Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- Eastern States- Physical | Oxford Student ATLAS: Maps & Tests - UPSC PDF Download

 Page 1


Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- 
Eastern States- Physical 
 
 
Sikkim 
Introduction 
Sikkim, a state located in the northeastern part of India, holds a significant 
position in the eastern Himalayas. Despite being one of the smallest states in 
India, Sikkim's geopolitical importance is immense due to its strategic location 
along multiple international boundaries. This article provides a detailed 
exploration of Sikkim's history, map, capital, and population, shedding light on the 
various aspects that make it a unique and fascinating region. 
History of Sikkim 
? Sikkim's historical roots can be traced back to the 17th century, although 
limited information is available about its pre-colonial past. The name 
"Sikkim" is derived from the Limbu words "su him," meaning "new house." 
The region was inhabited by early settlers, including the Lepcha tribe, who 
assimilated other indigenous tribes like Naong, Chang, and Mon. In the 
14th century, the Bhutia community migrated from Tibet and began 
establishing their presence in the area. 
? The foundation of the Sikkimese kingdom took shape in 1642 when 
Phuntsog Namgyal, a Bhutia leader, became the first chogyal (temporal and 
spiritual king). The Namgyal dynasty ruled Sikkim until 1975. Over the years, 
Sikkim faced territorial conflicts with both Bhutan and Nepal, engaging in a 
series of wars. Nepal occupied parts of western Sikkim and the submontane 
Tarai region, which led to a significant migration of Nepalese to Sikkim. 
Eventually, these territories were restored to Sikkim in 1816 as a result of 
the Anglo-Nepalese War. 
? During the British colonial period, Sikkim became a de facto protectorate of 
Britain. The British East India Company acquired Darjiling from Sikkim in 
1835, and subsequent incidents between the British and Sikkim resulted in 
the annexation of submontane regions in 1849. The Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty 
of 1861 established Sikkim as a princely state under British paramountcy. 
Page 2


Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- 
Eastern States- Physical 
 
 
Sikkim 
Introduction 
Sikkim, a state located in the northeastern part of India, holds a significant 
position in the eastern Himalayas. Despite being one of the smallest states in 
India, Sikkim's geopolitical importance is immense due to its strategic location 
along multiple international boundaries. This article provides a detailed 
exploration of Sikkim's history, map, capital, and population, shedding light on the 
various aspects that make it a unique and fascinating region. 
History of Sikkim 
? Sikkim's historical roots can be traced back to the 17th century, although 
limited information is available about its pre-colonial past. The name 
"Sikkim" is derived from the Limbu words "su him," meaning "new house." 
The region was inhabited by early settlers, including the Lepcha tribe, who 
assimilated other indigenous tribes like Naong, Chang, and Mon. In the 
14th century, the Bhutia community migrated from Tibet and began 
establishing their presence in the area. 
? The foundation of the Sikkimese kingdom took shape in 1642 when 
Phuntsog Namgyal, a Bhutia leader, became the first chogyal (temporal and 
spiritual king). The Namgyal dynasty ruled Sikkim until 1975. Over the years, 
Sikkim faced territorial conflicts with both Bhutan and Nepal, engaging in a 
series of wars. Nepal occupied parts of western Sikkim and the submontane 
Tarai region, which led to a significant migration of Nepalese to Sikkim. 
Eventually, these territories were restored to Sikkim in 1816 as a result of 
the Anglo-Nepalese War. 
? During the British colonial period, Sikkim became a de facto protectorate of 
Britain. The British East India Company acquired Darjiling from Sikkim in 
1835, and subsequent incidents between the British and Sikkim resulted in 
the annexation of submontane regions in 1849. The Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty 
of 1861 established Sikkim as a princely state under British paramountcy. 
Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- 
Eastern States- Physical 
 
