एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: औपनिवेशिक शासन और शिल्प (भारतीय कला का परिचय) | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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vki Hkkjr osQ f'kYi laxzgky;ksa esa tc vn~Hkqr oLrq,¡ ns[krs gSa] rks vkidks
;g tkudj vk'p;Z ugha gksxk fd gekjs bfrgkl esa f'kYi osQ fu;kZr dk
egÙoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA ;gh ugha] Hkkjr osQ f'kYi leqnk;ksa us ,slh mÙke
vkSj dykRed oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k fd O;kikjh nwj&nwj ls budks
[kjhnus osQ fy, vkrs FksA l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa njckjh laj{k.k] O;kikj]
;tekuh iz.kkyh vkSj xzkeh.kksa }kjk jks”kejkZ osQ mi;ksx gsrq f'kYi dh ek¡x
(17oha 'krkCnh osQ mÙkj eè; rd) osQ dkj.k fLFkj ?kjsyw ck”kkj cuk vkSj
Hkkjrh; f'kYi dh fo'oO;kih lk[k cuhA
2 vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu vkSj f'kYi
O;kikj
Hkkjr dk vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk f'kYi O;kikj dk yack bfrgkl jgk gS] tks
5000 o"kZ iwoZ dh gM+Iik lH;rk ls pyk vk jgk gSA lfn;ksa igys ls jkse
vkSj xzhl osQ lkFk O;kikj esa c<+ksrjh
gksrh jgh vkSj blosQ ,sfrgkfld lk{;
lkfgR; vkSj iqjkrÙo [kqnkb;ksa esa ns[ks
tk ldrs gSaA iQy&iwQy jgs O;kikj ls
vksojySaM ekxZ tSls flYd ekxZ dh
[kkst gqbZ vkSj ;wjksi esa ,f'k;k osQ ekè;e
ls phu ls js'ke yk;k x;kA ,sls çek.k
gSa fd bl ekxZ ij iM+us okys O;kikfjd
osaQæksa ij fofHkUu Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh O;kikjh
vkil esa feyrs FksA Hkkjr dh yach
eqxydkyhu Hkkjr osQ Úkalhlh ;k=kh VSojfu;j us fy[kk gS fd I
+
kQkjl osQ 'kkg osQ jktnwr
(bZ- 1628&1641) us Hkkjr ls ykSVus osQ i'pkr~ vius ekfyd dks jRutfM+r ukfj;y dk [kksy
vkSj rhl x”k yack eyey dk diM+k HksaV fd;k] tks bruk vfèkd eghu Fkk fd bls Li'kZ
djus ij eqf'dy ls eglwl fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
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vki Hkkjr osQ f'kYi laxzgky;ksa esa tc vn~Hkqr oLrq,¡ ns[krs gSa] rks vkidks
;g tkudj vk'p;Z ugha gksxk fd gekjs bfrgkl esa f'kYi osQ fu;kZr dk
egÙoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA ;gh ugha] Hkkjr osQ f'kYi leqnk;ksa us ,slh mÙke
vkSj dykRed oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k fd O;kikjh nwj&nwj ls budks
[kjhnus osQ fy, vkrs FksA l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa njckjh laj{k.k] O;kikj]
;tekuh iz.kkyh vkSj xzkeh.kksa }kjk jks”kejkZ osQ mi;ksx gsrq f'kYi dh ek¡x
(17oha 'krkCnh osQ mÙkj eè; rd) osQ dkj.k fLFkj ?kjsyw ck”kkj cuk vkSj
Hkkjrh; f'kYi dh fo'oO;kih lk[k cuhA
2 vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu vkSj f'kYi
O;kikj
