एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: सांस्कृतिक विविधता की चुनौतियाँ | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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vè;k; 6
lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk
dh pqukSfr;k¡
2019-20
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vè;k; 6
lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk
dh pqukSfr;k¡
2019-20
Hkkjrh; lekt
120
lkfd vkius vè;k; 3 o 4 esa i<+k gS ifjokj ls ysdj ck”kkj rd dh fofHkUu izdkj dh lkekftd
laLFkk,¡ yksxksa dks ijLij laioZQ esa yk ldrh gSa] muesa izcy lkewfgd igpku LFkkfir dj ldrh gSa
vkSj lkekftd lalfDr ;k tqM+ko dks etcwr cuk ldrh gSaA ysfdu nwljh vksj] tSlkfd vè;k; 4 o
5 eas crk;k x;k gS] ;g leku laLFkk,¡ vlekurk vkSj viotZu ;k cfg"dkj dh Ïksr Hkh gks ldrh
gSaA izLrqr vè;k; esa vki bl lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk ls lacaf/r oqQN rukoksa ,oa dfBukb;ksa osQ ckjs eas
i<+saxsA ^lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk* dk lgh&lgh vFkZ D;k gS vkSj bls pqukSrh osQ :i esa D;ksa ns[kk tkrk gS\
^fofo/rk* 'kCn vlekurkvksa osQ ctk; varjksa ij cy nsrk gSA tc ge ;g dgrs gSa fd Hkkjr ,d
egku lakLo`Qfrd fofo/rk okyk jk"Vª gS rks gekjk rkRi;Z ;g gksrk gS fd ;gk¡ vusd izdkj osQ lkekftd
lewg ,oa leqnk; fuokl djrs gSaA ;g leqnk; lkaLo`Qfrd fpÉksa tSls] Hkk"kk] /eZ] iaFk] iztkfr ;k tkfr
}kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd, tkrs gSaA tc ;g fofo/ leqnk; Hkh fdlh cM+s lRo tSLks ,d jk"Vª dk Hkkx gksrs
gSa rc muosQ chp izfrLi/kZ ;k la?k"kZ osQ dkj.k dfBukb;k¡ mRiUu gks ldrh gSaA
blh dkj.k ls lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk dBksj pqukSfr;k¡ izLrqr dj ldrh gSaA dfBukb;k¡ bl rF; ls Hkh
mRiUu gksrh gSa fd lkaLo`Qfrd igpkusa cgqr izcy gksrh gSa] os rhoz Hkkokos'kksa dks HkM+dk ldrh gSa vkSj
vDlj cM+h la[;k eas yksxksa dks ,dtqV dj nsrh gSaA dHkh&dHkh lakLo`Qfrd varjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd
vkSj lkekftd vlekurk,¡ Hkh tqM+ tkrh gSa vkSj rc fLFkfr vkSj Hkh tfVy gks tkrh gSA ,d leqnk;
}kjk Hkqxrh tk jgh vlekurkvksa ;k vU;k;ksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, fd, x, mik; nwljs leqnk;ksa esa muosQ
izfr fojks/ dks HkM+dk ldrs gSaA fLFkfr ml le; vkSj Hkh fcxM+ tkrh gS tc unh ty] jkstxkj osQ
volj ;k ljdkjh /ujkf'k;ksa tSls nqyZHk lalk/uksa osQ c¡Vokjsa dk loky [kM+k gksrk gSA
;fn vki fu;fer :i ls lekpkji=k i<+rs gSa ;k Vsyhfotu ij [kcjas ns[krs&lqurs gSa rks vkiosQ eu
esa vDlj ;g volkndkjh Hkkouk mRiUu gksrh gksxh fd Hkkjr dk dksbZ Hkfo"; ugha gSA vkidks vusd
fo?kVudkjh rkdrsa lfØ; :i ls viuk dke djrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa tks gekjs ns'k dh ,drk ,oa
v[kaMrk dks rkj&rkj djus ij rqyh gqbZ gSa tSls] lkaiznkf;d naxs] {ks=kh; Lok;Ùkrk dh ek¡xsa] tkfrxr
yM+kbZ&>xMs+---- vki ;g lkspdj Hkh mf}Xu gks mBrss gkasxs fd gekjh tula[;k osQ cM+s fgLls esa ns'kHkfDr
dh Hkkouk dk vHkko gS vkSj os vius ns'k Hkkjr osQ Hkys osQ fy, mruh xgjkbZ ls ugha lksprs ftrus
fd vki ;k vkidh d{kk osQ vU; lkFkh lksprs gSaA ysfdu ;fn vki vk/qfud Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dh
fdlh iqLrd vFkok lkaiznkf;drk ;k {ks=kokn tSls eqn~nksa dk foospu djus okyh vU; iqLrdksa (mnkgj.k
osQ fy,] czkl 1974) dks i<+sa rks vki tku tk,¡xs fd ;s leL;k,¡ u;h ugha gSaA yxHkx lHkh
^foHkktudkjh* leL;k,¡ tks vkt gSa os Lora=krk&izkfIr osQ le; ls gh ;k mlls Hkh igys ls pyh vk
jgh gaSA ysfdu bu lcosQ ckotwn] Hkkjr ,d jk"Vª osQ :i esa u osQoy thfor jgk gS cfYd vkt igys
ls dgha vf/d lcy jk"Vª&jkT; osQ :i esa fo|eku gSA
vc tcfd vki vkxs i<+us osQ fy, rS;kj gSa] ;g ;kn j[ksa fd bl vè;k; esa ,slh vusd dfBu
leL;kvksa osQ ckjs esa fopkj fd;k x;k gS ftudk mÙkj [kkstuk vklku ugha gSA ysfdu oqQN mÙkj vU;
mÙkjksa dh rqyuk esa ”;knk vPNs gSa vkSj ns'k osQ lPps ukxfjd osQ :i esa gekjk ;g ije dÙkZO; gS fd
ge vius ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkekftd lanHkZ dh ifjlhekvksa osQ Hkhrj jgrs gq, ;FkklaHko mu leL;kvksa
dk loksZÙke lek/ku fudkyus dh vf/dkf/d ps"Vk djsaA ;g Hkh ;kn j[ksa fd Hkkjr eas ;|fi yksxksa
rFkk laLo`Qfr;ksa osQ chp fo|eku fofo/rk,¡ vusd izdkj dh dBksj pqukSfr;k¡ izLrqr djrh gSa fiQj Hkh
tS
2019-20
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vè;k; 6
lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk
dh pqukSfr;k¡
2019-20
Hkkjrh; lekt
120
lkfd vkius vè;k; 3 o 4 esa i<+k gS ifjokj ls ysdj ck”kkj rd dh fofHkUu izdkj dh lkekftd
laLFkk,¡ yksxksa dks ijLij laioZQ esa yk ldrh gSa] muesa izcy lkewfgd igpku LFkkfir dj ldrh gSa
vkSj lkekftd lalfDr ;k tqM+ko dks etcwr cuk ldrh gSaA ysfdu nwljh vksj] tSlkfd vè;k; 4 o
5 eas crk;k x;k gS] ;g leku laLFkk,¡ vlekurk vkSj viotZu ;k cfg"dkj dh Ïksr Hkh gks ldrh