 
The treaty granted certain rights to the British, such as free trade and the 
construction of roads through Sikkim to Tibet. 
? In 1890, an agreement between the British and Tibetans defined the border 
between Sikkim and Tibet, acknowledging the special relationship between 
British India and the kingdom of Sikkim. A British political officer was 
appointed to assist the chogyal in governing Sikkim's internal and external 
affairs, effectively assuming a ruling role in the state. 
Map and Geography of Sikkim 
? Sikkim is geographically characterized by its location in a basin, surrounded 
by steep mountain walls on three sides. With an area of 2,740 square miles 
(7,096 square km), the state exhibits extreme variations in relief. The land 
rises from approximately 750 feet (225 meters) in the Tista River valley to 
nearly 28,200 feet (8,600 meters) at Kanchenjunga, which is not only India's 
highest peak but also the world's third highest mountain. 
? The Singalila Range forms the border between Sikkim and Nepal in the 
west, while the Dongkya Range serves as the boundary with the Tibet 
Autonomous Region of China in the east. These ranges offer convenient 
access to the Chumbi valley in Tibet and, beyond that, to the Tibetan capital 
of Lhasa. The majority of Sikkim comprises perpetually snow-covered 
mountains, with the Kanchenjunga massif dominating the landscape. The 
residents of Sikkim revere the mountain as both a god and the dwelling 
place of gods. Legend has it that the guardian deity of Sikkim, 
Khangchendzonga (Kanchenjunga), resides on the mountain. Kanchenjunga 
holds deep cultural and religious significance for the people of Sikkim and is 
considered a symbol of purity and eternity. 
? Sikkim's landscape is also characterized by its lush valleys, fast-flowing 
rivers, and dense forests. The state is home to several important rivers, 
including the Teesta, Rangit, and Lachen rivers, which are a vital source of 
water and hydroelectric power. 
Page 3


Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- 
Eastern States- Physical 
 
 
Sikkim 
Introduction 
Sikkim, a state located in the northeastern part of India, holds a significant 
position in the eastern Himalayas. Despite being one of the smallest states in 
India, Sikkim's geopolitical importance is immense due to its strategic location 
along multiple international boundaries. This article provides a detailed 
exploration of Sikkim's history, map, capital, and population, shedding light on the 
various aspects that make it a unique and fascinating region. 
History of Sikkim 
? Sikkim's historical roots can be traced back to the 17th century, although 
limited information is available about its pre-colonial past. The name 
"Sikkim" is derived from the Limbu words "su him," meaning "new house." 
The region was inhabited by early settlers, including the Lepcha tribe, who 
assimilated other indigenous tribes like Naong, Chang, and Mon. In the 
14th century, the Bhutia community migrated from Tibet and began 
establishing their presence in the area. 
? The foundation of the Sikkimese kingdom took shape in 1642 when 
Phuntsog Namgyal, a Bhutia leader, became the first chogyal (temporal and 
spiritual king). The Namgyal dynasty ruled Sikkim until 1975. Over the years, 
Sikkim faced territorial conflicts with both Bhutan and Nepal, engaging in a 
series of wars. Nepal occupied parts of western Sikkim and the submontane 
Tarai region, which led to a significant migration of Nepalese to Sikkim. 
Eventually, these territories were restored to Sikkim in 1816 as a result of 
the Anglo-Nepalese War. 
? During the British colonial period, Sikkim became a de facto protectorate of 
Britain. The British East India Company acquired Darjiling from Sikkim in 
1835, and subsequent incidents between the British and Sikkim resulted in 
the annexation of submontane regions in 1849. The Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty 
of 1861 established Sikkim as a princely state under British paramountcy. 
Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- 
Eastern States- Physical 
 