Hkkjr dk vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk f'kYi O;kikj dk yack bfrgkl jgk gS] tks
5000 o"kZ iwoZ dh gM+Iik lH;rk ls pyk vk jgk gSA lfn;ksa igys ls jkse
vkSj xzhl osQ lkFk O;kikj esa c<+ksrjh
gksrh jgh vkSj blosQ ,sfrgkfld lk{;
lkfgR; vkSj iqjkrÙo [kqnkb;ksa esa ns[ks
tk ldrs gSaA iQy&iwQy jgs O;kikj ls
vksojySaM ekxZ tSls flYd ekxZ dh
[kkst gqbZ vkSj ;wjksi esa ,f'k;k osQ ekè;e
ls phu ls js'ke yk;k x;kA ,sls çek.k
gSa fd bl ekxZ ij iM+us okys O;kikfjd
osaQæksa ij fofHkUu Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh O;kikjh
vkil esa feyrs FksA Hkkjr dh yach
eqxydkyhu Hkkjr osQ Úkalhlh ;k=kh VSojfu;j us fy[kk gS fd I
+
kQkjl osQ 'kkg osQ jktnwr
(bZ- 1628&1641) us Hkkjr ls ykSVus osQ i'pkr~ vius ekfyd dks jRutfM+r ukfj;y dk [kksy
vkSj rhl x”k yack eyey dk diM+k HksaV fd;k] tks bruk vfèkd eghu Fkk fd bls Li'kZ
djus ij eqf'dy ls eglwl fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 16
rVjs[kk ij tgk”k fuekZ.k oasQnzksa vkSj canjxkgksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA
Hkweè;lkxjh; ns'kksa – Jhyadk] E;kaekj] nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k vkSj phu rd
tkus okys leqæh ekxZ dk laxe lkfgR; vkSj fons'kh fooj.kksa esa mYys[k
feyrk gSA
ekS;Z 'kklu dky (300 bZ- iw-) rd O;kikjh vkSj f'kYidkj] tks O;kikj
osQ ekè;e ls èkuoku vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh cu x, Fks] ckS¼ eBksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ
fy, nku nsus esa l{ke FksA buosQ lkFk&lkFk c<+bZ] yqgkj] vkHkw"k.k fuekZrk
vkSj lqukj] cqudj vkSj jaxjs”k] xaèkh rFkk iRFkj ij uDdk'kh djus okys Hkh
ekStwn FksA eè;&iwoZ vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k osQ lkFk O;kikj igys gh
vFkZO;oLFkk dk egÙoiw.kZ vkèkkj cu pqosQ FksA
Hkkjr ls nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k dks ljksax] eè;&iwoZ dks csgrjhu o vfr
eg¡xh eyey] if'pe vÚhdk dks fØf'p;u vkWYVj ÚaV~l] ;wjksi dks
js'ke o mQuh diM+k] oL=k lkexzh vkSj csM&gSafxaXl dk fu;kZr fd;k x;kA
;s lHkh oL=k bu ns'kksa esa ^,s'o;Z dk lkeku* ekus tkrs FksA
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vki Hkkjr osQ f'kYi laxzgky;ksa esa tc vn~Hkqr oLrq,¡ ns[krs gSa] rks vkidks
;g tkudj vk'p;Z ugha gksxk fd gekjs bfrgkl esa f'kYi osQ fu;kZr dk
egÙoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA ;gh ugha] Hkkjr osQ f'kYi leqnk;ksa us ,slh mÙke
vkSj dykRed oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k fd O;kikjh nwj&nwj ls budks
[kjhnus osQ fy, vkrs FksA l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa njckjh laj{k.k] O;kikj]
;tekuh iz.kkyh vkSj xzkeh.kksa }kjk jks”kejkZ osQ mi;ksx gsrq f'kYi dh ek¡x