gSaA izLrqr vè;k; esa vki bl lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk ls lacaf/r oqQN rukoksa ,oa dfBukb;ksa osQ ckjs eas
i<+saxsA ^lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk* dk lgh&lgh vFkZ D;k gS vkSj bls pqukSrh osQ :i esa D;ksa ns[kk tkrk gS\
^fofo/rk* 'kCn vlekurkvksa osQ ctk; varjksa ij cy nsrk gSA tc ge ;g dgrs gSa fd Hkkjr ,d
egku lakLo`Qfrd fofo/rk okyk jk"Vª gS rks gekjk rkRi;Z ;g gksrk gS fd ;gk¡ vusd izdkj osQ lkekftd
lewg ,oa leqnk; fuokl djrs gSaA ;g leqnk; lkaLo`Qfrd fpÉksa tSls] Hkk"kk] /eZ] iaFk] iztkfr ;k tkfr
}kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd, tkrs gSaA tc ;g fofo/ leqnk; Hkh fdlh cM+s lRo tSLks ,d jk"Vª dk Hkkx gksrs
gSa rc muosQ chp izfrLi/kZ ;k la?k"kZ osQ dkj.k dfBukb;k¡ mRiUu gks ldrh gSaA
blh dkj.k ls lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk dBksj pqukSfr;k¡ izLrqr dj ldrh gSaA dfBukb;k¡ bl rF; ls Hkh
mRiUu gksrh gSa fd lkaLo`Qfrd igpkusa cgqr izcy gksrh gSa] os rhoz Hkkokos'kksa dks HkM+dk ldrh gSa vkSj
vDlj cM+h la[;k eas yksxksa dks ,dtqV dj nsrh gSaA dHkh&dHkh lakLo`Qfrd varjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd
vkSj lkekftd vlekurk,¡ Hkh tqM+ tkrh gSa vkSj rc fLFkfr vkSj Hkh tfVy gks tkrh gSA ,d leqnk;
}kjk Hkqxrh tk jgh vlekurkvksa ;k vU;k;ksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, fd, x, mik; nwljs leqnk;ksa esa muosQ
izfr fojks/ dks HkM+dk ldrs gSaA fLFkfr ml le; vkSj Hkh fcxM+ tkrh gS tc unh ty] jkstxkj osQ
volj ;k ljdkjh /ujkf'k;ksa tSls nqyZHk lalk/uksa osQ c¡Vokjsa dk loky [kM+k gksrk gSA
;fn vki fu;fer :i ls lekpkji=k i<+rs gSa ;k Vsyhfotu ij [kcjas ns[krs&lqurs gSa rks vkiosQ eu
esa vDlj ;g volkndkjh Hkkouk mRiUu gksrh gksxh fd Hkkjr dk dksbZ Hkfo"; ugha gSA vkidks vusd
fo?kVudkjh rkdrsa lfØ; :i ls viuk dke djrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa tks gekjs ns'k dh ,drk ,oa
v[kaMrk dks rkj&rkj djus ij rqyh gqbZ gSa tSls] lkaiznkf;d naxs] {ks=kh; Lok;Ùkrk dh ek¡xsa] tkfrxr
yM+kbZ&>xMs+---- vki ;g lkspdj Hkh mf}Xu gks mBrss gkasxs fd gekjh tula[;k osQ cM+s fgLls esa ns'kHkfDr
dh Hkkouk dk vHkko gS vkSj os vius ns'k Hkkjr osQ Hkys osQ fy, mruh xgjkbZ ls ugha lksprs ftrus
fd vki ;k vkidh d{kk osQ vU; lkFkh lksprs gSaA ysfdu ;fn vki vk/qfud Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dh
fdlh iqLrd vFkok lkaiznkf;drk ;k {ks=kokn tSls eqn~nksa dk foospu djus okyh vU; iqLrdksa (mnkgj.k
osQ fy,] czkl 1974) dks i<+sa rks vki tku tk,¡xs fd ;s leL;k,¡ u;h ugha gSaA yxHkx lHkh
^foHkktudkjh* leL;k,¡ tks vkt gSa os Lora=krk&izkfIr osQ le; ls gh ;k mlls Hkh igys ls pyh vk
jgh gaSA ysfdu bu lcosQ ckotwn] Hkkjr ,d jk"Vª osQ :i esa u osQoy thfor jgk gS cfYd vkt igys
ls dgha vf/d lcy jk"Vª&jkT; osQ :i esa fo|eku gSA
vc tcfd vki vkxs i<+us osQ fy, rS;kj gSa] ;g ;kn j[ksa fd bl vè;k; esa ,slh vusd dfBu
leL;kvksa osQ ckjs esa fopkj fd;k x;k gS ftudk mÙkj [kkstuk vklku ugha gSA ysfdu oqQN mÙkj vU;
mÙkjksa dh rqyuk esa ”;knk vPNs gSa vkSj ns'k osQ lPps ukxfjd osQ :i esa gekjk ;g ije dÙkZO; gS fd
ge vius ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkekftd lanHkZ dh ifjlhekvksa osQ Hkhrj jgrs gq, ;FkklaHko mu leL;kvksa
dk loksZÙke lek/ku fudkyus dh vf/dkf/d ps"Vk djsaA ;g Hkh ;kn j[ksa fd Hkkjr eas ;|fi yksxksa
rFkk laLo`Qfr;ksa osQ chp fo|eku fofo/rk,¡ vusd izdkj dh dBksj pqukSfr;k¡ izLrqr djrh gSa fiQj Hkh
tS
2019-20
lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk dh pqukSfr;k¡
121
Hkkjr dh fLFkfr vU; vf/dka'k jk"Vªksa dh rqyuk eas oqQYk feykdj dkI
+
kQh vPNh gSA nwljh vksj] gekjh
oqQN [kkl de”kksfj;k¡ Hkh gSaA buesa dkI
+
kQh lq/kj fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy, Hkfo"; dh pqukSfr;ksa dk
lkeuk djus osQ fy, gesa cgqr Je djuk gksxk----A
6-1 lkaLo`Qfrd leqnk; ,oa jk"Vª&jkT;
Hkkjr esa fofo/rk osQ dkj.k mRiUu cM+h&cM+h pqukSfr;ksa tSls] {ks=kh;rk ;k {ks=kokn] lakiznkf;drk vkSj
tkrh;rk dh leL;kvksa ij ppkZ djus ls igys ;g vko';d izrhr gksrk gS fd ge jk"Vª&jkT;ksa vkSj
lkaLo`Qfrd leqnk;ksa osQ chp osQ laca/ksa dks le> ysaA yksxksa osQ fy, tkfr] u`tkrh; lewg] {ks=k ;k èkeZ
tSlh lkaLo`Qfrd igpkuksa ij vk/kfjr leqnk;ksa dk lnL; gksuk D;ksa t:jh gS\ tc fdlh dks vius
leqnk; osQ izfr dksbZ [krjk] vieku ;k vU;k; gksrk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS rks mldh Hkkouk,¡ bruh vf/d D;ksa
HkM+d mBrh gSa\ bl izdkj HkM+dkbZ xbZ Hkkouk,¡ jk"Vª&jkT; osQ fy, leL;k,¡ D;ksa iSnk dj nsrh gSa\
lkeqnkf;d igpku dk egÙo
bl lalkj esa viuk vfLrRo lfØ; cuk, j[kus osQ fy, izR;sd euq"; dks ,d LFkk;h igpku dh t:jr
gksrh gSA eSa dkSu gw¡\ eSa nwljksa ls vyx oSQls gw¡\ vU; yksx eq>s oSQls tkurs ,oa le>rs gSa\ esjh vkdka{kk,¡
