India - Religion and Languages | Oxford Student ATLAS: Maps & Tests - UPSC PDF Download

 Page 1


India - Religion and Languages 
 
 
India’s Religion 
 
Religions in India: Embracing Diversity and Spirituality 
Introduction 
India, renowned for its diverse cultural heritage, is a land where different religions 
flourish, each characterized by its unique set of practices and beliefs. The spiritual 
essence of India has given rise to several major religions, including Hinduism, 
Page 2


India - Religion and Languages 
 
 
India’s Religion 
 
Religions in India: Embracing Diversity and Spirituality 
Introduction 
India, renowned for its diverse cultural heritage, is a land where different religions 
flourish, each characterized by its unique set of practices and beliefs. The spiritual 
essence of India has given rise to several major religions, including Hinduism, 
India - Religion and Languages 
 
 
Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. 
These religions, collectively known as Eastern religions, form a significant 
subgroup of belief systems in the country. Religion holds great importance in the 
lives of Indians, providing them with meaning, purpose, and a moral compass. 
Indian religions encompass not only theological beliefs but also ethical principles, 
rituals, ceremonies, and comprehensive life philosophies. 
Hinduism: The Ancient and Dominant Religion 
Hinduism, the oldest religion in India, holds a significant place in the hearts and 
minds of the majority of the population. According to the 2011 Census, 
approximately 80% of Indians practice Hinduism. Also referred to as Sanatan 
Dharam, a term popularized by Mahatma Gandhi, Hinduism encompasses a rich 
tapestry of scriptures, with the Ramayana and the Bhagavad Gita being revered as 
holy texts. Hindus adhere to the principles outlined in the Vedas and the 
Upanishads. Their places of worship, known as Temples (Devasthanam or Mandir 
in Hindi), house sacred icons or murtis that symbolize the divine. However, the 
followers of Arya Samaj do not engage in idol-worship. Symbolism plays a 
significant role in Hinduism, with the swastika signifying auspiciousness and the 
syllable Om representing the ultimate reality, Param Brahman. Hinduism is 
celebrated through numerous festivals, such as Diwali, Holi, Bihu, Ganesh 
Chaturthi, and Durga Puja, which are observed with great fervor and enthusiasm 
throughout the country. 
Islam: A Significant Minority Religion 
Islam, the second-largest religion in India, constitutes around 13% of the country's 
population, as per the 2001 Census. Muslims, followers of Islam, are divided into 
various sects, with Sunnis and Shias being the most prominent. The holy book of 
Islam is the Quran, which serves as the foundation for their beliefs and practices, 
guided by the teachings of Prophet Muhammad. A significant pillar of Islam is the 
annual pilgrimage to Mecca, known as Hajj, which every physically and financially 
capable Muslim must undertake at least once in their lifetime. Muslims in India 
celebrate festivals such as Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Zuha, and Muharram with great 
reverence and devotion. 
Page 3


India - Religion and Languages 
 
 
India’s Religion 
 
Religions in India: Embracing Diversity and Spirituality 
Introduction 
India, renowned for its diverse cultural heritage, is a land where different religions 
flourish, each characterized by its unique set of practices and beliefs. The spiritual 
essence of India has given rise to several major religions, including Hinduism, 
India - Religion and Languages 
 
