ?? 28 ??????, 2016 ??
???? ???? ??? ???
? IRNSS-1G ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? IRNSS ?? ??? ????? ???????- NavIC
(Navigation in Indian Constellation) ?? ???? ????
z ?????:
? ????????? ??? IRNSS ??? ?? ????? ???, ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??-???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????
? IRNSS-1I ?? IRNSS-1A ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??, ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???
?????????? ?? ??? ???
? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????, ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???
? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ‘????? ????????? ??????’ (???????) ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??, ????? ????????? ???
1,500 ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???
? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
? ??????? ??????? (24 ?????) ?????? ????? ??????? 20-30 ???? ??, ?? ????? ??? ??????? 20 ???? ??? ?? ?? ????????
??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???
? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ‘???? ?????? ?????????? ????????’ (3GPP) ????? ????????
???? ??? ???
? ???? ?????? 2020 ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ‘??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????’ (WWRNS) ?? ?? ??? ?? ???
??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? (IMO) ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????
??? ?? ??? ???
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‘???????’ (GLONASS), ????? ?? ‘??????’?? ?? ??? ?? ?????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??
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? ?????? 2019 ??? ?????? ?? ‘??????? ?????’ ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ‘NavIC’-?????? ??????
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? ??????????? ????? ????? (HGV): ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????
?????????? ??? ???? ????
z ???? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ????????:
? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???
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??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
? ??????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? DRDO ????? ISRO ????? ?? ???? ???
? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? (Defence Research & Development Organization-
DRDO) ?? ‘??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????’ (HSTDV) ?? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ??, ??????? ?????? ??
??? ??? 6 ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???
? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? DRDO ?? ?? ‘??????????? ?????? ???’ (HWT) ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???
?? ?? ?????? ????????-????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ??? 5 ??? 12 ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???
???? ??? ‘???????? ????? ??????’: J0240+1952
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ‘??????? ????? ????????’ (J0240+1952) ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? 25 ?????? ??? ?? ??????
???? ???? ???
?????? ?????
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? ?? ‘?????? ???? ??????’ ?? ?? ?????? ??; ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???
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? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????????????? ???????? ??? 100,000 ????
???? ???? ???
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???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ????
? ???? ????????: ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????
? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????
? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????
????????? ?????
z ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???
z ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? 1.44 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???
z ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????
z ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??, ???????? ???? ??? 1931 ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????
??? ???
z ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? 1983 ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???
???????? ???? ??? ???
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???????? (AMR) ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????
z ?????? 2021 ?? WAAW ?? ??? ??- “???????? ?????, ???????? ????” (Spread Awareness, Stop Resistance)?
z WAAW ?? ????? AMR ?? ???????? ???????? (??????? ????????? ??????, ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???
????????? ??????) ????? AMR ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????????? ??? ??????, '?? ???' ???? ???? ????
?????? ?????
z ?????:
? ?????????? ???????? (Antimicrobial Resistance-AMR) ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? (?????????, ????????, ?????,
???????? ???) ????? ??????????????? ??????? (?????- ?????????????, ????????, ???????????, ??????????? ?? ???????????????)
????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??, ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???
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z AMR ?? ??????? ?? ????:
? ?????? ????? ???????/????????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??, ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????
??????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????
? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? AMR ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????
??? ???????? ?? ????-???? ??????? ?????, ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???
Page 5
???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????????
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?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
?????? ?????
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?? ????? ???
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???? ???? ??? ???
? IRNSS-1G ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? IRNSS ?? ??? ????? ???????- NavIC
(Navigation in Indian Constellation) ?? ???? ????
z ?????:
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? IRNSS-1I ?? IRNSS-1A ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??, ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???
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??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? (IMO) ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????
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‘???????’ (GLONASS), ????? ?? ‘??????’?? ?? ??? ?? ?????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??
???????? ?? ?? ???? ???
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z ??????????? ???????????:
? ???: ????? ??? ‘??? ?? ?????? ?? ???’ ??? 5 ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???
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?????????? ??? ???? ????
z ???? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ????????:
? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???
? ???? ?? ??????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ??, ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ‘ASAT’ ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????
??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
? ??????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? DRDO ????? ISRO ????? ?? ???? ???
? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? (Defence Research & Development Organization-
DRDO) ?? ‘??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????’ (HSTDV) ?? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ??, ??????? ?????? ??
??? ??? 6 ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???
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?? ?? ?????? ????????-????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ??? 5 ??? 12 ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???
???? ??? ‘???????? ????? ??????’: J0240+1952
????? ??? ?????
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???? ???? ???
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z ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???
z ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? 1.44 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???
z ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????
z ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??, ???????? ???? ??? 1931 ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????
??? ???
z ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? 1983 ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???
???????? ???? ??? ???
??????????? ????????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? (WAAW - 18-24 ???????) ?? ????? ??????????
???????? (AMR) ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????
z ?????? 2021 ?? WAAW ?? ??? ??- “???????? ?????, ???????? ????” (Spread Awareness, Stop Resistance)?
z WAAW ?? ????? AMR ?? ???????? ???????? (??????? ????????? ??????, ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???
????????? ??????) ????? AMR ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????????? ??? ??????, '?? ???' ???? ???? ????
?????? ?????
z ?????:
? ?????????? ???????? (Antimicrobial Resistance-AMR) ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? (?????????, ????????, ?????,
???????? ???) ????? ??????????????? ??????? (?????- ?????????????, ????????, ???????????, ??????????? ?? ???????????????)
????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??, ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???
? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???, ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???
? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?? ???-??? "?????????" ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???
? ??????? ????????? ?????? (WHO) ????? AMR ?? ????? ????? 10 ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???
z AMR ?? ??????? ?? ????:
? ?????? ????? ???????/????????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??, ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????
??????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????
? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? AMR ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????
??? ???????? ?? ????-???? ??????? ?????, ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???
z ???????:
? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????:
? AMR ???? ?? ??????????? ???? 7,00,000 ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????
???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???
? ?????? ??? ????????:
? AMR ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??; ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????
?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????
? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????:
? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ????-???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ??
?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???
? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????:
? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??
??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???
? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???:
? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ?????????
?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????
?????? ?? ????? ????
z ???? ??? AMR:
? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??, ????????? ????? ??
???? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????-?-?????? (Over-the-Counter) ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????
??, ????????? ??? (???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???) ?? ???? ??
??????? ???? ???
? ???-????? ???????? ???????? (Multi-Drug Resistance Determinant), ?? ??????? ??????-????-????????-1
(NDM-1), ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????
? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???-????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????
? ???? ??? ????????????? (???????? ?? ???????? ?????) ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? 56,000 ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????
?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????
z AMR ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????:
? AMR ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????:
? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???? AMR ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????
??? ???
? AMR ?? ??????? ??????????:
? ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????/????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???
???
? AMR ????????????? ??? ??????? ?????????(AMRSN):
? ???? ?????? 2013 ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????, ????????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??
?????
? ??????????? ??????? ?????????:
? ICMR ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????
???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???
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Nov 21, 2024 Last updated |
Document Description: Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): November 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC 2024 is part of Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly preparation.
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