;k y{; D;k gksus pkfg,\ bl izdkj osQ vusd iz'u gekjs thou esa cpiu ls ysdj vkxs rd yxkrkj
mifLFkr gksrs jgrs gSaA gekjk lekthdj.k ftl rjhosQ ls gqvk gS ;k fofHkUu vFkks± esa gesa gekjs fudVorhZ
ifjokjksa vFkok gekjs leqnk; }kjk lekt eas fdl izdkj jguk fl[kk;k x;k gS bldh otg ls ge buesa
ls vusd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA (viuh X;kjgoha d{kk dh ikB~;iqLrdksa esa lekthdj.k
fo"k; ij dh xbZ ppkZ dks ;kn djsa)A lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k dkI
+
kQh foLr`r ,oa yach gksrh gS ftleas
oqQN fo'ks"k yksxksa osQ LkkFk (tks gekjs thou eas izR;{k :i ls 'kkfey jgrs gSa) yxkrkj laokn] okrkZyki
vkSj dHkh&dHkh la?k"kZ Hkh gksrk jgrk gS tSls fd gekjs ekrk&firk] ifjokj] ukrsnkj lewg ,oa gekjk
leqnk;A gekjk leqnk; geas Hkk"kk (ekr`Hkk"kk) vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd ewY; iznku djrk gS ftuosQ ekè;e ls ge
fo'o dks le>rs gSaA ;g gekjh Lo;a dh igpku dks Hkh lgkjk nsrk gSA
lkeqnkf;d igpku] tUe rFkk viusiu ij vk/kfjr gksrh gS] u fd fdlh vftZr ;ksX;rk ;k
^miyfC/* osQ vk/kj ijA ;g ^ge D;k gSa* bl Hkko dh |ksrd gS u fd ^ge D;k cu x, gSa*A fdlh
leqnk; esa tUe ysus osQ fy, gesa oqQN ugha djuk gksrkA lp rks ;g gS fd fdlh ifjokj ;k leqnk;
vFkok ns'k esa tUe ysus ij gekjk dksbZ o'k ugha gSA bl izdkj dh igpkusa ^iznÙk*  dgh tkrh gSa vFkkZRk~
;s tUe ls fu/kZfjr gksrh gSa vkSj lacaf/r O;fDr;ksa dh ilan ;k ukilan blesa 'kkfey  ugha gksrhA
lkekftd thou dk ;g ,d vthc rF; gS fd yksx mu leqnk;ksa ls lacaf/r gksdj vR;ar lqjf{kr ,oa
larq"V eglwl djrs gSa ftuesa mudh lnL;rk iwjh rjg vkdfLed gksrh gSA ge vDlj ,sls leqnk; osQ
lkFk viuh igpku etcwrh ls LFkkfir dj ysrs gSa ftldh lnL;rk ds ;ksX; gksus osQ fy, geus dksbZ
iz;kl ugha fd;k] dksbZ ijh{kk ikl ugha dh] dksbZ oqQ'kyrk ;k ;ksX;rk iznf'kZr ugha dh----A MkWDVjksa ;k
okLrqdkjksa dks ijh{kk,¡ ikl djuh gksrh gSa vkSj viuh ;ksX;rk dk ifjp; nsuk gksrk gS] ;gk¡ rd fd
[ksyowQn esa Hkh] ,d ny dh lnL;rk izkIr djus osQ fy, ,d fuf'pr Lrj dk dkS'ky iznf'kZr djuk
vko';d gksrk gSA ysfdu gekjs ifjokjksa ;k /kfeZd vFkok {ks=kh; leqnk;ksa dh lnL;rk osQ fy, ,slh
2019-20
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vè;k; 6
lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk
dh pqukSfr;k¡
2019-20
Hkkjrh; lekt
120
lkfd vkius vè;k; 3 o 4 esa i<+k gS ifjokj ls ysdj ck”kkj rd dh fofHkUu izdkj dh lkekftd
laLFkk,¡ yksxksa dks ijLij laioZQ esa yk ldrh gSa] muesa izcy lkewfgd igpku LFkkfir dj ldrh gSa
vkSj lkekftd lalfDr ;k tqM+ko dks etcwr cuk ldrh gSaA ysfdu nwljh vksj] tSlkfd vè;k; 4 o
5 eas crk;k x;k gS] ;g leku laLFkk,¡ vlekurk vkSj viotZu ;k cfg"dkj dh Ïksr Hkh gks ldrh
gSaA izLrqr vè;k; esa vki bl lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk ls lacaf/r oqQN rukoksa ,oa dfBukb;ksa osQ ckjs eas
i<+saxsA ^lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk* dk lgh&lgh vFkZ D;k gS vkSj bls pqukSrh osQ :i esa D;ksa ns[kk tkrk gS\
^fofo/rk* 'kCn vlekurkvksa osQ ctk; varjksa ij cy nsrk gSA tc ge ;g dgrs gSa fd Hkkjr ,d
egku lakLo`Qfrd fofo/rk okyk jk"Vª gS rks gekjk rkRi;Z ;g gksrk gS fd ;gk¡ vusd izdkj osQ lkekftd
lewg ,oa leqnk; fuokl djrs gSaA ;g leqnk; lkaLo`Qfrd fpÉksa tSls] Hkk"kk] /eZ] iaFk] iztkfr ;k tkfr
}kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd, tkrs gSaA tc ;g fofo/ leqnk; Hkh fdlh cM+s lRo tSLks ,d jk"Vª dk Hkkx gksrs
gSa rc muosQ chp izfrLi/kZ ;k la?k"kZ osQ dkj.k dfBukb;k¡ mRiUu gks ldrh gSaA
blh dkj.k ls lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk dBksj pqukSfr;k¡ izLrqr dj ldrh gSaA dfBukb;k¡ bl rF; ls Hkh
mRiUu gksrh gSa fd lkaLo`Qfrd igpkusa cgqr izcy gksrh gSa] os rhoz Hkkokos'kksa dks HkM+dk ldrh gSa vkSj
vDlj cM+h la[;k eas yksxksa dks ,dtqV dj nsrh gSaA dHkh&dHkh lakLo`Qfrd varjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd
vkSj lkekftd vlekurk,¡ Hkh tqM+ tkrh gSa vkSj rc fLFkfr vkSj Hkh tfVy gks tkrh gSA ,d leqnk;
}kjk Hkqxrh tk jgh vlekurkvksa ;k vU;k;ksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, fd, x, mik; nwljs leqnk;ksa esa muosQ
izfr fojks/ dks HkM+dk ldrs gSaA fLFkfr ml le; vkSj Hkh fcxM+ tkrh gS tc unh ty] jkstxkj osQ
volj ;k ljdkjh /ujkf'k;ksa tSls nqyZHk lalk/uksa osQ c¡Vokjsa dk loky [kM+k gksrk gSA
;fn vki fu;fer :i ls lekpkji=k i<+rs gSa ;k Vsyhfotu ij [kcjas ns[krs&lqurs gSa rks vkiosQ eu
esa vDlj ;g volkndkjh Hkkouk mRiUu gksrh gksxh fd Hkkjr dk dksbZ Hkfo"; ugha gSA vkidks vusd
fo?kVudkjh rkdrsa lfØ; :i ls viuk dke djrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa tks gekjs ns'k dh ,drk ,oa
v[kaMrk dks rkj&rkj djus ij rqyh gqbZ gSa tSls] lkaiznkf;d naxs] {ks=kh; Lok;Ùkrk dh ek¡xsa] tkfrxr
yM+kbZ&>xMs+---- vki ;g lkspdj Hkh mf}Xu gks mBrss gkasxs fd gekjh tula[;k osQ cM+s fgLls esa ns'kHkfDr