(17oha 'krkCnh osQ mÙkj eè; rd) osQ dkj.k fLFkj ?kjsyw ck”kkj cuk vkSj
Hkkjrh; f'kYi dh fo'oO;kih lk[k cuhA
2 vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu vkSj f'kYi
O;kikj
Hkkjr dk vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk f'kYi O;kikj dk yack bfrgkl jgk gS] tks
5000 o"kZ iwoZ dh gM+Iik lH;rk ls pyk vk jgk gSA lfn;ksa igys ls jkse
vkSj xzhl osQ lkFk O;kikj esa c<+ksrjh
gksrh jgh vkSj blosQ ,sfrgkfld lk{;
lkfgR; vkSj iqjkrÙo [kqnkb;ksa esa ns[ks
tk ldrs gSaA iQy&iwQy jgs O;kikj ls
vksojySaM ekxZ tSls flYd ekxZ dh
[kkst gqbZ vkSj ;wjksi esa ,f'k;k osQ ekè;e
ls phu ls js'ke yk;k x;kA ,sls çek.k
gSa fd bl ekxZ ij iM+us okys O;kikfjd
osaQæksa ij fofHkUu Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh O;kikjh
vkil esa feyrs FksA Hkkjr dh yach
eqxydkyhu Hkkjr osQ Úkalhlh ;k=kh VSojfu;j us fy[kk gS fd I
+
kQkjl osQ 'kkg osQ jktnwr
(bZ- 1628&1641) us Hkkjr ls ykSVus osQ i'pkr~ vius ekfyd dks jRutfM+r ukfj;y dk [kksy
vkSj rhl x”k yack eyey dk diM+k HksaV fd;k] tks bruk vfèkd eghu Fkk fd bls Li'kZ
djus ij eqf'dy ls eglwl fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 16
rVjs[kk ij tgk”k fuekZ.k oasQnzksa vkSj canjxkgksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA
Hkweè;lkxjh; ns'kksa – Jhyadk] E;kaekj] nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k vkSj phu rd
tkus okys leqæh ekxZ dk laxe lkfgR; vkSj fons'kh fooj.kksa esa mYys[k
feyrk gSA
ekS;Z 'kklu dky (300 bZ- iw-) rd O;kikjh vkSj f'kYidkj] tks O;kikj
osQ ekè;e ls èkuoku vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh cu x, Fks] ckS¼ eBksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ
fy, nku nsus esa l{ke FksA buosQ lkFk&lkFk c<+bZ] yqgkj] vkHkw"k.k fuekZrk
vkSj lqukj] cqudj vkSj jaxjs”k] xaèkh rFkk iRFkj ij uDdk'kh djus okys Hkh
ekStwn FksA eè;&iwoZ vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k osQ lkFk O;kikj igys gh
vFkZO;oLFkk dk egÙoiw.kZ vkèkkj cu pqosQ FksA
Hkkjr ls nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k dks ljksax] eè;&iwoZ dks csgrjhu o vfr
eg¡xh eyey] if'pe vÚhdk dks fØf'p;u vkWYVj ÚaV~l] ;wjksi dks
js'ke o mQuh diM+k] oL=k lkexzh vkSj csM&gSafxaXl dk fu;kZr fd;k x;kA
;s lHkh oL=k bu ns'kksa esa ^,s'o;Z dk lkeku* ekus tkrs FksA
17 vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu vkSj f'kYi
dksjkseaMy rV ls O;kikj i¼fr f=kdks.kh; FkhA vjc
osQ yksx dksjkseaMy rV rd lksuk vkSj pk¡nh (cqfy;u)
ys tkrs Fks vkSj budk oL=kksa osQ fy, fofue; djrs FksA
blosQ i'pkr~ os bu oL=kksa dks nsdj eysf'k;k ls elkys
ysrs Fks vkSj fiQj eè;&iwoZ okil ykSVrs FksA
laiw.kZ izkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu ;qx esa Hkkjrh; lwrh
