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Page 1 Nithina M PGT BIOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS Page 2 Nithina M PGT BIOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS The critical areas of biotechnology ? Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a microbe or pure enzyme. ? Creating optimal condition through engineering for a catalyst to act. ? Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic compound. ? BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE: ? Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). ? ? Advantages of Genetic Modification in plants. ? Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt,heat) ? Reduce reliance on chemical pesticides (pest resistant crop) ? Helped to reduce post harvest losses. ? Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants. ? Enhanced nutritional values of food e.g. vitamin A enriched rice. Page 3 Nithina M PGT BIOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS The critical areas of biotechnology ? Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a microbe or pure enzyme. ? Creating optimal condition through engineering for a catalyst to act. ? Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic compound. ? BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE: ? Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). ? ? Advantages of Genetic Modification in plants. ? Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt,heat) ? Reduce reliance on chemical pesticides (pest resistant crop) ? Helped to reduce post harvest losses. ? Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants. ? Enhanced nutritional values of food e.g. vitamin A enriched rice. Bt Cotton ? Some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produce proteins that kill certain insects such as lepidopterans(tobacco budworm, armyworm), coleopterans (beetles) and dipterans (flies, mosquitoes). ? B.thuringiensis forms protein crystals during a particular phase of their growth.These crystals contain a toxicinsecticidal protein. ? These proteins are present in inactive protoxin form, but become active toxin in the alkaline pH of insect gut. ? The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells and create pores that cause cell swelling and lysis and eventually cause death of insect ? Specific Bt toxin genes were isolated form B. thuringiensis and genetically transferred to several plants such as cotton. ? Crystal proteins are produced by a gene called cry in B. thuringiensis. ? The protein coded by genes cryIAc and cryIIAb control the cotton bollworms. ? The protein coded by gene cryIAb controls corn borer. Page 4 Nithina M PGT BIOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS The critical areas of biotechnology ? Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a microbe or pure enzyme. ? Creating optimal condition through engineering for a catalyst to act. ? Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic compound. ? BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE: ? Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). ? ? Advantages of Genetic Modification in plants. ? Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt,heat) ? Reduce reliance on chemical pesticides (pest resistant crop) ? Helped to reduce post harvest losses. ? Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants. ? Enhanced nutritional values of food e.g. vitamin A enriched rice. Bt Cotton ? Some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produce proteins that kill certain insects such as lepidopterans(tobacco budworm, armyworm), coleopterans (beetles) and dipterans (flies, mosquitoes). ? B.thuringiensis forms protein crystals during a particular phase of their growth.These crystals contain a toxicinsecticidal protein. ? These proteins are present in inactive protoxin form, but become active toxin in the alkaline pH of insect gut. ? The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells and create pores that cause cell swelling and lysis and eventually cause death of insect ? Specific Bt toxin genes were isolated form B. thuringiensis and genetically transferred to several plants such as cotton. ? Crystal proteins are produced by a gene called cry in B. thuringiensis. ? The protein coded by genes cryIAc and cryIIAb control the cotton bollworms. ? The protein coded by gene cryIAb controls corn borer. Pest resistant plants ? Several nematodes parasitize a wide variety of plants and animals including human beings. ? A nematode Meloidegyne incognitia infects the root of tobacco plants and causes a great reduction in yield. ? Strategy based on RNA interference (RNAi) prevents this infestation. ? Process by which double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) directs sequence-specific degradation of mRNA Page 5 Nithina M PGT BIOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS The critical areas of biotechnology ? Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a microbe or pure enzyme. ? Creating optimal condition through engineering for a catalyst to act. ? Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic compound. ? BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE: ? Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). ? ? Advantages of Genetic Modification in plants. ? Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt,heat) ? Reduce reliance on chemical pesticides (pest resistant crop) ? Helped to reduce post harvest losses. ? Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants. ? Enhanced nutritional values of food e.g. vitamin A enriched rice. Bt Cotton ? Some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produce proteins that kill certain insects such as lepidopterans(tobacco budworm, armyworm), coleopterans (beetles) and dipterans (flies, mosquitoes). ? B.thuringiensis forms protein crystals during a particular phase of their growth.These crystals contain a toxicinsecticidal protein. ? These proteins are present in inactive protoxin form, but become active toxin in the alkaline pH of insect gut. ? The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells and create pores that cause cell swelling and lysis and eventually cause death of insect ? Specific Bt toxin genes were isolated form B. thuringiensis and genetically transferred to several plants such as cotton. ? Crystal proteins are produced by a gene called cry in B. thuringiensis. ? The protein coded by genes cryIAc and cryIIAb control the cotton bollworms. ? The protein coded by gene cryIAb controls corn borer. Pest resistant plants ? Several nematodes parasitize a wide variety of plants and animals including human beings. ? A nematode Meloidegyne incognitia infects the root of tobacco plants and causes a great reduction in yield. ? Strategy based on RNA interference (RNAi) prevents this infestation. ? Process by which double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) directs sequence-specific degradation of mRNA Steps of RNA interference ? Double stranded RNA is produced endogenously or exogenously . ? Using Agrobacterium vectors nematode specific genes were introduced into the host plant (tobacco plant). ? Introduction of DNA produces both sense and antisense RNA in the host. ? These two RNA’s being complementary to each other formed a double stranded (dsRNA) that initiated RNAi. ? The dsRNA injected into the host plant from outside called exogenous dsRNA. ? The dsRNAs are cleaved into 21-23 nt segments (“small interfering RNAs”, or siRNAs) by an enzyme called Dicer. ? siRNAs are incorporated into RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) ? Guided by base complementarity of the siRNA, the RISC targets mRNA for degradation. ? The consequence was that the parasite could not survive in a transgenic host.Read More
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