Report on Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) Policy Framework | Economic Survey & Government Reports - UPSC PDF Download

 Page 1


Policy Framework and its 
Deployment Mechanism in India
Carbon Capture,
Utilization and
Storage (CCUS)
November 2022
Page 2


Policy Framework and its 
Deployment Mechanism in India
Carbon Capture,
Utilization and
Storage (CCUS)
November 2022
Page 3


Policy Framework and its 
Deployment Mechanism in India
Carbon Capture,
Utilization and
Storage (CCUS)
November 2022
Authors and Acknowledgements
Atanu Mukherjee, Principal Investigator,
M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Saurav Chatterjee, Co-Principal Investigator,
M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Authors Acknowledgment
The team is grateful for the mentorship and inputs provided by:
Dr. V. K. Saraswat, Member, NITI Aayog
Dr. Neeraj Sinha, Sr. Adviser (S&T), NITI Aayog
Shri Rajnath Ram, Adviser (Energy), NITI Aayog
Leadership
The study was carried out with the financial support of NITI Aayog, 
Government of India and conducted by M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
The team is grateful for the input and contributions received from:
Shri Jawahar Lal, Deputy Chief Engineer, NITI Aayog
Shri Naveen Kumar Vidyarthi, Director (Energy), NITI Aayog
Shri Amit Verma, Director (Energy), NITI Aayog
Shri Manoj Kumar Upadhayay,
Deputy Advisor (Energy), NITI Aayog
Dr. Abhinav Trivedi, Consultant, NITI Aayog
Shri Akash Jain, Young Professional, NITI Aayog
Abhijit Sarkar, Vice President, Dastur International, Inc.
Dr. Suprotim Ganguly, Techno-Strategic Advisor,
M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Arunava Maity, Sr. Principal Analyst, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Dr. Vikram Vishal, Convenor - National Centre of Excellence in
Carbon Capture and Utilization, IIT Bombay
Dr. Ken Medlock, Baker Institute, Rice University
Phil Amick, Principal, Dastur Energy Inc.
Dr. Susan D. Hovorka, The University of Texas at Austin
Saptarshi Bhattacharya, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Anand Senguttuvan, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Arnab Adak, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Debarka Chakraborty, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Anindya Majumdar, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Pratyush Kumar, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
We would also like to thank the following organizations who provided 
valuable inputs in shaping the report:
Shri A. Balan, Member (Planning),
Central Electricity Authority, India
Shri A K Rajput, Chief Engineer, Central Electricity Authority, India
Shri Neelesh Kr Sah, Joint Secretary,
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Govt. of India
Shri Gurdip Singh, Chairman and Managing Director,
National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.
Shri Nalin Singhal, Chairman and Managing Director,
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
Shri U K Bhattacharya, Director,
National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.
Shri Anirban Das Gupta, Director-in-Charge,
Steel Authority of India Ltd.
Shri Sanjay Shrivastava, Executive Director -
Chief Carbon Management & Sustainability Group,
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.
Shri Peeyush Kumar, Officer on Special Duty,
Ministry of Coal, Govt. of India
Dr. Anita Gupta, Adviser / Scientist G,
Department of Science & Technology
Shri Sanjay Singh, Scientist G, Technology Information 
Forecasting and Assessment Council
Dr. Deepak Saxena, Executive Director, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Shri Pradeep, Executive Director, Technology Information 
Forecasting and Assessment Council
Shri Gaurav Mishra, Executive Engineer,
Reservoir, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.
Shri Sujit Mitra, General Manager - Reservoir,
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.
Smt. Neha Verma, Director, Ministry of Steel, Govt. of India
Shri Paramjeet Singh, Additional Industrial Advisor,
Ministry of Steel, Govt. of India
Dr. Mukesh Kumar, Director - Steel Research & Technology 
Mission of India, Ministry of Steel, Govt. of India
Shri Kumar Saurabh, Deputy Director,
Ministry of Power, Govt. of India
Ms. Soujanya Mondal, Senior Manager, Corporate Strategy,
Planning & Advocacy, Gas Authority of India Ltd.
Shri Rahul Buswala, Strategy Manager,
Carbon Capture, Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
Acknowledgment
Available at: 
NITI Aayog: www.niti.gov.in
Disclaimer 
M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd. has received the financial assistance under the Research Scheme of NITI Aayog to prepare the report. While due care has 
been exercised to prepare the report using the data from various sources, NITI Aayog does not confirm the authenticity of data and the accuracy of 
the methodology to prepare the report. NITI Aayog shall not be held responsible for finding or opinions expressed in the document. This 
responsibility completely rests with M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
03
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) –
Policy Framework and Deployment Mechanism in India
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) –
Policy Framework and Deployment Mechanism in India
Page 4