oL=kksa] jRuksa o tokgjkrksa] elkyksa] tSls dkyh fepZ vkSj
byk;ph] gkFkh&nk¡r vkSj panu dh izfl¼h us O;kikj
dks ykHkdkjh O;olk; cuk fn;kA eksrh tSls jRuksa vkSj
ghjs tSls vewY; iRFkj us Hkkjr dks èku laink vkSj
izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa osQ :i esa izfr"Bk fnykbZA èku
laink vkSj vlkèkkj.k dkS'ky dh Hkwfe gksus dh izfr"Bk
ls ;wjksi osQ os O;kikjh bldh vksj vkdf"kZr gq,] tks
Hkkjrh; O;kikj esa ykHk dk fgLlk izkIr djus osQ fy,
;q¼ rd djus vkSj viuh tku tksf[ke esa Mkyus osQ
fy, rS;kj FksA
ekdksZ iksyks (1254&1324) us viuh iwoZ dh ;k=kk esa xksyoqQaMk dk fooj.k fn;k gS] tks fd vc
vkaèkz çns'k esa gS—
;g jkT; ghjksa dk mRiknu djrk gSA eSa vkidks crkrk gw¡ fd bUgsa oSQls izkIr fd;k tkrk
gSA vki tkurs gh gSa fd bl jkT; esa dbZ ioZr gSa] ftuesa ghjs ik, tkrs gSa] vkSj ,slk
vki lqusaxsA tc o"kkZ gksrh gS] rks ikuh bu ioZrksa ls vanj tkrk gS] vkSj ladjh ?kkfV;ksa
vkSj xqI
+
kQkvksa ls xq”kjrk gSA tc o"kkZ #d tkrh gS vkSj ikuh fudy tkrk gS] rks yksx
bu ?kkfV;ksa esa] tgk¡ ls ikuh vkrk gS] ghjksa dh [kkst osQ fy, tkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa ;s
cgqrk;r esa fey tkrs gSaA xfeZ;ksa esa tc ikuh dh ,d Hkh cw¡n ugha feyrh] rks ghjs ioZrksa
esa ik, tkrs gSaA
rRi'pkr~ og vkSj #fpiw.kZ rjhosQ ls crkrs gSa—
vU; rjhdk] ftlls os ghjs izkIr djrs gSa bl izdkj ls gS – tc ck”k ek¡l [kkrs gSa]
rc os ghjs Hkh fuxy ysrs gSaA fiQj jkr esa tc ck”k okil ykSVrs gSa] rks os vius ey
osQ lkFk fuxys gq, ghjs Hkh folftZr djrs gSaA yksx vkdj bUgsa ,d=k djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa
cM+h ek=kk esa ghjs fey tkrs gSa --- vki ;g tku ysa fd fo'o esa bl jkT; dks NksM+dj
dgha Hkh ghjs ugha ik, tkrsA
–jksukYM ykFke
ekdksZ iksyks µ n VªSosyj
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vki Hkkjr osQ f'kYi laxzgky;ksa esa tc vn~Hkqr oLrq,¡ ns[krs gSa] rks vkidks
;g tkudj vk'p;Z ugha gksxk fd gekjs bfrgkl esa f'kYi osQ fu;kZr dk
egÙoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA ;gh ugha] Hkkjr osQ f'kYi leqnk;ksa us ,slh mÙke
vkSj dykRed oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k fd O;kikjh nwj&nwj ls budks
[kjhnus osQ fy, vkrs FksA l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa njckjh laj{k.k] O;kikj]
;tekuh iz.kkyh vkSj xzkeh.kksa }kjk jks”kejkZ osQ mi;ksx gsrq f'kYi dh ek¡x
(17oha 'krkCnh osQ mÙkj eè; rd) osQ dkj.k fLFkj ?kjsyw ck”kkj cuk vkSj
Hkkjrh; f'kYi dh fo'oO;kih lk[k cuhA
2 vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu vkSj f'kYi
O;kikj
Hkkjr dk vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk f'kYi O;kikj dk yack bfrgkl jgk gS] tks
5000 o"kZ iwoZ dh gM+Iik lH;rk ls pyk vk jgk gSA lfn;ksa igys ls jkse