dh Hkkouk dk vHkko gS vkSj os vius ns'k Hkkjr osQ Hkys osQ fy, mruh xgjkbZ ls ugha lksprs ftrus
fd vki ;k vkidh d{kk osQ vU; lkFkh lksprs gSaA ysfdu ;fn vki vk/qfud Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dh
fdlh iqLrd vFkok lkaiznkf;drk ;k {ks=kokn tSls eqn~nksa dk foospu djus okyh vU; iqLrdksa (mnkgj.k
osQ fy,] czkl 1974) dks i<+sa rks vki tku tk,¡xs fd ;s leL;k,¡ u;h ugha gSaA yxHkx lHkh
^foHkktudkjh* leL;k,¡ tks vkt gSa os Lora=krk&izkfIr osQ le; ls gh ;k mlls Hkh igys ls pyh vk
jgh gaSA ysfdu bu lcosQ ckotwn] Hkkjr ,d jk"Vª osQ :i esa u osQoy thfor jgk gS cfYd vkt igys
ls dgha vf/d lcy jk"Vª&jkT; osQ :i esa fo|eku gSA
vc tcfd vki vkxs i<+us osQ fy, rS;kj gSa] ;g ;kn j[ksa fd bl vè;k; esa ,slh vusd dfBu
leL;kvksa osQ ckjs esa fopkj fd;k x;k gS ftudk mÙkj [kkstuk vklku ugha gSA ysfdu oqQN mÙkj vU;
mÙkjksa dh rqyuk esa ”;knk vPNs gSa vkSj ns'k osQ lPps ukxfjd osQ :i esa gekjk ;g ije dÙkZO; gS fd
ge vius ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkekftd lanHkZ dh ifjlhekvksa osQ Hkhrj jgrs gq, ;FkklaHko mu leL;kvksa
dk loksZÙke lek/ku fudkyus dh vf/dkf/d ps"Vk djsaA ;g Hkh ;kn j[ksa fd Hkkjr eas ;|fi yksxksa
rFkk laLo`Qfr;ksa osQ chp fo|eku fofo/rk,¡ vusd izdkj dh dBksj pqukSfr;k¡ izLrqr djrh gSa fiQj Hkh
tS
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Hkkjr dh fLFkfr vU; vf/dka'k jk"Vªksa dh rqyuk eas oqQYk feykdj dkI
+
kQh vPNh gSA nwljh vksj] gekjh
oqQN [kkl de”kksfj;k¡ Hkh gSaA buesa dkI
+
kQh lq/kj fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy, Hkfo"; dh pqukSfr;ksa dk
lkeuk djus osQ fy, gesa cgqr Je djuk gksxk----A
6-1 lkaLo`Qfrd leqnk; ,oa jk"Vª&jkT;
Hkkjr esa fofo/rk osQ dkj.k mRiUu cM+h&cM+h pqukSfr;ksa tSls] {ks=kh;rk ;k {ks=kokn] lakiznkf;drk vkSj
tkrh;rk dh leL;kvksa ij ppkZ djus ls igys ;g vko';d izrhr gksrk gS fd ge jk"Vª&jkT;ksa vkSj
lkaLo`Qfrd leqnk;ksa osQ chp osQ laca/ksa dks le> ysaA yksxksa osQ fy, tkfr] u`tkrh; lewg] {ks=k ;k èkeZ
tSlh lkaLo`Qfrd igpkuksa ij vk/kfjr leqnk;ksa dk lnL; gksuk D;ksa t:jh gS\ tc fdlh dks vius
leqnk; osQ izfr dksbZ [krjk] vieku ;k vU;k; gksrk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS rks mldh Hkkouk,¡ bruh vf/d D;ksa
HkM+d mBrh gSa\ bl izdkj HkM+dkbZ xbZ Hkkouk,¡ jk"Vª&jkT; osQ fy, leL;k,¡ D;ksa iSnk dj nsrh gSa\
lkeqnkf;d igpku dk egÙo
bl lalkj esa viuk vfLrRo lfØ; cuk, j[kus osQ fy, izR;sd euq"; dks ,d LFkk;h igpku dh t:jr
gksrh gSA eSa dkSu gw¡\ eSa nwljksa ls vyx oSQls gw¡\ vU; yksx eq>s oSQls tkurs ,oa le>rs gSa\ esjh vkdka{kk,¡
;k y{; D;k gksus pkfg,\ bl izdkj osQ vusd iz'u gekjs thou esa cpiu ls ysdj vkxs rd yxkrkj
mifLFkr gksrs jgrs gSaA gekjk lekthdj.k ftl rjhosQ ls gqvk gS ;k fofHkUu vFkks± esa gesa gekjs fudVorhZ
ifjokjksa vFkok gekjs leqnk; }kjk lekt eas fdl izdkj jguk fl[kk;k x;k gS bldh otg ls ge buesa
ls vusd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA (viuh X;kjgoha d{kk dh ikB~;iqLrdksa esa lekthdj.k
fo"k; ij dh xbZ ppkZ dks ;kn djsa)A lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k dkI
+
kQh foLr`r ,oa yach gksrh gS ftleas
oqQN fo'ks"k yksxksa osQ LkkFk (tks gekjs thou eas izR;{k :i ls 'kkfey jgrs gSa) yxkrkj laokn] okrkZyki
vkSj dHkh&dHkh la?k"kZ Hkh gksrk jgrk gS tSls fd gekjs ekrk&firk] ifjokj] ukrsnkj lewg ,oa gekjk
leqnk;A gekjk leqnk; geas Hkk"kk (ekr`Hkk"kk) vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd ewY; iznku djrk gS ftuosQ ekè;e ls ge
fo'o dks le>rs gSaA ;g gekjh Lo;a dh igpku dks Hkh lgkjk nsrk gSA
lkeqnkf;d igpku] tUe rFkk viusiu ij vk/kfjr gksrh gS] u fd fdlh vftZr ;ksX;rk ;k
^miyfC/* osQ vk/kj ijA ;g ^ge D;k gSa* bl Hkko dh |ksrd gS u fd ^ge D;k cu x, gSa*A fdlh
leqnk; esa tUe ysus osQ fy, gesa oqQN ugha djuk gksrkA lp rks ;g gS fd fdlh ifjokj ;k leqnk;
vFkok ns'k esa tUe ysus ij gekjk dksbZ o'k ugha gSA bl izdkj dh igpkusa ^iznÙk*  dgh tkrh gSa vFkkZRk~
;s tUe ls fu/kZfjr gksrh gSa vkSj lacaf/r O;fDr;ksa dh ilan ;k ukilan blesa 'kkfey  ugha gksrhA
lkekftd thou dk ;g ,d vthc rF; gS fd yksx mu leqnk;ksa ls lacaf/r gksdj vR;ar lqjf{kr ,oa
larq"V eglwl djrs gSa ftuesa mudh lnL;rk iwjh rjg vkdfLed gksrh gSA ge vDlj ,sls leqnk; osQ
lkFk viuh igpku etcwrh ls LFkkfir dj ysrs gSa ftldh lnL;rk ds ;ksX; gksus osQ fy, geus dksbZ
iz;kl ugha fd;k] dksbZ ijh{kk ikl ugha dh] dksbZ oqQ'kyrk ;k ;ksX;rk iznf'kZr ugha dh----A MkWDVjksa ;k
okLrqdkjksa dks ijh{kk,¡ ikl djuh gksrh gSa vkSj viuh ;ksX;rk dk ifjp; nsuk gksrk gS] ;gk¡ rd fd
[ksyowQn esa Hkh] ,d ny dh lnL;rk izkIr djus osQ fy, ,d fuf'pr Lrj dk dkS'ky iznf'kZr djuk
vko';d gksrk gSA ysfdu gekjs ifjokjksa ;k /kfeZd vFkok {ks=kh; leqnk;ksa dh lnL;rk osQ fy, ,slh