Policy Framework and its 
Deployment Mechanism in India
Carbon Capture,
Utilization and
Storage (CCUS)
November 2022
Authors and Acknowledgements
Atanu Mukherjee, Principal Investigator,
M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Saurav Chatterjee, Co-Principal Investigator,
M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Authors Acknowledgment
The team is grateful for the mentorship and inputs provided by:
Dr. V. K. Saraswat, Member, NITI Aayog
Dr. Neeraj Sinha, Sr. Adviser (S&T), NITI Aayog
Shri Rajnath Ram, Adviser (Energy), NITI Aayog
Leadership
The study was carried out with the financial support of NITI Aayog, 
Government of India and conducted by M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
The team is grateful for the input and contributions received from:
Shri Jawahar Lal, Deputy Chief Engineer, NITI Aayog
Shri Naveen Kumar Vidyarthi, Director (Energy), NITI Aayog
Shri Amit Verma, Director (Energy), NITI Aayog
Shri Manoj Kumar Upadhayay,
Deputy Advisor (Energy), NITI Aayog
Dr. Abhinav Trivedi, Consultant, NITI Aayog
Shri Akash Jain, Young Professional, NITI Aayog
Abhijit Sarkar, Vice President, Dastur International, Inc.
Dr. Suprotim Ganguly, Techno-Strategic Advisor,
M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Arunava Maity, Sr. Principal Analyst, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Dr. Vikram Vishal, Convenor - National Centre of Excellence in
Carbon Capture and Utilization, IIT Bombay
Dr. Ken Medlock, Baker Institute, Rice University
Phil Amick, Principal, Dastur Energy Inc.
Dr. Susan D. Hovorka, The University of Texas at Austin
Saptarshi Bhattacharya, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Anand Senguttuvan, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Arnab Adak, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Debarka Chakraborty, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Anindya Majumdar, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Pratyush Kumar, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
We would also like to thank the following organizations who provided 
valuable inputs in shaping the report:
Shri A. Balan, Member (Planning),
Central Electricity Authority, India
Shri A K Rajput, Chief Engineer, Central Electricity Authority, India
Shri Neelesh Kr Sah, Joint Secretary,
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Govt. of India
Shri Gurdip Singh, Chairman and Managing Director,
National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.
Shri Nalin Singhal, Chairman and Managing Director,
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
Shri U K Bhattacharya, Director,
National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.
Shri Anirban Das Gupta, Director-in-Charge,
Steel Authority of India Ltd.
Shri Sanjay Shrivastava, Executive Director -
Chief Carbon Management & Sustainability Group,
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.
Shri Peeyush Kumar, Officer on Special Duty,
Ministry of Coal, Govt. of India
Dr. Anita Gupta, Adviser / Scientist G,
Department of Science & Technology
Shri Sanjay Singh, Scientist G, Technology Information 
Forecasting and Assessment Council
Dr. Deepak Saxena, Executive Director, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Shri Pradeep, Executive Director, Technology Information 
Forecasting and Assessment Council
Shri Gaurav Mishra, Executive Engineer,
Reservoir, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.
Shri Sujit Mitra, General Manager - Reservoir,
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.
Smt. Neha Verma, Director, Ministry of Steel, Govt. of India
Shri Paramjeet Singh, Additional Industrial Advisor,
Ministry of Steel, Govt. of India
Dr. Mukesh Kumar, Director - Steel Research & Technology 
Mission of India, Ministry of Steel, Govt. of India
Shri Kumar Saurabh, Deputy Director,
Ministry of Power, Govt. of India
Ms. Soujanya Mondal, Senior Manager, Corporate Strategy,
Planning & Advocacy, Gas Authority of India Ltd.
Shri Rahul Buswala, Strategy Manager,
Carbon Capture, Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
Acknowledgment
Available at: 
NITI Aayog: www.niti.gov.in
Disclaimer 
M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd. has received the financial assistance under the Research Scheme of NITI Aayog to prepare the report. While due care has 
been exercised to prepare the report using the data from various sources, NITI Aayog does not confirm the authenticity of data and the accuracy of 
the methodology to prepare the report. NITI Aayog shall not be held responsible for finding or opinions expressed in the document. This 
responsibility completely rests with M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
03
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) –
Policy Framework and Deployment Mechanism in India
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) –
Policy Framework and Deployment Mechanism in India
04
About DASTUR
M. N. Dastur & Company (P) Ltd. along with Dastur Energy (DASTUR) 
conceptualizes, designs, and develops business, technology, engineering and policy 
blueprints for clean energy systems for enterprises, governments, and institutions. 
DASTUR envisions the enablement of an affordable and clean energy future 
through industrial decarbonization, carbon capture, low-carbon alternative fuels 
and low-carbon transformation of solid fuels and hydrocarbons. DASTUR has 
conceptualized and designed several pioneering industrial-scale low-carbon 
projects worldwide in hydrogen, methanol, chemicals, steel, hydrocarbons, power, 
and carbon capture, and works with governments and international institutions on 
policy and market design aspects for enabling a low-carbon economy. DASTUR’s 
intellectual property and operating frameworks help design commercially viable 
and sustainable energy solutions using low-carbon energy technologies and 
carbon capture utilization and storage. DASTUR optimizes the design of integrated 
clean energy systems for superior long-term techno-economic performance that 
include emerging energy systems like industrial carbon capture systems, CO
2
 
