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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: महात्मा गांधी और राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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 Page 1


??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
fp=k 13-1
ekpZ 1930 esa ued ;k=kk 'kq: djus ls iwoZ lkcjerh unh osQ fdukjs vius vkJe osQ fudV leFkZdksa ls ckr djrs egkRek xk¡ èkhA
jk"Vªokn osQ bfrgkl esa izk;% ,d vosQys O;fDRk dks jk"Vª&fuekZ.k osQ lkFk tksM+dj ns[kk
tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ge bVyh osQ fuekZ.k osQ lkFk xSjhckYMh dks] vesfjdh Lora=krk
;q¼ osQ lkFk tkWtZ ok¯'kxVu dks vkSj fo;ruke dks vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls eqDr djkus
osQ la?k"kZ ls gks ph feUg dks tksM+dj ns[krs gSaA blh rjg egkRek xk¡èkh dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vª
dk ^firk* ekuk x;k gSA
pw¡fd xk¡èkh th Lora=krk la?k"kZ eas Hkkx ysus okys lHkh usrkvksa esa lokZfèkd izHkko'kkyh vkSj
lEekfur gSa vr% mUgsa fn;k x;k mi;qZDr fo'ks"k.k xyr ugha gSA gkyk¡fd] ok¯'kxVu vFkok
gks ph feUg dh rjg egkREkk xk¡èkh dk jktuhfrd thou&o`Ùk ml lekt us gh l¡okjk vkSj
fu;af=kr fd;k] ftl lekt esa os jgrs FksA dksbZ O;fDr pkgs fdruk gh egku D;ksa u gks
og u osQoy bfrgkl cukrk gS cfYd Lo;a Hkh bfrgkl }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA
bl vè;k; esa 1915&1948 osQ egÙoiw.kZ dky osQ nkSjku Hkkjr esa xk¡èkh th dh
xfrfofèk;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA ;g Hkkjrh; lekt osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa osQ lkFk
muosQ laidks± vkSj muosQ }kjk izsfjr rFkk usr`Ro fd, x, yksdfiz; la?k"kks± dh Nku&chu
djrk gSA ;g vè;k; fo|kFkhZ osQ le{k mu vyx&vyx izdkj osQ Ïksrksa dks Hkh j[krk
gS ftudk bLrseky] bfrgkldkj ,d usrk osQ thou&o`Ùk rFkk og ftu lkekftd
vkanksyuksa ls tqM+k jgk gS] osQ iqufuZekZ.k esa djrs gSaA
egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
lfou; voKk vkSj mlls vkxs
vè;k;
rsjg
2018-19
Page 2


??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
fp=k 13-1
ekpZ 1930 esa ued ;k=kk 'kq: djus ls iwoZ lkcjerh unh osQ fdukjs vius vkJe osQ fudV leFkZdksa ls ckr djrs egkRek xk¡ èkhA
jk"Vªokn osQ bfrgkl esa izk;% ,d vosQys O;fDRk dks jk"Vª&fuekZ.k osQ lkFk tksM+dj ns[kk
tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ge bVyh osQ fuekZ.k osQ lkFk xSjhckYMh dks] vesfjdh Lora=krk
;q¼ osQ lkFk tkWtZ ok¯'kxVu dks vkSj fo;ruke dks vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls eqDr djkus
osQ la?k"kZ ls gks ph feUg dks tksM+dj ns[krs gSaA blh rjg egkRek xk¡èkh dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vª
dk ^firk* ekuk x;k gSA
pw¡fd xk¡èkh th Lora=krk la?k"kZ eas Hkkx ysus okys lHkh usrkvksa esa lokZfèkd izHkko'kkyh vkSj
lEekfur gSa vr% mUgsa fn;k x;k mi;qZDr fo'ks"k.k xyr ugha gSA gkyk¡fd] ok¯'kxVu vFkok
gks ph feUg dh rjg egkREkk xk¡èkh dk jktuhfrd thou&o`Ùk ml lekt us gh l¡okjk vkSj
fu;af=kr fd;k] ftl lekt esa os jgrs FksA dksbZ O;fDr pkgs fdruk gh egku D;ksa u gks
og u osQoy bfrgkl cukrk gS cfYd Lo;a Hkh bfrgkl }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA
bl vè;k; esa 1915&1948 osQ egÙoiw.kZ dky osQ nkSjku Hkkjr esa xk¡èkh th dh
xfrfofèk;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA ;g Hkkjrh; lekt osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa osQ lkFk
muosQ laidks± vkSj muosQ }kjk izsfjr rFkk usr`Ro fd, x, yksdfiz; la?k"kks± dh Nku&chu
djrk gSA ;g vè;k; fo|kFkhZ osQ le{k mu vyx&vyx izdkj osQ Ïksrksa dks Hkh j[krk
gS ftudk bLrseky] bfrgkldkj ,d usrk osQ thou&o`Ùk rFkk og ftu lkekftd
vkanksyuksa ls tqM+k jgk gS] osQ iqufuZekZ.k esa djrs gSaA
egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
lfou; voKk vkSj mlls vkxs
vè;k;
rsjg
2018-19
??? egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
1- Lo;a dh mn~?kks"k.kk djrk ,d usrk
eksgunkl djepan xk¡èkh fons'k esa nks n'kd jgus osQ ckn tuojh
1915 esa viuh x`gHkwfe okil vk,A bu o"kks± dk vfèkdka'k fgLlk
mUgksaus nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa fcrk;kA ;gk¡ os ,d odhy osQ :i esa x,
Fks vkSj ckn esa os bl {ks=k osQ Hkkjrh; leqnk; osQ usrk cu x,A
tSlkfd bfrgkldkj panzu nsouslu us fVIi.kh dh gS fd nf{k.k