 
Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. 
These religions, collectively known as Eastern religions, form a significant 
subgroup of belief systems in the country. Religion holds great importance in the 
lives of Indians, providing them with meaning, purpose, and a moral compass. 
Indian religions encompass not only theological beliefs but also ethical principles, 
rituals, ceremonies, and comprehensive life philosophies. 
Hinduism: The Ancient and Dominant Religion 
Hinduism, the oldest religion in India, holds a significant place in the hearts and 
minds of the majority of the population. According to the 2011 Census, 
approximately 80% of Indians practice Hinduism. Also referred to as Sanatan 
Dharam, a term popularized by Mahatma Gandhi, Hinduism encompasses a rich 
tapestry of scriptures, with the Ramayana and the Bhagavad Gita being revered as 
holy texts. Hindus adhere to the principles outlined in the Vedas and the 
Upanishads. Their places of worship, known as Temples (Devasthanam or Mandir 
in Hindi), house sacred icons or murtis that symbolize the divine. However, the 
followers of Arya Samaj do not engage in idol-worship. Symbolism plays a 
significant role in Hinduism, with the swastika signifying auspiciousness and the 
syllable Om representing the ultimate reality, Param Brahman. Hinduism is 
celebrated through numerous festivals, such as Diwali, Holi, Bihu, Ganesh 
Chaturthi, and Durga Puja, which are observed with great fervor and enthusiasm 
throughout the country. 
Islam: A Significant Minority Religion 
Islam, the second-largest religion in India, constitutes around 13% of the country's 
population, as per the 2001 Census. Muslims, followers of Islam, are divided into 
various sects, with Sunnis and Shias being the most prominent. The holy book of 
Islam is the Quran, which serves as the foundation for their beliefs and practices, 
guided by the teachings of Prophet Muhammad. A significant pillar of Islam is the 
annual pilgrimage to Mecca, known as Hajj, which every physically and financially 
capable Muslim must undertake at least once in their lifetime. Muslims in India 
celebrate festivals such as Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Zuha, and Muharram with great 
reverence and devotion. 
India - Religion and Languages 
 
 
Sikhism: A Faith of Equality and Devotion 
Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century in the Punjab region, holds a 
special place in Indian religions. Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of the Sikhs, 
encompasses the teachings of the Guru. Sikhs, accounting for approximately 2% 
of India's population, follow a path of equality, selflessness, and devotion. While 
Sikhism does not have specific festivals, Sikhs commemorate important events 
and birthdays of their Gurus through festivities like Gurupurabs, Baisakhi, Nagar 
Kirtan, and Hola Mohalla. Unlike other religions, the religious beliefs of Sikhs 
discourage fasting or embarking on pilgrimages. The majority of the Sikh 
community resides in Punjab, with significant populations in neighboring states. 
Buddhism: The Enlightenment Within 
Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, popularly known as 'Buddha,' 
originated in India. Though Buddhists constitute only about 1% of the country's 
population, their impact on Indian spirituality and philosophy is significant. 
Buddhism emphasizes concepts such as Samsara (cycle of rebirth), Karma (law of 
cause and effect), and Rebirth. The practice of Buddhism revolves around 
attaining enlightenment through love, kindness, and wisdom. Devotional 
practices among Buddhists include pilgrimage, bowing, chanting, and making 
offerings. Festivals such as Vesak (Birthday of Buddha), Asalha Puja Day, Magha 
Puja Day, and Loy Krathong are celebrated with reverence by Buddhists across the 
country. 
Jainism: The Path of Nonviolence and Self-Realization 
Jainism, believed to have originated in India between the 7th and 5th centuries 
BCE, was founded by Mahavira. Jainism revolves around the theology of self 
rather than a supreme deity. Its guiding principles include ahimsa (nonviolence), 
aparigraha (non-possessiveness), and anekantavada (non-absolutism). Jainism is 
practiced by a minority of the Indian population, comprising about 0.5%, 
according to the 2001 Census. The religion recognizes twenty-four tirthankaras 
(spiritual teachers), with Rishabh as the first and Mahavira as the last. Jains 
undertake five vows: ahimsa (nonviolence), satya (truth), asteya (non-stealing), 
brahmacharya (chastity), and aparigraha (non-possessiveness). Jain festivals such 
Page 4


India - Religion and Languages 
 
 
India’s Religion 
 
Religions in India: Embracing Diversity and Spirituality 
Introduction 
India, renowned for its diverse cultural heritage, is a land where different religions 
flourish, each characterized by its unique set of practices and beliefs. The spiritual 
essence of India has given rise to several major religions, including Hinduism, 
India - Religion and Languages 
 