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ugha gksrh] fiQj Hkh gekjh lnL;rk laiw.kZ gksrh gSA okLro esa] vf/dka'k iznÙk igpkusa bruh iDdh gksrh
gS fd mUgsa fgyk;k ugha tk ldrk_ Hkys gh ge mUgas vLohdkj djus dh dksf'k'k djsa rc Hkh nwljs
yksx 'kk;n mUgha fpÉksa lss tksM+dj gekjh igpku djrs jgsaxsA
laHkor% bl vkdfLed] 'krZ jfgr vFkok yxHkx vfuokj.kh; rjhosQ ls lacaf/r gksus osQ dkj.k gh ge
vDlj viuh lkeqnkf;d igpku ls HkkoukRed :i ls bruk xgjs tqM+s gksrs gSaA lkeqnkf;d laca/ksa
(ifjokj] ukrsnkjh] tkfr] u`tkrh;rk] Hkk"kk] {ks=k ;k /eZ) osQ c<+rs gq, vkSj ijLijO;kih nk;js gh gekjh
nqfu;k dks lkFkZdrk iznku djrs gSa vkSj gesa ,d igpku iznku djrs gSa fd ge dkSu gSaA blhfy, yksx
vDlj ml le; Hkkoqd gksdj vFkok dHkh fgalkiwoZd Hkh viuh izfrfØ;k fn[kkrs gSa tc mUgsa viuh
lkeqnkf;d igpku dks dksbZ [krjk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
iznÙk igpkuksa vkSj lkeqnkf;d Hkkouk dh ,d nwljh fo'ks"krk ;g gksrh gS fd os loZO;kih gksrh
gSA izR;sd O;fDr dh ,d ekr`Hkwfe gksrh gS] ,d ekr`Hkk"kk gksrh gS] mldk ,d ifjokj gksrk gS vkSj fu"Bk
Hkh gksrh gS---A gks ldrk gS fd ;g ckr izR;sd O;fDRk ij iwjh rjg ykxw u gksrh gks ij vkerkSj ij
,slk gksrk gS vkSj ge lc viuh&viuh igpkuksa osQ izfr leku:i ls izfrc¼ ,oa oiQknkj gksrs gSaA
,d ckj fIkQj ;g laHko gS fd 'kk;n gesa ,sls yksx Hkh feysa tks viuh igpku osQ fdlh ,d ;k vU;
i{k osQ fy, fo'ks"k :i ls izfrc¼ u gksaA ysfdu bl izfrc¼rk dh laHkkouk yxHkx vf/dka'k yksxksa
eas ikbZ tkrh gSA blh dkj.k] gekjs leqnk;ksa (pkgsa jk"Vª] Hkk"kk] /eZ] tkfr ;k {ks=k fo"k;d) osQ chp
iSnk gksus okys yM+kbZ&>xM+ksa ;k fooknksa dks fuiVkuk cgqr dfBUk gksrk gSA fookn dk izR;sd i{k lkeus
okys i{k dks 'k=kq ekurs gq, ?k`.kk dh n`f"V ls ns[krk gS vkSj mlesa vius i{k osQ xq.kksa dks vkSj fojksèkh
i{k osQ nqxZq.kksa dks c<+k&Pk<+kdj dgus dh izo`fÙk gksrh gSA blhfy, tc nks jk"Vªksa osQ chp ;q¼ fNM+ tkrk
gS rks izR;sd jk"Vª osQ ns'kHkDr yksx fojks/h jk"Vª dkss vkØe.kdkjh 'k=kq ekurs gSaA izR;sd i{k ;g fo'okl
djrk gS fd ge lPps gSa vkSj ijes'oj gekjs lkFk gSA xjekxjeh osQ {k.k esa nksuksa gh i{kksa osQ yksxksa osQ
fy, ;g ns[kuk cgqr dfBu gksrk gS fd tSlk ge nwljksa osQ ckjs esa lksprs gSa] nwljs Hkh rks gekjs ckjs essa
oSlk gh lksp jgs gSaA
gekjh igpku dks :i iznku djus okys lkeqnkf;d laca/ksa osQ c<+rs gq, nk;jksa dks vfèkd
Li"V :i ls le>us osQ fy, vki ,d [ksy osQ :i esa ,d NksVk&lk losZ{k.k dj ldrs
gSaA vius lgikfB;ksa ;k vU; fe=kkas dk lk{kkRdkj yhft,A  lk{kkRdkj nsus okys izR;sd
O;fDr dks bu nks iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus osQ fy, pkj ekSosQ nhft, ^eSa dkSu g¡w\* vkSj ^nwljs esjh igpku osQ ckjs esa D;k
lksprs gSa\* bu iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ,d gh 'kCn esa ;k okD;ka'k eas gksus pkfg,_ mueas dksbZ uke 'kkfey ugha gksus pkfg,
(tSls] vkidk viuk uke ;k vkiosQ ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkodksa osQ uke] vFkok vkidh d{kk ;k fo|ky; vkfn osQ
uke)A lk{kkRdkj vosQys esa vki gh ysa vFkkZr~ ckn esa lk{kkRdkj nsus okys vU; mEehnokj ogk¡ mifLFkr u gksa vkSj
os vkiosQ iz'uksa RkFkk mÙkjksa dks lqu u losaQA izR;sd O;fDr dk lk{kkRdkj ,d gh ckj fy;k tkuk pkfg, (vFkkZr~
vyx&vyx yksx ,d gh O;fDr dk lk{kkRdkj u ysa)A
vki lk{kkRdkj nsus okykas ls izkIr mÙkjksa dk vfHkys[k rS;kj dj ysa vkSj ckn eas mudk fo'ys"k.k djasA fdl izdkj
dh igpkuksa dks iz/kurk nh xbZ\ lokZf/d yksxkas us viuh igyh ilan D;k crykbZ\ vDlj vafre ilan D;k Fkh\
D;k mÙkjksa osQ dksbZ fo'ks"k Lo:i Fks\ ^EkSa dkSu gw¡* vkSj ^nwljs esjh igpku osQ ckjs eas D;k lksprs gSa* bu nksuksa iz'uksa
osQ mÙkjksa eas D;k cgqr vf/d varj Fkk] FkksM+k&lk varj Fkk vFkok fcYoqQYk varj ugha Fkk\
 fØ;kdyki 6-1
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vè;k; 6
lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk
dh pqukSfr;k¡
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Hkkjrh; lekt
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lkfd vkius vè;k; 3 o 4 esa i<+k gS ifjokj ls ysdj ck”kkj rd dh fofHkUu izdkj dh lkekftd
laLFkk,¡ yksxksa dks ijLij laioZQ esa yk ldrh gSa] muesa izcy lkewfgd igpku LFkkfir dj ldrh gSa
vkSj lkekftd lalfDr ;k tqM+ko dks etcwr cuk ldrh gSaA ysfdu nwljh vksj] tSlkfd vè;k; 4 o
5 eas crk;k x;k gS] ;g leku laLFkk,¡ vlekurk vkSj viotZu ;k cfg"dkj dh Ïksr Hkh gks ldrh
gSaA izLrqr vè;k; esa vki bl lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk ls lacaf/r oqQN rukoksa ,oa dfBukb;ksa osQ ckjs eas
i<+saxsA ^lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk* dk lgh&lgh vFkZ D;k gS vkSj bls pqukSrh osQ :i esa D;ksa ns[kk tkrk gS\
^fofo/rk* 'kCn vlekurkvksa osQ ctk; varjksa ij cy nsrk gSA tc ge ;g dgrs gSa fd Hkkjr ,d