vkSj xzhl osQ lkFk O;kikj esa c<+ksrjh
gksrh jgh vkSj blosQ ,sfrgkfld lk{;
lkfgR; vkSj iqjkrÙo [kqnkb;ksa esa ns[ks
tk ldrs gSaA iQy&iwQy jgs O;kikj ls
vksojySaM ekxZ tSls flYd ekxZ dh
[kkst gqbZ vkSj ;wjksi esa ,f'k;k osQ ekè;e
ls phu ls js'ke yk;k x;kA ,sls çek.k
gSa fd bl ekxZ ij iM+us okys O;kikfjd
osaQæksa ij fofHkUu Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh O;kikjh
vkil esa feyrs FksA Hkkjr dh yach
eqxydkyhu Hkkjr osQ Úkalhlh ;k=kh VSojfu;j us fy[kk gS fd I
+
kQkjl osQ 'kkg osQ jktnwr
(bZ- 1628&1641) us Hkkjr ls ykSVus osQ i'pkr~ vius ekfyd dks jRutfM+r ukfj;y dk [kksy
vkSj rhl x”k yack eyey dk diM+k HksaV fd;k] tks bruk vfèkd eghu Fkk fd bls Li'kZ
djus ij eqf'dy ls eglwl fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 16
rVjs[kk ij tgk”k fuekZ.k oasQnzksa vkSj canjxkgksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA
Hkweè;lkxjh; ns'kksa – Jhyadk] E;kaekj] nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k vkSj phu rd
tkus okys leqæh ekxZ dk laxe lkfgR; vkSj fons'kh fooj.kksa esa mYys[k
feyrk gSA
ekS;Z 'kklu dky (300 bZ- iw-) rd O;kikjh vkSj f'kYidkj] tks O;kikj
osQ ekè;e ls èkuoku vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh cu x, Fks] ckS¼ eBksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ
fy, nku nsus esa l{ke FksA buosQ lkFk&lkFk c<+bZ] yqgkj] vkHkw"k.k fuekZrk
vkSj lqukj] cqudj vkSj jaxjs”k] xaèkh rFkk iRFkj ij uDdk'kh djus okys Hkh
ekStwn FksA eè;&iwoZ vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k osQ lkFk O;kikj igys gh
vFkZO;oLFkk dk egÙoiw.kZ vkèkkj cu pqosQ FksA
Hkkjr ls nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k dks ljksax] eè;&iwoZ dks csgrjhu o vfr
eg¡xh eyey] if'pe vÚhdk dks fØf'p;u vkWYVj ÚaV~l] ;wjksi dks
js'ke o mQuh diM+k] oL=k lkexzh vkSj csM&gSafxaXl dk fu;kZr fd;k x;kA
;s lHkh oL=k bu ns'kksa esa ^,s'o;Z dk lkeku* ekus tkrs FksA
17 vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu vkSj f'kYi
dksjkseaMy rV ls O;kikj i¼fr f=kdks.kh; FkhA vjc
osQ yksx dksjkseaMy rV rd lksuk vkSj pk¡nh (cqfy;u)
ys tkrs Fks vkSj budk oL=kksa osQ fy, fofue; djrs FksA
blosQ i'pkr~ os bu oL=kksa dks nsdj eysf'k;k ls elkys
ysrs Fks vkSj fiQj eè;&iwoZ okil ykSVrs FksA
laiw.kZ izkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu ;qx esa Hkkjrh; lwrh
oL=kksa] jRuksa o tokgjkrksa] elkyksa] tSls dkyh fepZ vkSj
byk;ph] gkFkh&nk¡r vkSj panu dh izfl¼h us O;kikj
dks ykHkdkjh O;olk; cuk fn;kA eksrh tSls jRuksa vkSj
ghjs tSls vewY; iRFkj us Hkkjr dks èku laink vkSj
izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa osQ :i esa izfr"Bk fnykbZA èku