viz+Qhdk us gh xk¡èkh th dks ^egkRek* cuk;kA nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa gh
egkRek xk¡èkh us igyh ckj lR;kxzg osQ :i esa tkuh xbZ vfgalkRed
fojksèk dh viuh fof'k"V rduhd dk bLrseky fd;k] fofHkUu èkeks±
osQ chp lkSgknZ c<+kus dk iz;kl fd;k rFkk mPp tkrh; Hkkjrh;ksa dks
fuEu tkfr;ksa vkSj efgykvksa osQ izfr HksnHkko okys O;ogkj osQ fy,
psrkouh nhA
1915 esa tc egkRek xk¡èkh Hkkjr vk, rks ml le; dk Hkkjr
1893 esa tc os ;gk¡ ls x, Fks rc osQ le; ls vis{kko`Qr fHkUu FkkA
;|fi ;g vHkh Hkh ,d fczfV'k mifuos'k Fkk ysfdu vc ;g
jktuhfrd n`f"V ls dgha vfèkd lfozQ; gks x;k FkkA vfèkdka'k izeq[k
'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa esa vc Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh 'kk[kk,¡ FkhaA
1905&07 osQ Lons'kh vkanksyu osQ ekè;e ls blus O;kid :i ls
eè; oxks± osQ chp viuh vihy dk foLrkj dj fy;k FkkA bl
vkanksyu us oqQN izeq[k usrkvksa dks tUe fn;k] ftuesa egkjk"Vª osQ cky
xaxkèkj fryd] caxky osQ fofiu paanz iky vkSj iatkc osQ ykyk
yktir jk; gSaA ;s rhuksa ^yky] cky vkSj iky* osQ :i esa tkus tkrs
FksA bu rhuksa dk ;g tksM+ muosQ la?k"kZ osQ vf[ky
Hkkjrh; pfj=k dh lwpuk nsrk Fkk D;ksafd rhuksa osQ
ewy fuokl {ks=k ,d nwljs ls cgqr nwj FksA bu
usrkvksa us tgk¡ vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ izfr yM+kowQ
fojksèk dk leFkZu fd;k ogha ^mnkjokfn;ksa* dk
,d lewg Fkk tks ,d ozQfed o yxkrkj iz;kl
djrs jgus osQ fopkj dk fgek;rh FkkA bu mnkjokfn;ksa
esa xk¡èkh th osQ ekU; jktuhfrd ijke'kZnkrk xksiky
o`Q".k xks[kys osQ lkFk gh eksgEen vyh ftUuk Fks]
tks xk¡èkh th dh gh rjg xqtjkrh ewy osQ yanu esa
izf'kf{kr odhy FksA
xks[kys us xk¡èkh th dks ,d o"kZ rd fczfV'k
Hkkjr dh ;k=kk djus dh lykg nh ftlls fd os
bl Hkwfe vkSj blosQ yksxksa dks tku losaQA mudh
fp=k 13-2
nf{k.k vizQhdk osQ tksgsUlcX
+
kZ esa egkRek
xk¡èkh] iQjojh 1908
2018-19
Page 3


??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
fp=k 13-1
ekpZ 1930 esa ued ;k=kk 'kq: djus ls iwoZ lkcjerh unh osQ fdukjs vius vkJe osQ fudV leFkZdksa ls ckr djrs egkRek xk¡ èkhA
jk"Vªokn osQ bfrgkl esa izk;% ,d vosQys O;fDRk dks jk"Vª&fuekZ.k osQ lkFk tksM+dj ns[kk
tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ge bVyh osQ fuekZ.k osQ lkFk xSjhckYMh dks] vesfjdh Lora=krk
;q¼ osQ lkFk tkWtZ ok¯'kxVu dks vkSj fo;ruke dks vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls eqDr djkus
osQ la?k"kZ ls gks ph feUg dks tksM+dj ns[krs gSaA blh rjg egkRek xk¡èkh dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vª
dk ^firk* ekuk x;k gSA
pw¡fd xk¡èkh th Lora=krk la?k"kZ eas Hkkx ysus okys lHkh usrkvksa esa lokZfèkd izHkko'kkyh vkSj
lEekfur gSa vr% mUgsa fn;k x;k mi;qZDr fo'ks"k.k xyr ugha gSA gkyk¡fd] ok¯'kxVu vFkok
gks ph feUg dh rjg egkREkk xk¡èkh dk jktuhfrd thou&o`Ùk ml lekt us gh l¡okjk vkSj
fu;af=kr fd;k] ftl lekt esa os jgrs FksA dksbZ O;fDr pkgs fdruk gh egku D;ksa u gks
og u osQoy bfrgkl cukrk gS cfYd Lo;a Hkh bfrgkl }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA
bl vè;k; esa 1915&1948 osQ egÙoiw.kZ dky osQ nkSjku Hkkjr esa xk¡èkh th dh
xfrfofèk;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA ;g Hkkjrh; lekt osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa osQ lkFk
muosQ laidks± vkSj muosQ }kjk izsfjr rFkk usr`Ro fd, x, yksdfiz; la?k"kks± dh Nku&chu
djrk gSA ;g vè;k; fo|kFkhZ osQ le{k mu vyx&vyx izdkj osQ Ïksrksa dks Hkh j[krk
gS ftudk bLrseky] bfrgkldkj ,d usrk osQ thou&o`Ùk rFkk og ftu lkekftd
vkanksyuksa ls tqM+k jgk gS] osQ iqufuZekZ.k esa djrs gSaA
egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
lfou; voKk vkSj mlls vkxs
vè;k;
rsjg
2018-19
??? egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
1- Lo;a dh mn~?kks"k.kk djrk ,d usrk
eksgunkl djepan xk¡èkh fons'k esa nks n'kd jgus osQ ckn tuojh
1915 esa viuh x`gHkwfe okil vk,A bu o"kks± dk vfèkdka'k fgLlk
mUgksaus nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa fcrk;kA ;gk¡ os ,d odhy osQ :i esa x,
Fks vkSj ckn esa os bl {ks=k osQ Hkkjrh; leqnk; osQ usrk cu x,A
tSlkfd bfrgkldkj panzu nsouslu us fVIi.kh dh gS fd nf{k.k
viz+Qhdk us gh xk¡èkh th dks ^egkRek* cuk;kA nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa gh
egkRek xk¡èkh us igyh ckj lR;kxzg osQ :i esa tkuh xbZ vfgalkRed