egku lakLo`Qfrd fofo/rk okyk jk"Vª gS rks gekjk rkRi;Z ;g gksrk gS fd ;gk¡ vusd izdkj osQ lkekftd
lewg ,oa leqnk; fuokl djrs gSaA ;g leqnk; lkaLo`Qfrd fpÉksa tSls] Hkk"kk] /eZ] iaFk] iztkfr ;k tkfr
}kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd, tkrs gSaA tc ;g fofo/ leqnk; Hkh fdlh cM+s lRo tSLks ,d jk"Vª dk Hkkx gksrs
gSa rc muosQ chp izfrLi/kZ ;k la?k"kZ osQ dkj.k dfBukb;k¡ mRiUu gks ldrh gSaA
blh dkj.k ls lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk dBksj pqukSfr;k¡ izLrqr dj ldrh gSaA dfBukb;k¡ bl rF; ls Hkh
mRiUu gksrh gSa fd lkaLo`Qfrd igpkusa cgqr izcy gksrh gSa] os rhoz Hkkokos'kksa dks HkM+dk ldrh gSa vkSj
vDlj cM+h la[;k eas yksxksa dks ,dtqV dj nsrh gSaA dHkh&dHkh lakLo`Qfrd varjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd
vkSj lkekftd vlekurk,¡ Hkh tqM+ tkrh gSa vkSj rc fLFkfr vkSj Hkh tfVy gks tkrh gSA ,d leqnk;
}kjk Hkqxrh tk jgh vlekurkvksa ;k vU;k;ksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, fd, x, mik; nwljs leqnk;ksa esa muosQ
izfr fojks/ dks HkM+dk ldrs gSaA fLFkfr ml le; vkSj Hkh fcxM+ tkrh gS tc unh ty] jkstxkj osQ
volj ;k ljdkjh /ujkf'k;ksa tSls nqyZHk lalk/uksa osQ c¡Vokjsa dk loky [kM+k gksrk gSA
;fn vki fu;fer :i ls lekpkji=k i<+rs gSa ;k Vsyhfotu ij [kcjas ns[krs&lqurs gSa rks vkiosQ eu
esa vDlj ;g volkndkjh Hkkouk mRiUu gksrh gksxh fd Hkkjr dk dksbZ Hkfo"; ugha gSA vkidks vusd
fo?kVudkjh rkdrsa lfØ; :i ls viuk dke djrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa tks gekjs ns'k dh ,drk ,oa
v[kaMrk dks rkj&rkj djus ij rqyh gqbZ gSa tSls] lkaiznkf;d naxs] {ks=kh; Lok;Ùkrk dh ek¡xsa] tkfrxr
yM+kbZ&>xMs+---- vki ;g lkspdj Hkh mf}Xu gks mBrss gkasxs fd gekjh tula[;k osQ cM+s fgLls esa ns'kHkfDr
dh Hkkouk dk vHkko gS vkSj os vius ns'k Hkkjr osQ Hkys osQ fy, mruh xgjkbZ ls ugha lksprs ftrus
fd vki ;k vkidh d{kk osQ vU; lkFkh lksprs gSaA ysfdu ;fn vki vk/qfud Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dh
fdlh iqLrd vFkok lkaiznkf;drk ;k {ks=kokn tSls eqn~nksa dk foospu djus okyh vU; iqLrdksa (mnkgj.k
osQ fy,] czkl 1974) dks i<+sa rks vki tku tk,¡xs fd ;s leL;k,¡ u;h ugha gSaA yxHkx lHkh
^foHkktudkjh* leL;k,¡ tks vkt gSa os Lora=krk&izkfIr osQ le; ls gh ;k mlls Hkh igys ls pyh vk
jgh gaSA ysfdu bu lcosQ ckotwn] Hkkjr ,d jk"Vª osQ :i esa u osQoy thfor jgk gS cfYd vkt igys
ls dgha vf/d lcy jk"Vª&jkT; osQ :i esa fo|eku gSA
vc tcfd vki vkxs i<+us osQ fy, rS;kj gSa] ;g ;kn j[ksa fd bl vè;k; esa ,slh vusd dfBu
leL;kvksa osQ ckjs esa fopkj fd;k x;k gS ftudk mÙkj [kkstuk vklku ugha gSA ysfdu oqQN mÙkj vU;
mÙkjksa dh rqyuk esa ”;knk vPNs gSa vkSj ns'k osQ lPps ukxfjd osQ :i esa gekjk ;g ije dÙkZO; gS fd
ge vius ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkekftd lanHkZ dh ifjlhekvksa osQ Hkhrj jgrs gq, ;FkklaHko mu leL;kvksa
dk loksZÙke lek/ku fudkyus dh vf/dkf/d ps"Vk djsaA ;g Hkh ;kn j[ksa fd Hkkjr eas ;|fi yksxksa
rFkk laLo`Qfr;ksa osQ chp fo|eku fofo/rk,¡ vusd izdkj dh dBksj pqukSfr;k¡ izLrqr djrh gSa fiQj Hkh
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Hkkjr dh fLFkfr vU; vf/dka'k jk"Vªksa dh rqyuk eas oqQYk feykdj dkI
+
kQh vPNh gSA nwljh vksj] gekjh
oqQN [kkl de”kksfj;k¡ Hkh gSaA buesa dkI
+
kQh lq/kj fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy, Hkfo"; dh pqukSfr;ksa dk
lkeuk djus osQ fy, gesa cgqr Je djuk gksxk----A
6-1 lkaLo`Qfrd leqnk; ,oa jk"Vª&jkT;
Hkkjr esa fofo/rk osQ dkj.k mRiUu cM+h&cM+h pqukSfr;ksa tSls] {ks=kh;rk ;k {ks=kokn] lakiznkf;drk vkSj
tkrh;rk dh leL;kvksa ij ppkZ djus ls igys ;g vko';d izrhr gksrk gS fd ge jk"Vª&jkT;ksa vkSj
lkaLo`Qfrd leqnk;ksa osQ chp osQ laca/ksa dks le> ysaA yksxksa osQ fy, tkfr] u`tkrh; lewg] {ks=k ;k èkeZ
tSlh lkaLo`Qfrd igpkuksa ij vk/kfjr leqnk;ksa dk lnL; gksuk D;ksa t:jh gS\ tc fdlh dks vius
leqnk; osQ izfr dksbZ [krjk] vieku ;k vU;k; gksrk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS rks mldh Hkkouk,¡ bruh vf/d D;ksa
HkM+d mBrh gSa\ bl izdkj HkM+dkbZ xbZ Hkkouk,¡ jk"Vª&jkT; osQ fy, leL;k,¡ D;ksa iSnk dj nsrh gSa\
lkeqnkf;d igpku dk egÙo
bl lalkj esa viuk vfLrRo lfØ; cuk, j[kus osQ fy, izR;sd euq"; dks ,d LFkk;h igpku dh t:jr
gksrh gSA eSa dkSu gw¡\ eSa nwljksa ls vyx oSQls gw¡\ vU; yksx eq>s oSQls tkurs ,oa le>rs gSa\ esjh vkdka{kk,¡
;k y{; D;k gksus pkfg,\ bl izdkj osQ vusd iz'u gekjs thou esa cpiu ls ysdj vkxs rd yxkrkj
mifLFkr gksrs jgrs gSaA gekjk lekthdj.k ftl rjhosQ ls gqvk gS ;k fofHkUu vFkks± esa gesa gekjs fudVorhZ
ifjokjksa vFkok gekjs leqnk; }kjk lekt eas fdl izdkj jguk fl[kk;k x;k gS bldh otg ls ge buesa
ls vusd iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA (viuh X;kjgoha d{kk dh ikB~;iqLrdksa esa lekthdj.k
fo"k; ij dh xbZ ppkZ dks ;kn djsa)A lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k dkI