laink vkSj vlkèkkj.k dkS'ky dh Hkwfe gksus dh izfr"Bk
ls ;wjksi osQ os O;kikjh bldh vksj vkdf"kZr gq,] tks
Hkkjrh; O;kikj esa ykHk dk fgLlk izkIr djus osQ fy,
;q¼ rd djus vkSj viuh tku tksf[ke esa Mkyus osQ
fy, rS;kj FksA
ekdksZ iksyks (1254&1324) us viuh iwoZ dh ;k=kk esa xksyoqQaMk dk fooj.k fn;k gS] tks fd vc
vkaèkz çns'k esa gS—
;g jkT; ghjksa dk mRiknu djrk gSA eSa vkidks crkrk gw¡ fd bUgsa oSQls izkIr fd;k tkrk
gSA vki tkurs gh gSa fd bl jkT; esa dbZ ioZr gSa] ftuesa ghjs ik, tkrs gSa] vkSj ,slk
vki lqusaxsA tc o"kkZ gksrh gS] rks ikuh bu ioZrksa ls vanj tkrk gS] vkSj ladjh ?kkfV;ksa
vkSj xqI
+
kQkvksa ls xq”kjrk gSA tc o"kkZ #d tkrh gS vkSj ikuh fudy tkrk gS] rks yksx
bu ?kkfV;ksa esa] tgk¡ ls ikuh vkrk gS] ghjksa dh [kkst osQ fy, tkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa ;s
cgqrk;r esa fey tkrs gSaA xfeZ;ksa esa tc ikuh dh ,d Hkh cw¡n ugha feyrh] rks ghjs ioZrksa
esa ik, tkrs gSaA
rRi'pkr~ og vkSj #fpiw.kZ rjhosQ ls crkrs gSa—
vU; rjhdk] ftlls os ghjs izkIr djrs gSa bl izdkj ls gS – tc ck”k ek¡l [kkrs gSa]
rc os ghjs Hkh fuxy ysrs gSaA fiQj jkr esa tc ck”k okil ykSVrs gSa] rks os vius ey
osQ lkFk fuxys gq, ghjs Hkh folftZr djrs gSaA yksx vkdj bUgsa ,d=k djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa
cM+h ek=kk esa ghjs fey tkrs gSa --- vki ;g tku ysa fd fo'o esa bl jkT; dks NksM+dj
dgha Hkh ghjs ugha ik, tkrsA
–jksukYM ykFke
ekdksZ iksyks µ n VªSosyj
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 18
1599 esa fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k daiuh dh LFkkiuk ls vaxzs”kksa us vkSj
rRi'pkr~ Mp vkSj Úkalhfl;ksa us Hkkjrh; oL=kksa dk yanu dks fu;kZr djuk
vkjaHk fd;k] rkfd mls iqu% iwohZ Hkweè;lkxjh; ns'kksa dks fu;kZr fd;k
17oha vkSj 18oha 'krkCnh esa if'pe ns'kksa esa Hkkjrh; oL=kksa dk bLrseky vkSj muosQ
mi;ksx esa c<+ksrjh gksuk foLrkj dh vk'p;Ztud izfØ;kvksa esa ls ,d Fkh] ftldh
rqyuk rackowQ] vkyw] dkW - iQh ;k pk; dh [kkst vkSj muosQ O;kid çpyu ls dh tk
ldrh gSA
µ osQ- ,u- pkSèkjh
oL=k mRiknu osaQnz osQ :i esa Hkkjr
,d iqrZxkyh ;k=kh osQ vuqlkj] ^^osQi vkWI
+
kQ xqM gksi (vÚhdk esa) ls
phu rd gj iq#"k vkSj efgyk flj ls ysdj ik¡o rd Hkkjrh; dj?kksa
osQ mRiknksa ls lfTtr FksA** Hkkjr mifuos'kokn osQ vkjaHk gksus rd fo'o
esa oL=kksa dk lcls cM+k fu;kZrd FkkA
l=kgoha vkSj v_kjgoha 'krkCnh esa ;wjksih; ns'kksa osQ O;kikjh Hkkjr esa
;gk¡ osQ oL=k rFkk elkys ysus vkrs Fks] tks fd ek¡l dks ç'khru djus
osQ dke vkrs Fks] tc fd çfrj{k.k djus dh fofèk ekStwn ugha FkhA
vÚhdk ls vesfjdk rd nklksa dks ys tkus dk fczVsu osQ lkFk ,d
f=kdks.kh; O;kikj fodflr gqvk] rkfd i;kZIr ykHk fey losQ vkSj
Hkkjrh; oLrq,¡ [kjhnus osQ fy, vko';d eqnzk tqVkbZ tk losQA