 
The treaty granted certain rights to the British, such as free trade and the 
construction of roads through Sikkim to Tibet. 
? In 1890, an agreement between the British and Tibetans defined the border 
between Sikkim and Tibet, acknowledging the special relationship between 
British India and the kingdom of Sikkim. A British political officer was 
appointed to assist the chogyal in governing Sikkim's internal and external 
affairs, effectively assuming a ruling role in the state. 
Map and Geography of Sikkim 
? Sikkim is geographically characterized by its location in a basin, surrounded 
by steep mountain walls on three sides. With an area of 2,740 square miles 
(7,096 square km), the state exhibits extreme variations in relief. The land 
rises from approximately 750 feet (225 meters) in the Tista River valley to 
nearly 28,200 feet (8,600 meters) at Kanchenjunga, which is not only India's 
highest peak but also the world's third highest mountain. 
? The Singalila Range forms the border between Sikkim and Nepal in the 
west, while the Dongkya Range serves as the boundary with the Tibet 
Autonomous Region of China in the east. These ranges offer convenient 
access to the Chumbi valley in Tibet and, beyond that, to the Tibetan capital 
of Lhasa. The majority of Sikkim comprises perpetually snow-covered 
mountains, with the Kanchenjunga massif dominating the landscape. The 
residents of Sikkim revere the mountain as both a god and the dwelling 
place of gods. Legend has it that the guardian deity of Sikkim, 
Khangchendzonga (Kanchenjunga), resides on the mountain. Kanchenjunga 
holds deep cultural and religious significance for the people of Sikkim and is 
considered a symbol of purity and eternity. 
? Sikkim's landscape is also characterized by its lush valleys, fast-flowing 
rivers, and dense forests. The state is home to several important rivers, 
including the Teesta, Rangit, and Lachen rivers, which are a vital source of 
water and hydroelectric power. 
Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- 
Eastern States- Physical 
 
 
? Sikkim's climate varies from subtropical in the lower altitudes to alpine in 
the higher regions. The state experiences four distinct seasons: spring 
(March to May), summer (June to August), autumn (September to 
November), and winter (December to February). The weather is influenced 
by the Indian monsoon, resulting in abundant rainfall, particularly during 
the monsoon season. 
Capital of Sikkim 
? The capital city of Sikkim is Gangtok, located in the eastern part of the 
state. Gangtok is nestled at an altitude of approximately 5,410 feet (1,650 
meters) and offers stunning views of the surrounding mountains, including 
Kanchenjunga. It serves as the administrative, cultural, and commercial hub 
of Sikkim. 
? Gangtok is known for its clean and well-planned streets, vibrant markets, 
and a mix of traditional and modern architecture. The city showcases the 
rich cultural heritage of Sikkim through its monasteries, temples, and 
festivals. It is also a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from all 
over the world who come to explore its natural beauty and experience its 
serene ambiance. 
Population of Sikkim 
? As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, the population of Sikkim 
was estimated to be around 690,251. However, it's important to note that 
population figures can change over time due to various factors such as birth 
rates, migration, and government policies. 
? Sikkim has a diverse population comprising different ethnic groups. The 
major communities include the Lepchas, Bhutias, and Nepalese. The 
Nepalese, who primarily belong to the Gurung, Limbu, and Tamang ethnic 
groups, form the largest community in Sikkim and are concentrated mainly 
in the southern part of the state. 
? The official languages of Sikkim are Nepali, English, Bhutia, and Lepcha. 
Nepali is widely spoken and serves as the lingua franca of the state. 
Page 4


Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- 
Eastern States- Physical 
 
 
Sikkim 
Introduction 
Sikkim, a state located in the northeastern part of India, holds a significant 
position in the eastern Himalayas. Despite being one of the smallest states in 
India, Sikkim's geopolitical importance is immense due to its strategic location 
along multiple international boundaries. This article provides a detailed 
exploration of Sikkim's history, map, capital, and population, shedding light on the 
various aspects that make it a unique and fascinating region. 
History of Sikkim 
? Sikkim's historical roots can be traced back to the 17th century, although 
limited information is available about its pre-colonial past. The name 
"Sikkim" is derived from the Limbu words "su him," meaning "new house." 
The region was inhabited by early settlers, including the Lepcha tribe, who 
assimilated other indigenous tribes like Naong, Chang, and Mon. In the 
14th century, the Bhutia community migrated from Tibet and began 
establishing their presence in the area. 
? The foundation of the Sikkimese kingdom took shape in 1642 when 
Phuntsog Namgyal, a Bhutia leader, became the first chogyal (temporal and 
spiritual king). The Namgyal dynasty ruled Sikkim until 1975. Over the years, 
Sikkim faced territorial conflicts with both Bhutan and Nepal, engaging in a 
series of wars. Nepal occupied parts of western Sikkim and the submontane 
Tarai region, which led to a significant migration of Nepalese to Sikkim. 
Eventually, these territories were restored to Sikkim in 1816 as a result of 
the Anglo-Nepalese War. 
? During the British colonial period, Sikkim became a de facto protectorate of 
Britain. The British East India Company acquired Darjiling from Sikkim in 
1835, and subsequent incidents between the British and Sikkim resulted in 
the annexation of submontane regions in 1849. The Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty 
of 1861 established Sikkim as a princely state under British paramountcy. 
Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- 
Eastern States- Physical 
 