fojksèk dh viuh fof'k"V rduhd dk bLrseky fd;k] fofHkUu èkeks±
osQ chp lkSgknZ c<+kus dk iz;kl fd;k rFkk mPp tkrh; Hkkjrh;ksa dks
fuEu tkfr;ksa vkSj efgykvksa osQ izfr HksnHkko okys O;ogkj osQ fy,
psrkouh nhA
1915 esa tc egkRek xk¡èkh Hkkjr vk, rks ml le; dk Hkkjr
1893 esa tc os ;gk¡ ls x, Fks rc osQ le; ls vis{kko`Qr fHkUu FkkA
;|fi ;g vHkh Hkh ,d fczfV'k mifuos'k Fkk ysfdu vc ;g
jktuhfrd n`f"V ls dgha vfèkd lfozQ; gks x;k FkkA vfèkdka'k izeq[k
'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa esa vc Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh 'kk[kk,¡ FkhaA
1905&07 osQ Lons'kh vkanksyu osQ ekè;e ls blus O;kid :i ls
eè; oxks± osQ chp viuh vihy dk foLrkj dj fy;k FkkA bl
vkanksyu us oqQN izeq[k usrkvksa dks tUe fn;k] ftuesa egkjk"Vª osQ cky
xaxkèkj fryd] caxky osQ fofiu paanz iky vkSj iatkc osQ ykyk
yktir jk; gSaA ;s rhuksa ^yky] cky vkSj iky* osQ :i esa tkus tkrs
FksA bu rhuksa dk ;g tksM+ muosQ la?k"kZ osQ vf[ky
Hkkjrh; pfj=k dh lwpuk nsrk Fkk D;ksafd rhuksa osQ
ewy fuokl {ks=k ,d nwljs ls cgqr nwj FksA bu
usrkvksa us tgk¡ vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ izfr yM+kowQ
fojksèk dk leFkZu fd;k ogha ^mnkjokfn;ksa* dk
,d lewg Fkk tks ,d ozQfed o yxkrkj iz;kl
djrs jgus osQ fopkj dk fgek;rh FkkA bu mnkjokfn;ksa
esa xk¡èkh th osQ ekU; jktuhfrd ijke'kZnkrk xksiky
o`Q".k xks[kys osQ lkFk gh eksgEen vyh ftUuk Fks]
tks xk¡èkh th dh gh rjg xqtjkrh ewy osQ yanu esa
izf'kf{kr odhy FksA
xks[kys us xk¡èkh th dks ,d o"kZ rd fczfV'k
Hkkjr dh ;k=kk djus dh lykg nh ftlls fd os
bl Hkwfe vkSj blosQ yksxksa dks tku losaQA mudh
fp=k 13-2
nf{k.k vizQhdk osQ tksgsUlcX
+
kZ esa egkRek
xk¡èkh] iQjojh 1908
2018-19
??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
igyh egÙoiw.kZ lkoZtfud mifLFkfr iQjojh 1916 esa cukjl ¯gnw
fo'ofo|ky; osQ mn~?kkVu lekjksg esa gqbZA bl lekjksg esa vkeaf=kr
O;fDr;ksa esa os jktk vkSj ekuoizseh Fks ftuosQ }kjk fn, x, nku us
cukjl ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk esa ;ksxnku fn;kA lekjksg esa
,uh cslsaV tSls dkaxzsl osQ oqQN egÙoiw.kZ usrk Hkh mifLFkr FksA bu
izfrf"BRk O;fDRk;ksa dh rqyuk esa xk¡èkh th vis{kko`Qr vKkr FksA mUgsa
;gk¡ Hkkjr osQ vanj mudh izfr"Bk osQ dkj.k ugha cfYd nf{k.k
vizQhdk esa muosQ }kjk fd, x, dk;Z osQ vkèkkj ij vkeaf=kr fd;k
x;k FkkA
tc xk¡èkh th dh cksyus dh ckjh vkbZ rks mUgksaus e”knwj xjhcksa dh
vksj è;ku u nsus osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; fof'k"V oxZ dks vkM+s gkFkksa fy;kA
mUgksaus dgk fd cukjl fganw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ^fu'p; gh
vR;ar 'kkunkj* gS ¯oQrq mUgksaus ogk¡ èkuh o lts&l¡ojs Hknztuksa dh
mifLFkfr vkSj ^yk[kksa xjhc* Hkkjrh;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr osQ chp dh
fo"kerk ij viuh fpark izoQV dhA xk¡èkh th us fo'ks"k lqfoèkk izkIr
vkeaf=krksa ls dgk fd ^Hkkjr osQ fy, eqfDRk rc rd laHko ugha gS tc
rd fd vki vius dks bu vyadj.kksa ls eqDRk u dj ysa vkSj bUgsa
Hkkjr osQ vius georuksa dh HkykbZ esa u yxk nsa*A os dgrs x, fd]
^gekjs fy, Lo'kklu dk rc rd dksbZ vfHkizk; ugha gS tc rd ge
fdlkuksa ls muosQ Je dk yxHkx lEiw.kZ ykHk Lo;a vFkok vU; yksxksa
dks ys ysus dh vuqefr nsrs jgsaxsA gekjh eqfDRk osQoy fdlkuksa osQ
ekè;e ls gh gks ldrh gSA u rks odhy] u MkWDVj] u gh ”kehankj
bls lqjf{kr j[k ldrs gSaA* cukjl ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk
,d mRlo dk volj Fkk D;ksafd
;g Hkkjrh; èku vkSj Hkkjrh; iz;klksa
ls laHko ,d jk"Vªoknh fo'ofo|ky;
dh LFkkiuk dk |ksrd FkkA ysfdu
xk¡èkh th us Lo;a dks cèkkbZ nsus osQ
lqj esa lqj feykus dh vis{kk yksxksa
dks mu fdlkuksa vkSj dkexkjksa dh
;kn fnykuk pquk tks Hkkjrh; tula[;k
osQ vfèkla[; fgLls dk fuekZ.k
djus osQ ckotwn ogk¡ Jksrkvksa esa
vuqifLFkr FksA
,d n`f"V ls iQjojh 1916 esa
cukjl esa xk¡èkh th dk Hkk"k.k ek=k
okLrfod rF; dk gh mn~?kkVu Fkk
fp=k 13-3
djkaph esa egkRek xk¡èkh] ekpZ 1916
2018-19
Page 4


??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
fp=k 13-1
ekpZ 1930 esa ued ;k=kk 'kq: djus ls iwoZ lkcjerh unh osQ fdukjs vius vkJe osQ fudV leFkZdksa ls ckr djrs egkRek xk¡ èkhA
jk"Vªokn osQ bfrgkl esa izk;% ,d vosQys O;fDRk dks jk"Vª&fuekZ.k osQ lkFk tksM+dj ns[kk
tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ge bVyh osQ fuekZ.k osQ lkFk xSjhckYMh dks] vesfjdh Lora=krk
;q¼ osQ lkFk tkWtZ ok¯'kxVu dks vkSj fo;ruke dks vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls eqDr djkus
osQ la?k"kZ ls gks ph feUg dks tksM+dj ns[krs gSaA blh rjg egkRek xk¡èkh dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vª
dk ^firk* ekuk x;k gSA
pw¡fd xk¡èkh th Lora=krk la?k"kZ eas Hkkx ysus okys lHkh usrkvksa esa lokZfèkd izHkko'kkyh vkSj
lEekfur gSa vr% mUgsa fn;k x;k mi;qZDr fo'ks"k.k xyr ugha gSA gkyk¡fd] ok¯'kxVu vFkok
gks ph feUg dh rjg egkREkk xk¡èkh dk jktuhfrd thou&o`Ùk ml lekt us gh l¡okjk vkSj
fu;af=kr fd;k] ftl lekt esa os jgrs FksA dksbZ O;fDr pkgs fdruk gh egku D;ksa u gks
og u osQoy bfrgkl cukrk gS cfYd Lo;a Hkh bfrgkl }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA
bl vè;k; esa 1915&1948 osQ egÙoiw.kZ dky osQ nkSjku Hkkjr esa xk¡èkh th dh
xfrfofèk;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA ;g Hkkjrh; lekt osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa osQ lkFk
muosQ laidks± vkSj muosQ }kjk izsfjr rFkk usr`Ro fd, x, yksdfiz; la?k"kks± dh Nku&chu
djrk gSA ;g vè;k; fo|kFkhZ osQ le{k mu vyx&vyx izdkj osQ Ïksrksa dks Hkh j[krk
gS ftudk bLrseky] bfrgkldkj ,d usrk osQ thou&o`Ùk rFkk og ftu lkekftd
vkanksyuksa ls tqM+k jgk gS] osQ iqufuZekZ.k esa djrs gSaA
egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
lfou; voKk vkSj mlls vkxs
vè;k;
rsjg
2018-19
??? egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
1- Lo;a dh mn~?kks"k.kk djrk ,d usrk
eksgunkl djepan xk¡èkh fons'k esa nks n'kd jgus osQ ckn tuojh
1915 esa viuh x`gHkwfe okil vk,A bu o"kks± dk vfèkdka'k fgLlk
mUgksaus nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa fcrk;kA ;gk¡ os ,d odhy osQ :i esa x,
Fks vkSj ckn esa os bl {ks=k osQ Hkkjrh; leqnk; osQ usrk cu x,A
tSlkfd bfrgkldkj panzu nsouslu us fVIi.kh dh gS fd nf{k.k
viz+Qhdk us gh xk¡èkh th dks ^egkRek* cuk;kA nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa gh
egkRek xk¡èkh us igyh ckj lR;kxzg osQ :i esa tkuh xbZ vfgalkRed
fojksèk dh viuh fof'k"V rduhd dk bLrseky fd;k] fofHkUu èkeks±
osQ chp lkSgknZ c<+kus dk iz;kl fd;k rFkk mPp tkrh; Hkkjrh;ksa dks
fuEu tkfr;ksa vkSj efgykvksa osQ izfr HksnHkko okys O;ogkj osQ fy,
psrkouh nhA
1915 esa tc egkRek xk¡èkh Hkkjr vk, rks ml le; dk Hkkjr
1893 esa tc os ;gk¡ ls x, Fks rc osQ le; ls vis{kko`Qr fHkUu FkkA
;|fi ;g vHkh Hkh ,d fczfV'k mifuos'k Fkk ysfdu vc ;g
jktuhfrd n`f"V ls dgha vfèkd lfozQ; gks x;k FkkA vfèkdka'k izeq[k
'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa esa vc Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh 'kk[kk,¡ FkhaA
1905&07 osQ Lons'kh vkanksyu osQ ekè;e ls blus O;kid :i ls
eè; oxks± osQ chp viuh vihy dk foLrkj dj fy;k FkkA bl
vkanksyu us oqQN izeq[k usrkvksa dks tUe fn;k] ftuesa egkjk"Vª osQ cky
xaxkèkj fryd] caxky osQ fofiu paanz iky vkSj iatkc osQ ykyk
yktir jk; gSaA ;s rhuksa ^yky] cky vkSj iky* osQ :i esa tkus tkrs
FksA bu rhuksa dk ;g tksM+ muosQ la?k"kZ osQ vf[ky
Hkkjrh; pfj=k dh lwpuk nsrk Fkk D;ksafd rhuksa osQ
ewy fuokl {ks=k ,d nwljs ls cgqr nwj FksA bu
usrkvksa us tgk¡ vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ izfr yM+kowQ
fojksèk dk leFkZu fd;k ogha ^mnkjokfn;ksa* dk
,d lewg Fkk tks ,d ozQfed o yxkrkj iz;kl
djrs jgus osQ fopkj dk fgek;rh FkkA bu mnkjokfn;ksa
esa xk¡èkh th osQ ekU; jktuhfrd ijke'kZnkrk xksiky
o`Q".k xks[kys osQ lkFk gh eksgEen vyh ftUuk Fks]
tks xk¡èkh th dh gh rjg xqtjkrh ewy osQ yanu esa
izf'kf{kr odhy FksA
xks[kys us xk¡èkh th dks ,d o"kZ rd fczfV'k
Hkkjr dh ;k=kk djus dh lykg nh ftlls fd os
bl Hkwfe vkSj blosQ yksxksa dks tku losaQA mudh
fp=k 13-2
nf{k.k vizQhdk osQ tksgsUlcX
+
kZ esa egkRek
xk¡èkh] iQjojh 1908
2018-19
??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
igyh egÙoiw.kZ lkoZtfud mifLFkfr iQjojh 1916 esa cukjl ¯gnw
fo'ofo|ky; osQ mn~?kkVu lekjksg esa gqbZA bl lekjksg esa vkeaf=kr
O;fDr;ksa esa os jktk vkSj ekuoizseh Fks ftuosQ }kjk fn, x, nku us
cukjl ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk esa ;ksxnku fn;kA lekjksg esa
,uh cslsaV tSls dkaxzsl osQ oqQN egÙoiw.kZ usrk Hkh mifLFkr FksA bu
izfrf"BRk O;fDRk;ksa dh rqyuk esa xk¡èkh th vis{kko`Qr vKkr FksA mUgsa