 
Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. 
These religions, collectively known as Eastern religions, form a significant 
subgroup of belief systems in the country. Religion holds great importance in the 
lives of Indians, providing them with meaning, purpose, and a moral compass. 
Indian religions encompass not only theological beliefs but also ethical principles, 
rituals, ceremonies, and comprehensive life philosophies. 
Hinduism: The Ancient and Dominant Religion 
Hinduism, the oldest religion in India, holds a significant place in the hearts and 
minds of the majority of the population. According to the 2011 Census, 
approximately 80% of Indians practice Hinduism. Also referred to as Sanatan 
Dharam, a term popularized by Mahatma Gandhi, Hinduism encompasses a rich 
tapestry of scriptures, with the Ramayana and the Bhagavad Gita being revered as 
holy texts. Hindus adhere to the principles outlined in the Vedas and the 
Upanishads. Their places of worship, known as Temples (Devasthanam or Mandir 
in Hindi), house sacred icons or murtis that symbolize the divine. However, the 
followers of Arya Samaj do not engage in idol-worship. Symbolism plays a 
significant role in Hinduism, with the swastika signifying auspiciousness and the 
syllable Om representing the ultimate reality, Param Brahman. Hinduism is 
celebrated through numerous festivals, such as Diwali, Holi, Bihu, Ganesh 
Chaturthi, and Durga Puja, which are observed with great fervor and enthusiasm 
throughout the country. 
Islam: A Significant Minority Religion 
Islam, the second-largest religion in India, constitutes around 13% of the country's 
population, as per the 2001 Census. Muslims, followers of Islam, are divided into 
various sects, with Sunnis and Shias being the most prominent. The holy book of 
Islam is the Quran, which serves as the foundation for their beliefs and practices, 
guided by the teachings of Prophet Muhammad. A significant pillar of Islam is the 
annual pilgrimage to Mecca, known as Hajj, which every physically and financially 
capable Muslim must undertake at least once in their lifetime. Muslims in India 
celebrate festivals such as Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Zuha, and Muharram with great 
reverence and devotion. 
India - Religion and Languages 
 
 
Sikhism: A Faith of Equality and Devotion 
Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century in the Punjab region, holds a 
special place in Indian religions. Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of the Sikhs, 
encompasses the teachings of the Guru. Sikhs, accounting for approximately 2% 
of India's population, follow a path of equality, selflessness, and devotion. While 
Sikhism does not have specific festivals, Sikhs commemorate important events 
and birthdays of their Gurus through festivities like Gurupurabs, Baisakhi, Nagar 
Kirtan, and Hola Mohalla. Unlike other religions, the religious beliefs of Sikhs 
discourage fasting or embarking on pilgrimages. The majority of the Sikh 
community resides in Punjab, with significant populations in neighboring states. 
Buddhism: The Enlightenment Within 
Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, popularly known as 'Buddha,' 
originated in India. Though Buddhists constitute only about 1% of the country's 
population, their impact on Indian spirituality and philosophy is significant. 
Buddhism emphasizes concepts such as Samsara (cycle of rebirth), Karma (law of 
cause and effect), and Rebirth. The practice of Buddhism revolves around 
attaining enlightenment through love, kindness, and wisdom. Devotional 
practices among Buddhists include pilgrimage, bowing, chanting, and making 
offerings. Festivals such as Vesak (Birthday of Buddha), Asalha Puja Day, Magha 
Puja Day, and Loy Krathong are celebrated with reverence by Buddhists across the 
country. 
Jainism: The Path of Nonviolence and Self-Realization 
Jainism, believed to have originated in India between the 7th and 5th centuries 
BCE, was founded by Mahavira. Jainism revolves around the theology of self 
rather than a supreme deity. Its guiding principles include ahimsa (nonviolence), 
aparigraha (non-possessiveness), and anekantavada (non-absolutism). Jainism is 
practiced by a minority of the Indian population, comprising about 0.5%, 
according to the 2001 Census. The religion recognizes twenty-four tirthankaras 
(spiritual teachers), with Rishabh as the first and Mahavira as the last. Jains 
undertake five vows: ahimsa (nonviolence), satya (truth), asteya (non-stealing), 
brahmacharya (chastity), and aparigraha (non-possessiveness). Jain festivals such 
India - Religion and Languages 
 