 
The treaty granted certain rights to the British, such as free trade and the 
construction of roads through Sikkim to Tibet. 
? In 1890, an agreement between the British and Tibetans defined the border 
between Sikkim and Tibet, acknowledging the special relationship between 
British India and the kingdom of Sikkim. A British political officer was 
appointed to assist the chogyal in governing Sikkim's internal and external 
affairs, effectively assuming a ruling role in the state. 
Map and Geography of Sikkim 
? Sikkim is geographically characterized by its location in a basin, surrounded 
by steep mountain walls on three sides. With an area of 2,740 square miles 
(7,096 square km), the state exhibits extreme variations in relief. The land 
rises from approximately 750 feet (225 meters) in the Tista River valley to 
nearly 28,200 feet (8,600 meters) at Kanchenjunga, which is not only India's 
highest peak but also the world's third highest mountain. 
? The Singalila Range forms the border between Sikkim and Nepal in the 
west, while the Dongkya Range serves as the boundary with the Tibet 
Autonomous Region of China in the east. These ranges offer convenient 
access to the Chumbi valley in Tibet and, beyond that, to the Tibetan capital 
of Lhasa. The majority of Sikkim comprises perpetually snow-covered 
mountains, with the Kanchenjunga massif dominating the landscape. The 
residents of Sikkim revere the mountain as both a god and the dwelling 
place of gods. Legend has it that the guardian deity of Sikkim, 
Khangchendzonga (Kanchenjunga), resides on the mountain. Kanchenjunga 
holds deep cultural and religious significance for the people of Sikkim and is 
considered a symbol of purity and eternity. 
? Sikkim's landscape is also characterized by its lush valleys, fast-flowing 
rivers, and dense forests. The state is home to several important rivers, 
including the Teesta, Rangit, and Lachen rivers, which are a vital source of 
water and hydroelectric power. 
Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- 
Eastern States- Physical 
 
 
? Sikkim's climate varies from subtropical in the lower altitudes to alpine in 
the higher regions. The state experiences four distinct seasons: spring 
(March to May), summer (June to August), autumn (September to 
November), and winter (December to February). The weather is influenced 
by the Indian monsoon, resulting in abundant rainfall, particularly during 
the monsoon season. 
Capital of Sikkim 
? The capital city of Sikkim is Gangtok, located in the eastern part of the 
state. Gangtok is nestled at an altitude of approximately 5,410 feet (1,650 
meters) and offers stunning views of the surrounding mountains, including 
Kanchenjunga. It serves as the administrative, cultural, and commercial hub 
of Sikkim. 
? Gangtok is known for its clean and well-planned streets, vibrant markets, 
and a mix of traditional and modern architecture. The city showcases the 
rich cultural heritage of Sikkim through its monasteries, temples, and 
festivals. It is also a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from all 
over the world who come to explore its natural beauty and experience its 
serene ambiance. 
Population of Sikkim 
? As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, the population of Sikkim 
was estimated to be around 690,251. However, it's important to note that 
population figures can change over time due to various factors such as birth 
rates, migration, and government policies. 
? Sikkim has a diverse population comprising different ethnic groups. The 
major communities include the Lepchas, Bhutias, and Nepalese. The 
Nepalese, who primarily belong to the Gurung, Limbu, and Tamang ethnic 
groups, form the largest community in Sikkim and are concentrated mainly 
in the southern part of the state. 
? The official languages of Sikkim are Nepali, English, Bhutia, and Lepcha. 
Nepali is widely spoken and serves as the lingua franca of the state. 
Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- 
Eastern States- Physical 
 