;gk¡ Hkkjr osQ vanj mudh izfr"Bk osQ dkj.k ugha cfYd nf{k.k
vizQhdk esa muosQ }kjk fd, x, dk;Z osQ vkèkkj ij vkeaf=kr fd;k
x;k FkkA
tc xk¡èkh th dh cksyus dh ckjh vkbZ rks mUgksaus e”knwj xjhcksa dh
vksj è;ku u nsus osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; fof'k"V oxZ dks vkM+s gkFkksa fy;kA
mUgksaus dgk fd cukjl fganw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ^fu'p; gh
vR;ar 'kkunkj* gS ¯oQrq mUgksaus ogk¡ èkuh o lts&l¡ojs Hknztuksa dh
mifLFkfr vkSj ^yk[kksa xjhc* Hkkjrh;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr osQ chp dh
fo"kerk ij viuh fpark izoQV dhA xk¡èkh th us fo'ks"k lqfoèkk izkIr
vkeaf=krksa ls dgk fd ^Hkkjr osQ fy, eqfDRk rc rd laHko ugha gS tc
rd fd vki vius dks bu vyadj.kksa ls eqDRk u dj ysa vkSj bUgsa
Hkkjr osQ vius georuksa dh HkykbZ esa u yxk nsa*A os dgrs x, fd]
^gekjs fy, Lo'kklu dk rc rd dksbZ vfHkizk; ugha gS tc rd ge
fdlkuksa ls muosQ Je dk yxHkx lEiw.kZ ykHk Lo;a vFkok vU; yksxksa
dks ys ysus dh vuqefr nsrs jgsaxsA gekjh eqfDRk osQoy fdlkuksa osQ
ekè;e ls gh gks ldrh gSA u rks odhy] u MkWDVj] u gh ”kehankj
bls lqjf{kr j[k ldrs gSaA* cukjl ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk
,d mRlo dk volj Fkk D;ksafd
;g Hkkjrh; èku vkSj Hkkjrh; iz;klksa
ls laHko ,d jk"Vªoknh fo'ofo|ky;
dh LFkkiuk dk |ksrd FkkA ysfdu
xk¡èkh th us Lo;a dks cèkkbZ nsus osQ
lqj esa lqj feykus dh vis{kk yksxksa
dks mu fdlkuksa vkSj dkexkjksa dh
;kn fnykuk pquk tks Hkkjrh; tula[;k
osQ vfèkla[; fgLls dk fuekZ.k
djus osQ ckotwn ogk¡ Jksrkvksa esa
vuqifLFkr FksA
,d n`f"V ls iQjojh 1916 esa
cukjl esa xk¡èkh th dk Hkk"k.k ek=k
okLrfod rF; dk gh mn~?kkVu Fkk
fp=k 13-3
djkaph esa egkRek xk¡èkh] ekpZ 1916
2018-19
??? egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
vFkkZr Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn odhyksa] MkWDVjksa vkSj ”kehankjksa tSls fof'k"V oxks±
}kjk fufeZr FkkA ysfdu nwljh n`f"V ls ns[kk tk, rks ;g oDrO; mudh
ea'kk Hkh tkfgj djrk FkkA ;g Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dks lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; yksxksa
dk vkSj vfèkd vPNs <ax ls izfrfufèkRo djus esa l{ke cukus dh xk¡èkh
th dh Lo;a dh bPNk dh izFke lkoZtfud mn~?kks"k.kk FkhA
mlh o"kZ osQ vafre ekg esa xk¡èkh th dks vius fu;eksa dks O;ogkj
esa ykus dk volj feykA fnlEcj 1916 esa y[kumQ esa gqbZ okf"kZd
dkaxszsl esa fcgkj esa paikju ls vk, ,d fdlku us mUgsa ogk¡ vaxzs”k
uhy mRikndksa }kjk fdlkuksa osQ izfr fd, tkus okys dBksj O;ogkj osQ
ckjs esa crk;kA
2- vlg;ksx dh 'kq#vkr vkSj var
1917 dk vfèkdka'k le; egkRek xk¡èkh dks fdlkuksa osQ fy,
dk'rdkjh dh lqj{kk osQ lkFk&lkFk viuh ilan dh I
+
kQly mitkus
dh vk”kknh fnykus esa chrkA vxys o"kZ ;kuh 1918 esa xk¡èkh th
xqtjkr osQ vius x`g jkT; esa nks vfHk;kuksa esa layXu jgsA lcls igys
mUgksaus vgenkckn osQ ,d Je fookn esa gLr{ksi dj diM+s dh feyksa
esa dke djus okyksa osQ fy, dke djus dh csgrj fLFkfr;ksa dh ek¡x
dhA blosQ ckn mUgksaus [ksM+k esa I
+
kQly pkSiV gksus ij jkT; ls fdlkuksa
dk yxku ekI
+
kQ djus dh ek¡x dhA
paikju] vgenkckn vkSj [ksM+k esa dh xbZ igy ls xk¡èkh th ,d
,sls jk"Vªoknh osQ :i esa mHkjs ftuesa xjhcksa osQ fy, xgjh lgkuqHkwfRk
FkhA blh rjg ;s lHkh LFkkfud la?k"kZ FksA blosQ ckn 1919 esa
vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa us xk¡èkh th dh >ksyh esa ,d ,slk eqík Mky
fn;k ftlls os dgha vfèkd foLr`r vkanksyu [kM+k dj ldrs FksA
1914&18 osQ egku ;q¼ osQ nkSjku vaxsz”kksa us izsl ij izfrcaèk yxk
fn;k Fkk vkSj fcuk tk¡p osQ dkjkokl dh vuqefr ns nh FkhA vc lj
flMuh jkWysV dh vè;{krk okyh ,d lfefr dh laLrqfr;ksa osQ vkèkkj
ij bu dBksj mik;ksa dks tkjh j[kk x;kA blosQ tokc esa xk¡èkh th us
ns'kHkj esa ^jkWysV ,DV* osQ f[kykiQ ,d vfHk;ku pyk;kA mÙkjh vkSj
if'peh Hkkjr osQ dLcksa esa pkjksa rjiQ can osQ leFkZu esa nqdkuksa vkSj
LowQYkksa osQ can gksus osQ dkj.k thou yxHkx Bgj lk x;k FkkA iatkc
esa] fo'ks"k :i ls dM+k fojksèk gqvk] tgk¡ osQ cgqr ls yksxksa us ;q¼ esa
vaxzs”kksa osQ i{k esa lsok dh Fkh vkSj vc viuh lsok osQ cnys os bZuke
dh vis{kk dj jgs FksA ysfdu bldh txg mUgsa jkWysV ,DV fn;k x;kA
iatkc tkrs le; xk¡èkh th dks O
+
kSQn dj fy;k x;kA LFkkuh; dkaxzsltuksa
dks fxjÝ -rkj dj fy;k x;k FkkA izkar dh ;g fLFkfr èkhjs&èkhjs vkSj