 
as Mahavira Jayanti, Paryushana Parva, Diwali, and Maun-agiyara are celebrated 
with devotion and piety. 
Christianity: A Faith of Historical Significance 
Christianity has a history of approximately 2,000 years in India, making it one of 
the oldest religions in the country. Christians constitute around 2.3% of the total 
population, as per the 2001 Census. Christian communities can be found 
throughout India, with a higher concentration in regions such as South India, the 
North-East, and the Konkan Coast. Christians worship and revere Jesus Christ as 
the savior and the son of God. Christmas, commemorating the birth of Jesus 
Christ, is the major festival of Christians. Good Friday, All Souls Day, and Easter 
are other important Christian festivals celebrated across India. 
Others: Judaism and Zoroastrianism 
India also embraces smaller religious communities, including Judaism and 
Zoroastrianism. Judaism believes in a covenant relationship between God and the 
Jewish people. The followers of Judaism are called Jews. Zoroastrianism, practiced 
by the Parsi community, considers humans as helpers of God. Although these 
communities constitute a minority, their presence enriches the religious tapestry 
of India. 
Conclusion: Unity in Diversity 
India's religious landscape is a testament to its secular and sovereign nature. The 
country embraces diverse religions, fostering a spirit of harmony, cultural 
richness, and peaceful coexistence. Each religion contributes to the fabric of 
Indian society, preserving its history, culture, and values. The spiritual journey of 
India continues to evolve, encompassing a myriad of beliefs, practices, and 
celebrations that resonate with the hearts of millions. 
 
 
 
Page 5


India - Religion and Languages 
 
 
India’s Religion 
 
Religions in India: Embracing Diversity and Spirituality 
Introduction 
India, renowned for its diverse cultural heritage, is a land where different religions 
flourish, each characterized by its unique set of practices and beliefs. The spiritual 
essence of India has given rise to several major religions, including Hinduism, 
India - Religion and Languages 
 
 
Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. 
These religions, collectively known as Eastern religions, form a significant 
subgroup of belief systems in the country. Religion holds great importance in the 
lives of Indians, providing them with meaning, purpose, and a moral compass. 
Indian religions encompass not only theological beliefs but also ethical principles, 
rituals, ceremonies, and comprehensive life philosophies. 
Hinduism: The Ancient and Dominant Religion 
Hinduism, the oldest religion in India, holds a significant place in the hearts and 
minds of the majority of the population. According to the 2011 Census, 
approximately 80% of Indians practice Hinduism. Also referred to as Sanatan 
Dharam, a term popularized by Mahatma Gandhi, Hinduism encompasses a rich 
tapestry of scriptures, with the Ramayana and the Bhagavad Gita being revered as 
holy texts. Hindus adhere to the principles outlined in the Vedas and the 
Upanishads. Their places of worship, known as Temples (Devasthanam or Mandir 
in Hindi), house sacred icons or murtis that symbolize the divine. However, the 
followers of Arya Samaj do not engage in idol-worship. Symbolism plays a 
significant role in Hinduism, with the swastika signifying auspiciousness and the 
syllable Om representing the ultimate reality, Param Brahman. Hinduism is 
celebrated through numerous festivals, such as Diwali, Holi, Bihu, Ganesh 
Chaturthi, and Durga Puja, which are observed with great fervor and enthusiasm 
throughout the country. 
Islam: A Significant Minority Religion 
Islam, the second-largest religion in India, constitutes around 13% of the country's 
population, as per the 2001 Census. Muslims, followers of Islam, are divided into 
various sects, with Sunnis and Shias being the most prominent. The holy book of 
Islam is the Quran, which serves as the foundation for their beliefs and practices, 
guided by the teachings of Prophet Muhammad. A significant pillar of Islam is the 
annual pilgrimage to Mecca, known as Hajj, which every physically and financially 
capable Muslim must undertake at least once in their lifetime. Muslims in India 
celebrate festivals such as Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Zuha, and Muharram with great 
reverence and devotion. 
India - Religion and Languages 
 