 
Conclusion 
Sikkim, with its rich history, breathtaking geography, and diverse population, 
stands as a unique and captivating region of India. Its strategic location in the 
Himalayas, combined with its cultural heritage and natural beauty, makes it an 
intriguing destination for travelers and researchers alike. Whether it's exploring 
the ancient monasteries, embarking on adventurous treks, or experiencing the 
warmth of Sikkimese hospitality, this small state offers a wealth of experiences 
for those seeking to immerse themselves in its charm. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Page 5


Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- 
Eastern States- Physical 
 
 
Sikkim 
Introduction 
Sikkim, a state located in the northeastern part of India, holds a significant 
position in the eastern Himalayas. Despite being one of the smallest states in 
India, Sikkim's geopolitical importance is immense due to its strategic location 
along multiple international boundaries. This article provides a detailed 
exploration of Sikkim's history, map, capital, and population, shedding light on the 
various aspects that make it a unique and fascinating region. 
History of Sikkim 
? Sikkim's historical roots can be traced back to the 17th century, although 
limited information is available about its pre-colonial past. The name 
"Sikkim" is derived from the Limbu words "su him," meaning "new house." 
The region was inhabited by early settlers, including the Lepcha tribe, who 
assimilated other indigenous tribes like Naong, Chang, and Mon. In the 
14th century, the Bhutia community migrated from Tibet and began 
establishing their presence in the area. 
? The foundation of the Sikkimese kingdom took shape in 1642 when 
Phuntsog Namgyal, a Bhutia leader, became the first chogyal (temporal and 
spiritual king). The Namgyal dynasty ruled Sikkim until 1975. Over the years, 
Sikkim faced territorial conflicts with both Bhutan and Nepal, engaging in a 
series of wars. Nepal occupied parts of western Sikkim and the submontane 
Tarai region, which led to a significant migration of Nepalese to Sikkim. 
Eventually, these territories were restored to Sikkim in 1816 as a result of 
the Anglo-Nepalese War. 
? During the British colonial period, Sikkim became a de facto protectorate of 
Britain. The British East India Company acquired Darjiling from Sikkim in 
1835, and subsequent incidents between the British and Sikkim resulted in 
the annexation of submontane regions in 1849. The Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty 
of 1861 established Sikkim as a princely state under British paramountcy. 
Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- 
Eastern States- Physical 
 
 
The treaty granted certain rights to the British, such as free trade and the 
construction of roads through Sikkim to Tibet. 
? In 1890, an agreement between the British and Tibetans defined the border 
between Sikkim and Tibet, acknowledging the special relationship between 
British India and the kingdom of Sikkim. A British political officer was 
appointed to assist the chogyal in governing Sikkim's internal and external 
affairs, effectively assuming a ruling role in the state. 
Map and Geography of Sikkim 
? Sikkim is geographically characterized by its location in a basin, surrounded 
by steep mountain walls on three sides. With an area of 2,740 square miles 
(7,096 square km), the state exhibits extreme variations in relief. The land 
rises from approximately 750 feet (225 meters) in the Tista River valley to 
nearly 28,200 feet (8,600 meters) at Kanchenjunga, which is not only India's 
highest peak but also the world's third highest mountain. 
? The Singalila Range forms the border between Sikkim and Nepal in the 
west, while the Dongkya Range serves as the boundary with the Tibet 
Autonomous Region of China in the east. These ranges offer convenient 
access to the Chumbi valley in Tibet and, beyond that, to the Tibetan capital 
of Lhasa. The majority of Sikkim comprises perpetually snow-covered 
mountains, with the Kanchenjunga massif dominating the landscape. The 
residents of Sikkim revere the mountain as both a god and the dwelling 
place of gods. Legend has it that the guardian deity of Sikkim, 
Khangchendzonga (Kanchenjunga), resides on the mountain. Kanchenjunga 
holds deep cultural and religious significance for the people of Sikkim and is 
considered a symbol of purity and eternity. 
? Sikkim's landscape is also characterized by its lush valleys, fast-flowing 
rivers, and dense forests. The state is home to several important rivers, 
including the Teesta, Rangit, and Lachen rivers, which are a vital source of 
water and hydroelectric power. 
Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- 
Eastern States- Physical 
 