? ppkZ dhft,---
1915 ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa gq, jk"Vªh; vkanksyuksa osQ
ckjs esa vkSj tkudkjh bdêòk dhft, o irk
yxkb, fd D;k egkRek xk¡èkh dh fVIif.k;k¡
U;k;laxr gSaA
2018-19
Page 5


??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
fp=k 13-1
ekpZ 1930 esa ued ;k=kk 'kq: djus ls iwoZ lkcjerh unh osQ fdukjs vius vkJe osQ fudV leFkZdksa ls ckr djrs egkRek xk¡ èkhA
jk"Vªokn osQ bfrgkl esa izk;% ,d vosQys O;fDRk dks jk"Vª&fuekZ.k osQ lkFk tksM+dj ns[kk
tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ge bVyh osQ fuekZ.k osQ lkFk xSjhckYMh dks] vesfjdh Lora=krk
;q¼ osQ lkFk tkWtZ ok¯'kxVu dks vkSj fo;ruke dks vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls eqDr djkus
osQ la?k"kZ ls gks ph feUg dks tksM+dj ns[krs gSaA blh rjg egkRek xk¡èkh dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vª
dk ^firk* ekuk x;k gSA
pw¡fd xk¡èkh th Lora=krk la?k"kZ eas Hkkx ysus okys lHkh usrkvksa esa lokZfèkd izHkko'kkyh vkSj
lEekfur gSa vr% mUgsa fn;k x;k mi;qZDr fo'ks"k.k xyr ugha gSA gkyk¡fd] ok¯'kxVu vFkok
gks ph feUg dh rjg egkREkk xk¡èkh dk jktuhfrd thou&o`Ùk ml lekt us gh l¡okjk vkSj
fu;af=kr fd;k] ftl lekt esa os jgrs FksA dksbZ O;fDr pkgs fdruk gh egku D;ksa u gks
og u osQoy bfrgkl cukrk gS cfYd Lo;a Hkh bfrgkl }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA
bl vè;k; esa 1915&1948 osQ egÙoiw.kZ dky osQ nkSjku Hkkjr esa xk¡èkh th dh
xfrfofèk;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA ;g Hkkjrh; lekt osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa osQ lkFk
muosQ laidks± vkSj muosQ }kjk izsfjr rFkk usr`Ro fd, x, yksdfiz; la?k"kks± dh Nku&chu
djrk gSA ;g vè;k; fo|kFkhZ osQ le{k mu vyx&vyx izdkj osQ Ïksrksa dks Hkh j[krk
gS ftudk bLrseky] bfrgkldkj ,d usrk osQ thou&o`Ùk rFkk og ftu lkekftd
vkanksyuksa ls tqM+k jgk gS] osQ iqufuZekZ.k esa djrs gSaA
egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
lfou; voKk vkSj mlls vkxs
vè;k;
rsjg
2018-19
??? egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
1- Lo;a dh mn~?kks"k.kk djrk ,d usrk
eksgunkl djepan xk¡èkh fons'k esa nks n'kd jgus osQ ckn tuojh
1915 esa viuh x`gHkwfe okil vk,A bu o"kks± dk vfèkdka'k fgLlk
mUgksaus nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa fcrk;kA ;gk¡ os ,d odhy osQ :i esa x,
Fks vkSj ckn esa os bl {ks=k osQ Hkkjrh; leqnk; osQ usrk cu x,A
tSlkfd bfrgkldkj panzu nsouslu us fVIi.kh dh gS fd nf{k.k
viz+Qhdk us gh xk¡èkh th dks ^egkRek* cuk;kA nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa gh
egkRek xk¡èkh us igyh ckj lR;kxzg osQ :i esa tkuh xbZ vfgalkRed
fojksèk dh viuh fof'k"V rduhd dk bLrseky fd;k] fofHkUu èkeks±
osQ chp lkSgknZ c<+kus dk iz;kl fd;k rFkk mPp tkrh; Hkkjrh;ksa dks
fuEu tkfr;ksa vkSj efgykvksa osQ izfr HksnHkko okys O;ogkj osQ fy,
psrkouh nhA
1915 esa tc egkRek xk¡èkh Hkkjr vk, rks ml le; dk Hkkjr
1893 esa tc os ;gk¡ ls x, Fks rc osQ le; ls vis{kko`Qr fHkUu FkkA
;|fi ;g vHkh Hkh ,d fczfV'k mifuos'k Fkk ysfdu vc ;g
jktuhfrd n`f"V ls dgha vfèkd lfozQ; gks x;k FkkA vfèkdka'k izeq[k
'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa esa vc Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh 'kk[kk,¡ FkhaA
1905&07 osQ Lons'kh vkanksyu osQ ekè;e ls blus O;kid :i ls
eè; oxks± osQ chp viuh vihy dk foLrkj dj fy;k FkkA bl
vkanksyu us oqQN izeq[k usrkvksa dks tUe fn;k] ftuesa egkjk"Vª osQ cky
xaxkèkj fryd] caxky osQ fofiu paanz iky vkSj iatkc osQ ykyk
yktir jk; gSaA ;s rhuksa ^yky] cky vkSj iky* osQ :i esa tkus tkrs
FksA bu rhuksa dk ;g tksM+ muosQ la?k"kZ osQ vf[ky
Hkkjrh; pfj=k dh lwpuk nsrk Fkk D;ksafd rhuksa osQ
ewy fuokl {ks=k ,d nwljs ls cgqr nwj FksA bu
usrkvksa us tgk¡ vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ izfr yM+kowQ
fojksèk dk leFkZu fd;k ogha ^mnkjokfn;ksa* dk
,d lewg Fkk tks ,d ozQfed o yxkrkj iz;kl
djrs jgus osQ fopkj dk fgek;rh FkkA bu mnkjokfn;ksa
esa xk¡èkh th osQ ekU; jktuhfrd ijke'kZnkrk xksiky
o`Q".k xks[kys osQ lkFk gh eksgEen vyh ftUuk Fks]
tks xk¡èkh th dh gh rjg xqtjkrh ewy osQ yanu esa
izf'kf{kr odhy FksA
xks[kys us xk¡èkh th dks ,d o"kZ rd fczfV'k
Hkkjr dh ;k=kk djus dh lykg nh ftlls fd os
bl Hkwfe vkSj blosQ yksxksa dks tku losaQA mudh
fp=k 13-2