+
kQh foLr`r ,oa yach gksrh gS ftleas
oqQN fo'ks"k yksxksa osQ LkkFk (tks gekjs thou eas izR;{k :i ls 'kkfey jgrs gSa) yxkrkj laokn] okrkZyki
vkSj dHkh&dHkh la?k"kZ Hkh gksrk jgrk gS tSls fd gekjs ekrk&firk] ifjokj] ukrsnkj lewg ,oa gekjk
leqnk;A gekjk leqnk; geas Hkk"kk (ekr`Hkk"kk) vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd ewY; iznku djrk gS ftuosQ ekè;e ls ge
fo'o dks le>rs gSaA ;g gekjh Lo;a dh igpku dks Hkh lgkjk nsrk gSA
lkeqnkf;d igpku] tUe rFkk viusiu ij vk/kfjr gksrh gS] u fd fdlh vftZr ;ksX;rk ;k
^miyfC/* osQ vk/kj ijA ;g ^ge D;k gSa* bl Hkko dh |ksrd gS u fd ^ge D;k cu x, gSa*A fdlh
leqnk; esa tUe ysus osQ fy, gesa oqQN ugha djuk gksrkA lp rks ;g gS fd fdlh ifjokj ;k leqnk;
vFkok ns'k esa tUe ysus ij gekjk dksbZ o'k ugha gSA bl izdkj dh igpkusa ^iznÙk*  dgh tkrh gSa vFkkZRk~
;s tUe ls fu/kZfjr gksrh gSa vkSj lacaf/r O;fDr;ksa dh ilan ;k ukilan blesa 'kkfey  ugha gksrhA
lkekftd thou dk ;g ,d vthc rF; gS fd yksx mu leqnk;ksa ls lacaf/r gksdj vR;ar lqjf{kr ,oa
larq"V eglwl djrs gSa ftuesa mudh lnL;rk iwjh rjg vkdfLed gksrh gSA ge vDlj ,sls leqnk; osQ
lkFk viuh igpku etcwrh ls LFkkfir dj ysrs gSa ftldh lnL;rk ds ;ksX; gksus osQ fy, geus dksbZ
iz;kl ugha fd;k] dksbZ ijh{kk ikl ugha dh] dksbZ oqQ'kyrk ;k ;ksX;rk iznf'kZr ugha dh----A MkWDVjksa ;k
okLrqdkjksa dks ijh{kk,¡ ikl djuh gksrh gSa vkSj viuh ;ksX;rk dk ifjp; nsuk gksrk gS] ;gk¡ rd fd
[ksyowQn esa Hkh] ,d ny dh lnL;rk izkIr djus osQ fy, ,d fuf'pr Lrj dk dkS'ky iznf'kZr djuk
vko';d gksrk gSA ysfdu gekjs ifjokjksa ;k /kfeZd vFkok {ks=kh; leqnk;ksa dh lnL;rk osQ fy, ,slh
2019-20
Hkkjrh; lekt
122
ugha gksrh] fiQj Hkh gekjh lnL;rk laiw.kZ gksrh gSA okLro esa] vf/dka'k iznÙk igpkusa bruh iDdh gksrh
gS fd mUgsa fgyk;k ugha tk ldrk_ Hkys gh ge mUgas vLohdkj djus dh dksf'k'k djsa rc Hkh nwljs
yksx 'kk;n mUgha fpÉksa lss tksM+dj gekjh igpku djrs jgsaxsA
laHkor% bl vkdfLed] 'krZ jfgr vFkok yxHkx vfuokj.kh; rjhosQ ls lacaf/r gksus osQ dkj.k gh ge
vDlj viuh lkeqnkf;d igpku ls HkkoukRed :i ls bruk xgjs tqM+s gksrs gSaA lkeqnkf;d laca/ksa
(ifjokj] ukrsnkjh] tkfr] u`tkrh;rk] Hkk"kk] {ks=k ;k /eZ) osQ c<+rs gq, vkSj ijLijO;kih nk;js gh gekjh
nqfu;k dks lkFkZdrk iznku djrs gSa vkSj gesa ,d igpku iznku djrs gSa fd ge dkSu gSaA blhfy, yksx
vDlj ml le; Hkkoqd gksdj vFkok dHkh fgalkiwoZd Hkh viuh izfrfØ;k fn[kkrs gSa tc mUgsa viuh
lkeqnkf;d igpku dks dksbZ [krjk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
iznÙk igpkuksa vkSj lkeqnkf;d Hkkouk dh ,d nwljh fo'ks"krk ;g gksrh gS fd os loZO;kih gksrh
gSA izR;sd O;fDr dh ,d ekr`Hkwfe gksrh gS] ,d ekr`Hkk"kk gksrh gS] mldk ,d ifjokj gksrk gS vkSj fu"Bk
Hkh gksrh gS---A gks ldrk gS fd ;g ckr izR;sd O;fDRk ij iwjh rjg ykxw u gksrh gks ij vkerkSj ij
,slk gksrk gS vkSj ge lc viuh&viuh igpkuksa osQ izfr leku:i ls izfrc¼ ,oa oiQknkj gksrs gSaA
,d ckj fIkQj ;g laHko gS fd 'kk;n gesa ,sls yksx Hkh feysa tks viuh igpku osQ fdlh ,d ;k vU;
i{k osQ fy, fo'ks"k :i ls izfrc¼ u gksaA ysfdu bl izfrc¼rk dh laHkkouk yxHkx vf/dka'k yksxksa
eas ikbZ tkrh gSA blh dkj.k] gekjs leqnk;ksa (pkgsa jk"Vª] Hkk"kk] /eZ] tkfr ;k {ks=k fo"k;d) osQ chp
iSnk gksus okys yM+kbZ&>xM+ksa ;k fooknksa dks fuiVkuk cgqr dfBUk gksrk gSA fookn dk izR;sd i{k lkeus
okys i{k dks 'k=kq ekurs gq, ?k`.kk dh n`f"V ls ns[krk gS vkSj mlesa vius i{k osQ xq.kksa dks vkSj fojksèkh
i{k osQ nqxZq.kksa dks c<+k&Pk<+kdj dgus dh izo`fÙk gksrh gSA blhfy, tc nks jk"Vªksa osQ chp ;q¼ fNM+ tkrk
gS rks izR;sd jk"Vª osQ ns'kHkDr yksx fojks/h jk"Vª dkss vkØe.kdkjh 'k=kq ekurs gSaA izR;sd i{k ;g fo'okl
djrk gS fd ge lPps gSa vkSj ijes'oj gekjs lkFk gSA xjekxjeh osQ {k.k esa nksuksa gh i{kksa osQ yksxksa osQ
fy, ;g ns[kuk cgqr dfBu gksrk gS fd tSlk ge nwljksa osQ ckjs esa lksprs gSa] nwljs Hkh rks gekjs ckjs essa
oSlk gh lksp jgs gSaA
gekjh igpku dks :i iznku djus okys lkeqnkf;d laca/ksa osQ c<+rs gq, nk;jksa dks vfèkd
Li"V :i ls le>us osQ fy, vki ,d [ksy osQ :i esa ,d NksVk&lk losZ{k.k dj ldrs
gSaA vius lgikfB;ksa ;k vU; fe=kkas dk lk{kkRdkj yhft,A  lk{kkRdkj nsus okys izR;sd
O;fDr dks bu nks iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus osQ fy, pkj ekSosQ nhft, ^eSa dkSu g¡w\* vkSj ^nwljs esjh igpku osQ ckjs esa D;k
lksprs gSa\* bu iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ,d gh 'kCn esa ;k okD;ka'k eas gksus pkfg,_ mueas dksbZ uke 'kkfey ugha gksus pkfg,
(tSls] vkidk viuk uke ;k vkiosQ ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkodksa osQ uke] vFkok vkidh d{kk ;k fo|ky; vkfn osQ
uke)A lk{kkRdkj vosQys esa vki gh ysa vFkkZr~ ckn esa lk{kkRdkj nsus okys vU; mEehnokj ogk¡ mifLFkr u gksa vkSj
