Reactive Intermediates Carbocation | Chemistry Optional Notes for UPSC PDF Download

 Page 1


Aim:
? To understand the concept on formation, geometry,
stability and applications of ca rb ocation ’ s.
Objectives:
? Comparing the stability of 1°, 2°, 3°, allylic and benzylic 
carbocation based on the effects.
? Explaining the importance of carbocation in various
chemical reactions like addition, elimination and
rearrangement.
Page 2


Aim:
? To understand the concept on formation, geometry,
stability and applications of ca rb ocation ’ s.
Objectives:
? Comparing the stability of 1°, 2°, 3°, allylic and benzylic 
carbocation based on the effects.
? Explaining the importance of carbocation in various
chemical reactions like addition, elimination and
rearrangement.
Outcome:
After completing this topic, you should be able to:
? Describe the geometry of a given carbocation.
? Describe the stability of the carbocation based on the
effects.
? Describe the reactions of carbocation.
Prerequisites:
? Generation of the reactive intermediate carbocation.
? Stability of carbocation.
? Chemical reactions of carbocation.
Page 3


Aim:
? To understand the concept on formation, geometry,
stability and applications of ca rb ocation ’ s.
Objectives:
? Comparing the stability of 1°, 2°, 3°, allylic and benzylic 
carbocation based on the effects.
? Explaining the importance of carbocation in various
chemical reactions like addition, elimination and
rearrangement.
Outcome:
After completing this topic, you should be able to:
? Describe the geometry of a given carbocation.
? Describe the stability of the carbocation based on the
effects.
? Describe the reactions of carbocation.
Prerequisites:
? Generation of the reactive intermediate carbocation.
? Stability of carbocation.
? Chemical reactions of carbocation.
? An organic species which has a carbon atom bearing only
six electrons in its outermost shell and has a positive
charge is called carbocation.
? The positively charged carbon of the carbocation is sp
2
hybridized.
? The unhybridized p-orbital remains vacant.
? They are highly reactive and act as reaction intermediate.
? They are also called carbonium ion.
Page 4


Aim:
? To understand the concept on formation, geometry,
stability and applications of ca rb ocation ’ s.
Objectives:
? Comparing the stability of 1°, 2°, 3°, allylic and benzylic 
carbocation based on the effects.
? Explaining the importance of carbocation in various
chemical reactions like addition, elimination and
rearrangement.
Outcome:
After completing this topic, you should be able to:
? Describe the geometry of a given carbocation.
? Describe the stability of the carbocation based on the
effects.
? Describe the reactions of carbocation.
Prerequisites:
? Generation of the reactive intermediate carbocation.
? Stability of carbocation.
? Chemical reactions of carbocation.
? An organic species which has a carbon atom bearing only
six electrons in its outermost shell and has a positive
charge is called carbocation.
? The positively charged carbon of the carbocation is sp
2
hybridized.
? The unhybridized p-orbital remains vacant.
? They are highly reactive and act as reaction intermediate.
? They are also called carbonium ion.
? A carbocation is an organic species, an intermediate, that
forms as a result of the loss of two valence electrons,
normally shared electrons, from a carbon atom that already
has four bonds.
? This leads to the formation of a carbon atom bearing a
positive charge and three bonds instead of four. The whole
molecule holding the positively charged carbon atom is
referred to as a carbocation intermediate.
Page 5


Aim:
? To understand the concept on formation, geometry,
stability and applications of ca rb ocation ’ s.
Objectives:
? Comparing the stability of 1°, 2°, 3°, allylic and benzylic 
carbocation based on the effects.
? Explaining the importance of carbocation in various
chemical reactions like addition, elimination and
rearrangement.
Outcome:
After completing this topic, you should be able to:
? Describe the geometry of a given carbocation.
? Describe the stability of the carbocation based on the
effects.
? Describe the reactions of carbocation.
Prerequisites:
? Generation of the reactive intermediate carbocation.
? Stability of carbocation.
? Chemical reactions of carbocation.
? An organic species which has a carbon atom bearing only
six electrons in its outermost shell and has a positive
charge is called carbocation.
? The positively charged carbon of the carbocation is sp
2
hybridized.
? The unhybridized p-orbital remains vacant.
? They are highly reactive and act as reaction intermediate.
? They are also called carbonium ion.
? A carbocation is an organic species, an intermediate, that
forms as a result of the loss of two valence electrons,
normally shared electrons, from a carbon atom that already
has four bonds.
? This leads to the formation of a carbon atom bearing a
positive charge and three bonds instead of four. The whole
molecule holding the positively charged carbon atom is
referred to as a carbocation intermediate.
HETEROL YTIC  
BOND  
CLEA V AGE
PROTONA TION