 
? Sikkim's climate varies from subtropical in the lower altitudes to alpine in 
the higher regions. The state experiences four distinct seasons: spring 
(March to May), summer (June to August), autumn (September to 
November), and winter (December to February). The weather is influenced 
by the Indian monsoon, resulting in abundant rainfall, particularly during 
the monsoon season. 
Capital of Sikkim 
? The capital city of Sikkim is Gangtok, located in the eastern part of the 
state. Gangtok is nestled at an altitude of approximately 5,410 feet (1,650 
meters) and offers stunning views of the surrounding mountains, including 
Kanchenjunga. It serves as the administrative, cultural, and commercial hub 
of Sikkim. 
? Gangtok is known for its clean and well-planned streets, vibrant markets, 
and a mix of traditional and modern architecture. The city showcases the 
rich cultural heritage of Sikkim through its monasteries, temples, and 
festivals. It is also a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from all 
over the world who come to explore its natural beauty and experience its 
serene ambiance. 
Population of Sikkim 
? As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, the population of Sikkim 
was estimated to be around 690,251. However, it's important to note that 
population figures can change over time due to various factors such as birth 
rates, migration, and government policies. 
? Sikkim has a diverse population comprising different ethnic groups. The 
major communities include the Lepchas, Bhutias, and Nepalese. The 
Nepalese, who primarily belong to the Gurung, Limbu, and Tamang ethnic 
groups, form the largest community in Sikkim and are concentrated mainly 
in the southern part of the state. 
? The official languages of Sikkim are Nepali, English, Bhutia, and Lepcha. 
Nepali is widely spoken and serves as the lingua franca of the state. 
Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- 
Eastern States- Physical 
 
 
Conclusion 
Sikkim, with its rich history, breathtaking geography, and diverse population, 
stands as a unique and captivating region of India. Its strategic location in the 
Himalayas, combined with its cultural heritage and natural beauty, makes it an 
intriguing destination for travelers and researchers alike. Whether it's exploring 
the ancient monasteries, embarking on adventurous treks, or experiencing the 
warmth of Sikkimese hospitality, this small state offers a wealth of experiences 
for those seeking to immerse themselves in its charm. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sikkim, West Bengal, and the North- 
Eastern States- Physical 
 
 
West Bengal 
Introduction 
West Bengal, located in the eastern part of India, is a diverse state with a rich 
history, vibrant culture, and a significant population. Bounded by various states 
and countries, including Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Bangladesh, and Nepal, West 
Bengal boasts a unique configuration and strategic importance. With Kolkata 
(Calcutta) as its capital, the state covers an area of 34,267 square miles (88,752 
square km) and had a population of 91,347,736 as of 2011. In this article, we will 
explore the land relief, drainage, climate, plant and animal life, and the people of 
West Bengal. 
Land Relief and Drainage 
West Bengal can be divided into two natural geographic divisions: the Gangetic 
Plain in the south and the sub-Himalayan and Himalayan area in the north. 
? Gangetic Plain: The southern part of West Bengal is characterized by the 
fertile alluvial soil of the Gangetic Plain. This region is formed by the 
deposits of the Ganges (Ganga) River and its tributaries, resulting in 
marshes and shallow lakes. The Ganges, which has been shifting eastward 
for centuries, now runs through the middle of the state. Kolkata, the 
capital, is situated on the Hugli (Hooghly) River, which is a major 
distributary of the Ganges. The Damodar River also joins the Hugli 
southwest of Kolkata. The elevation of the plain gradually increases toward 
the west near the Chota Nagpur plateau in neighboring Jharkhand. 
? Sub-Himalayan and Himalayan Area: The northern part of West Bengal, 
known as the West Bengal Duars or Western Duars, is a sub-Himalayan 
tract situated between the Himalayas and the plain. Once plagued by 
malaria, this region is now well drained and cultivated. It is home to 
magnificent tea plantations. Beyond the Duars, the Himalayan mountain 
ranges rise dramatically along the state's northern boundary. The iconic 
Mount Kanchenjunga, located in Sikkim but visible from Darjiling