 
Sikhism: A Faith of Equality and Devotion 
Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century in the Punjab region, holds a 
special place in Indian religions. Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of the Sikhs, 
encompasses the teachings of the Guru. Sikhs, accounting for approximately 2% 
of India's population, follow a path of equality, selflessness, and devotion. While 
Sikhism does not have specific festivals, Sikhs commemorate important events 
and birthdays of their Gurus through festivities like Gurupurabs, Baisakhi, Nagar 
Kirtan, and Hola Mohalla. Unlike other religions, the religious beliefs of Sikhs 
discourage fasting or embarking on pilgrimages. The majority of the Sikh 
community resides in Punjab, with significant populations in neighboring states. 
Buddhism: The Enlightenment Within 
Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, popularly known as 'Buddha,' 
originated in India. Though Buddhists constitute only about 1% of the country's 
population, their impact on Indian spirituality and philosophy is significant. 
Buddhism emphasizes concepts such as Samsara (cycle of rebirth), Karma (law of 
cause and effect), and Rebirth. The practice of Buddhism revolves around 
attaining enlightenment through love, kindness, and wisdom. Devotional 
practices among Buddhists include pilgrimage, bowing, chanting, and making 
offerings. Festivals such as Vesak (Birthday of Buddha), Asalha Puja Day, Magha 
Puja Day, and Loy Krathong are celebrated with reverence by Buddhists across the 
country. 
Jainism: The Path of Nonviolence and Self-Realization 
Jainism, believed to have originated in India between the 7th and 5th centuries 
BCE, was founded by Mahavira. Jainism revolves around the theology of self 
rather than a supreme deity. Its guiding principles include ahimsa (nonviolence), 
aparigraha (non-possessiveness), and anekantavada (non-absolutism). Jainism is 
practiced by a minority of the Indian population, comprising about 0.5%, 
according to the 2001 Census. The religion recognizes twenty-four tirthankaras 
(spiritual teachers), with Rishabh as the first and Mahavira as the last. Jains 
undertake five vows: ahimsa (nonviolence), satya (truth), asteya (non-stealing), 
brahmacharya (chastity), and aparigraha (non-possessiveness). Jain festivals such 
India - Religion and Languages 
 
 
as Mahavira Jayanti, Paryushana Parva, Diwali, and Maun-agiyara are celebrated 
with devotion and piety. 
Christianity: A Faith of Historical Significance 
Christianity has a history of approximately 2,000 years in India, making it one of 
the oldest religions in the country. Christians constitute around 2.3% of the total 
population, as per the 2001 Census. Christian communities can be found 
throughout India, with a higher concentration in regions such as South India, the 
North-East, and the Konkan Coast. Christians worship and revere Jesus Christ as 
the savior and the son of God. Christmas, commemorating the birth of Jesus 
Christ, is the major festival of Christians. Good Friday, All Souls Day, and Easter 
are other important Christian festivals celebrated across India. 
Others: Judaism and Zoroastrianism 
India also embraces smaller religious communities, including Judaism and 
Zoroastrianism. Judaism believes in a covenant relationship between God and the 
Jewish people. The followers of Judaism are called Jews. Zoroastrianism, practiced 
by the Parsi community, considers humans as helpers of God. Although these 
communities constitute a minority, their presence enriches the religious tapestry 
of India. 
Conclusion: Unity in Diversity 
India's religious landscape is a testament to its secular and sovereign nature. The 
country embraces diverse religions, fostering a spirit of harmony, cultural 
richness, and peaceful coexistence. Each religion contributes to the fabric of 
Indian society, preserving its history, culture, and values. The spiritual journey of 
India continues to evolve, encompassing a myriad of beliefs, practices, and 
celebrations that resonate with the hearts of millions. 
 
 
 
India - Religion and Languages 
 
 
India – Languages 
 
22 Scheduled Languages of India | 4 Epic Language Families