os vkiosQ iz'uksa RkFkk mÙkjksa dks lqu u losaQA izR;sd O;fDr dk lk{kkRdkj ,d gh ckj fy;k tkuk pkfg, (vFkkZr~
vyx&vyx yksx ,d gh O;fDr dk lk{kkRdkj u ysa)A
vki lk{kkRdkj nsus okykas ls izkIr mÙkjksa dk vfHkys[k rS;kj dj ysa vkSj ckn eas mudk fo'ys"k.k djasA fdl izdkj
dh igpkuksa dks iz/kurk nh xbZ\ lokZf/d yksxkas us viuh igyh ilan D;k crykbZ\ vDlj vafre ilan D;k Fkh\
D;k mÙkjksa osQ dksbZ fo'ks"k Lo:i Fks\ ^EkSa dkSu gw¡* vkSj ^nwljs esjh igpku osQ ckjs eas D;k lksprs gSa* bu nksuksa iz'uksa
osQ mÙkjksa eas D;k cgqr vf/d varj Fkk] FkksM+k&lk varj Fkk vFkok fcYoqQYk varj ugha Fkk\
 fØ;kdyki 6-1
2019-20
lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk dh pqukSfr;k¡
123
 ckWDl 6-1
tc ^fotsrk* {kek;kpuk djrs gSa
;g dksbZ vlkekU; ckr ugha gS fd ;q¼ gkjus okys i{k dks vius xyr dk;ks± osQ fy, {kek ek¡xus ij etcwj
gksuk iM+rk gSA ysfdu ,slk cgqr de gksrk gS fd fotsrk i{k viuh xyrh osQ fy, Lo;a dks nks"kh ekurk gksA gkyk¡fd]
gky osQ le; esa nqfu;kHkj eas ,sls dbZ mnkgj.k ns[kus dks feys gSaA ,sls jk"Vª ;k leqnk;] tks thrus okys i{k osQ lkFk
Fks vFkok vkt Hkh izHkqRoiw.kZ fLFkfr eas gSa ;g Lohdkj djus yxs gSa fd os vius vrhr esa] xaHkhj vU;k; osQ fy, ftEesnkj
jg pqosQ gSa vkSj vc os ihfM+r leqnk;ksa ls ekI
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kQh ek¡x jgs gSaA
vkLVªsfy;k esa] (tgk¡ dh cgqla[;d tula[;k vkt ;wjksih; mn~Hko osQ xksjs yksxksa dh gS) vkLVªsfy;kbZ jk"Vª }kjk
vkfèkdkfjd rkSj ij ogk¡ osQ mu ewy fuokfl;ksa osQ oa'ktksa ls tks cykr~ mifuos'khdj.k osQ f'kdkj gq, Fks ekI
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kQh
ek¡xs tkus ossQ eqís ij yach cgl gksrh jgh gSA vkLVªsfy;k esa] vf/dka'k jkT; ljdkjksa us fuEufyf[kr tSls
fdlh&u&fdlh izLrko osQ :i esa ogk¡ osQ ewyfuokfl;ksa ls {kek;kpuk dh gS%
ge fofHkUUk mn~Hkoksa okys vkLVªsfy;koklh esy&feyki dh Hkkouk ls izsfjr gksdj lkFk&lkFk vkxs c<+us
dk opu nsrs gSaA ge vkfnoklh vkSj Vksjsl LVªsV osQ }hioklh yksxksa dh vuqie fLFkfr dks ;gk¡ osQ
ty&Fky osQ ewy Lokeh vkSj vfHkj{kd osQ :i eas egÙo nsrs gSaA
ge ekurs gSa fd bl Hkwfe dks vkSj blosQ tyh; Hkkx dks] fdlh laf/ vFkok lgefr osQ fcuk] mifuos'k dk
:i ns fn;k x;k FkkA ¹---º gekjs jk"Vª esa bl lPpkbZ dks Lohdkj djus vkSj blls mRiUu gq, ?kkoksa ij ejge
yxkus dk lkgl gksuk pkfg, rkfd ge viuksa osQ lkFk 'kkafriwoZd jg losaQ] vkxs c<+ losaQA iqjkus ?kkoksa dks Hkjus
dh bl izfØ;k esa jk"Vª dk ,d Hkkx {kek;kpuk djsxk vkSj iqjkus vU;k;ksa osQ fy, LkPps fny ls nq%[k ,oa [ksn
izdV djsxk vkSj nwljk Hkkx mu {kek;kpukvksa dks Lohdkj djrs gq, igys Hkkx dks ekI
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kQ dj nsxkA ¹---º vkSj
blfy, ge ;g opu nsrs gSa fd ge vU;k; dks lekIr dj nsaxs] vlqfo/kvksa dks nwj dj nsaxs] vkSj bl rF;
dk vknj djsaxs fd gekjs vkfnokfl;ksa vkSj Vksjsl LVªsV osQ }hiokfl;ksa dks jk"Vª osQ lkekU; tuthou osQ Hkhrj
jgrs gq, vkRefu.kZ; dk vf/dkj gSA
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa] ewy vesfjdh leqnk; (tks ml ns'k osQ ewy fuoklh Fks vkSj ;q¼ }kjk ckgj fudky fn,
x, Fks) vkSj dkys leqnk; (tks vizQhdk ls nklksa osQ :i eas yk, x, Fks) ls jk"Vªh; Lrj ij {kek;kPkuk osQ ckjs
eas yacs le; ls cgl py jgh gSA bl fOk"k; esa vHkh rd dksbZ loZlEefr ugha cu ikbZ gSA tkiku eas] ljdkjh uhfr
osQ varxZr mu vR;kpkjksa osQ fy, ekI
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kQh ek¡xus dh vko';drk dks cgqr igys ekuk tk pqdk gS tks tkiku
}kjk ;q¼ ,oa mifuos'khdj.k osQ le; iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ vusd {ks=kksa ,oa ns'kksa] fo'ks"k :i ls dksfj;k vkSj
phu osQ oqQN fgLlksa eas fd, x, FksA bl laca/ esa lcls gky eas ekI
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kQh ogk¡ ossQ iz/kuea=kh tqfuphjks dksbtqeh
}kjk 15 vxLr 2005 dks fn, x, Hkk"k.k esa gSA
123
;g ,d lkekftd rF; gS fd dksbZ Hkh ns'k ;k lewg vius ukxfjdksa ;k lnL;ksa dks vlR;] vU;k;
vFkok vlekurk osQ fy, la?k"kZ djus dks izksRlkfgr ugha djrk vFkkZr~ izR;sd ns'k ;k lewg ges'kk lR;]
U;k;] lekurk osQ fy, gh yM+rk gS---A bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gksrk fd izR;sd la?k"kZ esa nksuksa i{k lgh
gksrs gSa vFkok dksbZ Hkh lgh ;k xyr ;k lPpk ugha gksrk gSA dHkh&dHkh rks nksuksa gh i{k okLro esa leku
:i ls xyr ;k lgh gksrs gSa_ vkSj dHkh&dHkh bfrgkl ,d i{k dks vkØkark vkSj nwljs dks mldk f'kdkj
fu/kZfjr djrk gSA ysfdu ,slk rHkh gksrk gS tc dkI
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kQh le; fudy tkrk gS vkSj fookn dh xjekxjeh
/hjs&/hjs BaMh iM+ tkrh gSA ysfdu igpku laca/h }a} ;k fookn dh fLFkfr eas ijLij lEer lPpkbZ
osQ fdlh Hkko dks LFkkfir djuk cgqr dfBu gksrk gS] vkerkSj ij fdlh i{k dks ;g Lohdkj djus esa
fd og xyr Fkk dbZ n'kd cfYd dHkh&dHkh rks 'krkfCn;k¡ yx tkrh gSa (ckWDl 6-1 dks nsf[k,)A
2019-20