nf{k.k vizQhdk osQ tksgsUlcX
+
kZ esa egkRek
xk¡èkh] iQjojh 1908
2018-19
??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
igyh egÙoiw.kZ lkoZtfud mifLFkfr iQjojh 1916 esa cukjl ¯gnw
fo'ofo|ky; osQ mn~?kkVu lekjksg esa gqbZA bl lekjksg esa vkeaf=kr
O;fDr;ksa esa os jktk vkSj ekuoizseh Fks ftuosQ }kjk fn, x, nku us
cukjl ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk esa ;ksxnku fn;kA lekjksg esa
,uh cslsaV tSls dkaxzsl osQ oqQN egÙoiw.kZ usrk Hkh mifLFkr FksA bu
izfrf"BRk O;fDRk;ksa dh rqyuk esa xk¡èkh th vis{kko`Qr vKkr FksA mUgsa
;gk¡ Hkkjr osQ vanj mudh izfr"Bk osQ dkj.k ugha cfYd nf{k.k
vizQhdk esa muosQ }kjk fd, x, dk;Z osQ vkèkkj ij vkeaf=kr fd;k
x;k FkkA
tc xk¡èkh th dh cksyus dh ckjh vkbZ rks mUgksaus e”knwj xjhcksa dh
vksj è;ku u nsus osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; fof'k"V oxZ dks vkM+s gkFkksa fy;kA
mUgksaus dgk fd cukjl fganw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ^fu'p; gh
vR;ar 'kkunkj* gS ¯oQrq mUgksaus ogk¡ èkuh o lts&l¡ojs Hknztuksa dh
mifLFkfr vkSj ^yk[kksa xjhc* Hkkjrh;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr osQ chp dh
fo"kerk ij viuh fpark izoQV dhA xk¡èkh th us fo'ks"k lqfoèkk izkIr
vkeaf=krksa ls dgk fd ^Hkkjr osQ fy, eqfDRk rc rd laHko ugha gS tc
rd fd vki vius dks bu vyadj.kksa ls eqDRk u dj ysa vkSj bUgsa
Hkkjr osQ vius georuksa dh HkykbZ esa u yxk nsa*A os dgrs x, fd]
^gekjs fy, Lo'kklu dk rc rd dksbZ vfHkizk; ugha gS tc rd ge
fdlkuksa ls muosQ Je dk yxHkx lEiw.kZ ykHk Lo;a vFkok vU; yksxksa
dks ys ysus dh vuqefr nsrs jgsaxsA gekjh eqfDRk osQoy fdlkuksa osQ
ekè;e ls gh gks ldrh gSA u rks odhy] u MkWDVj] u gh ”kehankj
bls lqjf{kr j[k ldrs gSaA* cukjl ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk
,d mRlo dk volj Fkk D;ksafd
;g Hkkjrh; èku vkSj Hkkjrh; iz;klksa
ls laHko ,d jk"Vªoknh fo'ofo|ky;
dh LFkkiuk dk |ksrd FkkA ysfdu
xk¡èkh th us Lo;a dks cèkkbZ nsus osQ
lqj esa lqj feykus dh vis{kk yksxksa
dks mu fdlkuksa vkSj dkexkjksa dh
;kn fnykuk pquk tks Hkkjrh; tula[;k
osQ vfèkla[; fgLls dk fuekZ.k
djus osQ ckotwn ogk¡ Jksrkvksa esa
vuqifLFkr FksA
,d n`f"V ls iQjojh 1916 esa
cukjl esa xk¡èkh th dk Hkk"k.k ek=k
okLrfod rF; dk gh mn~?kkVu Fkk
fp=k 13-3
djkaph esa egkRek xk¡èkh] ekpZ 1916
2018-19
??? egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
vFkkZr Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn odhyksa] MkWDVjksa vkSj ”kehankjksa tSls fof'k"V oxks±
}kjk fufeZr FkkA ysfdu nwljh n`f"V ls ns[kk tk, rks ;g oDrO; mudh
ea'kk Hkh tkfgj djrk FkkA ;g Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dks lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; yksxksa
dk vkSj vfèkd vPNs <ax ls izfrfufèkRo djus esa l{ke cukus dh xk¡èkh
th dh Lo;a dh bPNk dh izFke lkoZtfud mn~?kks"k.kk FkhA
mlh o"kZ osQ vafre ekg esa xk¡èkh th dks vius fu;eksa dks O;ogkj
esa ykus dk volj feykA fnlEcj 1916 esa y[kumQ esa gqbZ okf"kZd
dkaxszsl esa fcgkj esa paikju ls vk, ,d fdlku us mUgsa ogk¡ vaxzs”k
uhy mRikndksa }kjk fdlkuksa osQ izfr fd, tkus okys dBksj O;ogkj osQ
ckjs esa crk;kA
2- vlg;ksx dh 'kq#vkr vkSj var
1917 dk vfèkdka'k le; egkRek xk¡èkh dks fdlkuksa osQ fy,
dk'rdkjh dh lqj{kk osQ lkFk&lkFk viuh ilan dh I
+
kQly mitkus
dh vk”kknh fnykus esa chrkA vxys o"kZ ;kuh 1918 esa xk¡èkh th
xqtjkr osQ vius x`g jkT; esa nks vfHk;kuksa esa layXu jgsA lcls igys
mUgksaus vgenkckn osQ ,d Je fookn esa gLr{ksi dj diM+s dh feyksa
esa dke djus okyksa osQ fy, dke djus dh csgrj fLFkfr;ksa dh ek¡x
dhA blosQ ckn mUgksaus [ksM+k esa I
+
kQly pkSiV gksus ij jkT; ls fdlkuksa
dk yxku ekI
+
kQ djus dh ek¡x dhA
paikju] vgenkckn vkSj [ksM+k esa dh xbZ igy ls xk¡èkh th ,d
,sls jk"Vªoknh osQ :i esa mHkjs ftuesa xjhcksa osQ fy, xgjh lgkuqHkwfRk
FkhA blh rjg ;s lHkh LFkkfud la?k"kZ FksA blosQ ckn 1919 esa
vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa us xk¡èkh th dh >ksyh esa ,d ,slk eqík Mky
fn;k ftlls os dgha vfèkd foLr`r vkanksyu [kM+k dj ldrs FksA
1914&18 osQ egku ;q¼ osQ nkSjku vaxsz”kksa us izsl ij izfrcaèk yxk
fn;k Fkk vkSj fcuk tk¡p osQ dkjkokl dh vuqefr ns nh FkhA vc lj
flMuh jkWysV dh vè;{krk okyh ,d lfefr dh laLrqfr;ksa osQ vkèkkj
ij bu dBksj mik;ksa dks tkjh j[kk x;kA blosQ tokc esa xk¡èkh th us
ns'kHkj esa ^jkWysV ,DV* osQ f[kykiQ ,d vfHk;ku pyk;kA mÙkjh vkSj
if'peh Hkkjr osQ dLcksa esa pkjksa rjiQ can osQ leFkZu esa nqdkuksa vkSj
LowQYkksa osQ can gksus osQ dkj.k thou yxHkx Bgj lk x;k FkkA iatkc
esa] fo'ks"k :i ls dM+k fojksèk gqvk] tgk¡ osQ cgqr ls yksxksa us ;q¼ esa
vaxzs”kksa osQ i{k esa lsok dh Fkh vkSj vc viuh lsok osQ cnys os bZuke
dh vis{kk dj jgs FksA ysfdu bldh txg mUgsa jkWysV ,DV fn;k x;kA
iatkc tkrs le; xk¡èkh th dks O
+
kSQn dj fy;k x;kA LFkkuh; dkaxzsltuksa
dks fxjÝ -rkj dj fy;k x;k FkkA izkar dh ;g fLFkfr èkhjs&èkhjs vkSj
? ppkZ dhft,---
1915 ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa gq, jk"Vªh; vkanksyuksa osQ
ckjs esa vkSj tkudkjh bdêòk dhft, o irk
yxkb, fd D;k egkRek xk¡èkh dh fVIif.k;k¡
U;k;laxr gSaA
2018-19
??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
rukoiw.kZ gks xbZ rFkk vizSy 1919 esa ve`rlj esa ;g [kwu[kjkcs osQ
pjeksRd"kZ ij gh igq¡p xbZA tc ,d vaxzs”k fczxsfM;j us ,d jk"Vªoknh
lHkk ij xksyh pykus dk gqDe fn;k rc tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM
osQ uke ls tkus x, bl gR;kdkaM esa pkj lkS ls vfèkd yksx ekjs x,A
jkWysV lR;kxzg ls gh xk¡èkh th ,d lPps jk"Vªh; usrk cu x,A
bldh liQyrk ls mRlkfgr gksdj xk¡èkh th us vaxzs”kh 'kklu osQ
f[kykiQ ^vlg;ksx* vfHk;ku dh ek¡x dj nhA tks Hkkjrh; mifuos'kokn
dk [+kkRek djuk pkgrs Fks muls vkxzg fd;k x;k fd os LowQYkksa]
dkWys”kksa vkSj U;k;ky; u tk,¡ rFkk dj u pqdk,¡A la{ksi esa lHkh dks
vaxsz”kh ljdkj osQ lkFk (lHkh) ,sfPNd lacaèkksa osQ ifjR;kx dk ikyu
djus dks dgk x;kA xk¡èkh th us dgk fd ;fn vlg;ksx dk Bhd <ax
ls ikyu fd;k tk, rks Hkkjr ,d o"kZ osQ Hkhrj Lojkt izkIr dj
ysxkA vius la?k"kZ dk vkSj foLrkj djrs gq, mUgksaus f[kykI
+
kQr vkanksyu
osQ lkFk gkFk feyk fy, tks gky gh esa rqdhZ 'kkld deky vrkrqoZQ
}kjk lekIr fd, x, loZ&bLykeokn osQ izrhd [kyhiQk dh iquLFkkZiuk
dh ek¡x dj jgk FkkA
2-1 ,d yksdfiz; vkanksyu dh rS;kjh
xk¡èkh th us ;g vk'kk dh Fkh fd vlg;ksx dks f[kykiQr osQ lkFk
feykus ls Hkkjr osQ nks izeq[k èkk£ed leqnk;& ¯gnw vkSj eqlyeku
feydj vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dk var dj nsaxsA bu vkanksyuksa us
fu'p; gh ,d yksdfiz; dkjZokgh osQ cgko dks mUeqDr dj fn;k Fkk
vkSj ;s ph”ksa vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa fcyoqQYk gh vHkwriwoZ FkhaA
fo|k£Fk;ksa us ljdkj }kjk pyk, tk jgs LowQyksa vkSj dkWystksa esa tkuk
NksM+ fn;kA odhyksa us vnkyr esa tkus ls euk dj fn;kA dbZ dLcksa vkSj
uxjksa esa Jfed&oxZ gM+rky ij pyk x;kA ljdkjh vk¡dM+ksa osQ eqrkfcd
1921 esa 396 gM+rkysa gqbZ ftuesa 6 yk[k Jfed 'kkfey Fks vkSj blls
70 yk[k dk;Zfnolksa dk uqdlku gqvk FkkA nsgkr Hkh vlarks"k ls
vkanksfyr gks jgk FkkA mÙkjh vkaèkz dh igkM+h tutkfr;ksa us oU; dkuwuksa
dh vogsyuk dj nhA voèk osQ fdlkuksa us dj ugha pqdk,A oqQekm¡Q osQ
fdlkuksa us vkSifuosf'kd vfèkdkfj;ksa dk lkeku <ksus ls euk dj fn;kA
bu fojksèk vkanksyuksa dks dHkh&dHkh LFkkuh; jk"Vªoknh usr`Ro dh voKk
djrs gq, dk;kZUof;r fd;k x;kA fdlkuksa] Jfedksa vkSj vU; us bldh
vius <ax ls O;k[;k dh rFkk vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ lkFk ^vlg;ksx*
osQ fy, mUgksauss mQij ls izkIr funsZ'kksa ij fVosQ jgus osQ ctk; vius fgrksa
ls esy [kkrs rjhdksa dk bLrseky dj dkjZokgh dhA
egkRek xk¡èkh osQ vejhdh thouh&ys[kd yqbZ fiQ'kj us fy[kk gS
fd ^vlg;ksx Hkkjr vkSj xk¡èkh th osQ thou osQ ,d ;qx dk gh uke
f[kykI
+
kQr vkanksyu D;k Fkk\
f[kykI
+
kQr vkanksyu (1919&1920)
eqgEen vyh vkSj 'kkSdr vyh osQ
usr`Ro esa Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dk ,d
vkanksyu FkkA bl vkanksyu dh
fuEufyf[kr ek¡xsa Fkha& igys osQ vkWVkseu
lkezkT; osQ lHkh bLykeh ifo=k LFkkuksa
ij rqdhZ lqYrku vFkok [kyhI
+
kQk dk
fu;a=k.k cuk jgs] t”khjkr&my&vjc
(vjc] lhfj;k] bjkd] fiQfyLrhu)
bLykeh lEizHkqrk osQ vèkhu jgsa rFkk
[kyhI
+
kQk osQ ikl brus {ks=k gksa fd og
bLykeh fo'okl dks lqjf{kr djus osQ
;ksX; cu losQA dkaxzsl us bl vkanksyu
dk leFkZu fd;k vkSj xk¡èkh th us bls
vlg;ksx vkanksyu osQ lkFk feykus dh
dksf'k'k dhA
2018-19
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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: महात्मा गांधी और राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)

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