utilization and sequestration, clean baseload power, clean hydrogen production, 
net-negative gasifier complexes, methanol ecosystems, waste gas conditioning and 
use, clean chemicals, and clean materials. DASTUR’s intellectual assets in clean 
energy systems, economics, and finance help shape policies and strategies in clean 
energy market designs, carbon capture, carbon credit & trade mechanisms, 
regulatory frameworks, and macro-energy strategies for nations and institutions. 
By designing scalable clean energy systems which are pragmatic, commercially 
viable, and competitive, DASTUR makes sustainability and climate goals real, 
achievable, and implementable.
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) –
Policy Framework and Deployment Mechanism in India
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) –
Policy Framework and Deployment Mechanism in India
Page 5


Policy Framework and its 
Deployment Mechanism in India
Carbon Capture,
Utilization and
Storage (CCUS)
November 2022
Authors and Acknowledgements
Atanu Mukherjee, Principal Investigator,
M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Saurav Chatterjee, Co-Principal Investigator,
M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Authors Acknowledgment
The team is grateful for the mentorship and inputs provided by:
Dr. V. K. Saraswat, Member, NITI Aayog
Dr. Neeraj Sinha, Sr. Adviser (S&T), NITI Aayog
Shri Rajnath Ram, Adviser (Energy), NITI Aayog
Leadership
The study was carried out with the financial support of NITI Aayog, 
Government of India and conducted by M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
The team is grateful for the input and contributions received from:
Shri Jawahar Lal, Deputy Chief Engineer, NITI Aayog
Shri Naveen Kumar Vidyarthi, Director (Energy), NITI Aayog
Shri Amit Verma, Director (Energy), NITI Aayog
Shri Manoj Kumar Upadhayay,
Deputy Advisor (Energy), NITI Aayog
Dr. Abhinav Trivedi, Consultant, NITI Aayog
Shri Akash Jain, Young Professional, NITI Aayog
Abhijit Sarkar, Vice President, Dastur International, Inc.
Dr. Suprotim Ganguly, Techno-Strategic Advisor,
M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Arunava Maity, Sr. Principal Analyst, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Dr. Vikram Vishal, Convenor - National Centre of Excellence in
Carbon Capture and Utilization, IIT Bombay
Dr. Ken Medlock, Baker Institute, Rice University
Phil Amick, Principal, Dastur Energy Inc.
Dr. Susan D. Hovorka, The University of Texas at Austin
Saptarshi Bhattacharya, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Anand Senguttuvan, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Arnab Adak, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Debarka Chakraborty, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Anindya Majumdar, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
Pratyush Kumar, M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
We would also like to thank the following organizations who provided 
valuable inputs in shaping the report:
Shri A. Balan, Member (Planning),
Central Electricity Authority, India
Shri A K Rajput, Chief Engineer, Central Electricity Authority, India
Shri Neelesh Kr Sah, Joint Secretary,
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Govt. of India
Shri Gurdip Singh, Chairman and Managing Director,
National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.
Shri Nalin Singhal, Chairman and Managing Director,
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
Shri U K Bhattacharya, Director,
National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.
Shri Anirban Das Gupta, Director-in-Charge,
Steel Authority of India Ltd.
Shri Sanjay Shrivastava, Executive Director -
Chief Carbon Management & Sustainability Group,
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.
Shri Peeyush Kumar, Officer on Special Duty,
Ministry of Coal, Govt. of India
Dr. Anita Gupta, Adviser / Scientist G,
Department of Science & Technology
Shri Sanjay Singh, Scientist G, Technology Information 
Forecasting and Assessment Council
Dr. Deepak Saxena, Executive Director, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Shri Pradeep, Executive Director, Technology Information 
Forecasting and Assessment Council
Shri Gaurav Mishra, Executive Engineer,
Reservoir, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.
Shri Sujit Mitra, General Manager - Reservoir,
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.
Smt. Neha Verma, Director, Ministry of Steel, Govt. of India
Shri Paramjeet Singh, Additional Industrial Advisor,
Ministry of Steel, Govt. of India
Dr. Mukesh Kumar, Director - Steel Research & Technology 
Mission of India, Ministry of Steel, Govt. of India
Shri Kumar Saurabh, Deputy Director,
Ministry of Power, Govt. of India
Ms. Soujanya Mondal, Senior Manager, Corporate Strategy,
Planning & Advocacy, Gas Authority of India Ltd.
Shri Rahul Buswala, Strategy Manager,
Carbon Capture, Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
Acknowledgment
Available at: 
NITI Aayog: www.niti.gov.in
Disclaimer 
M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd. has received the financial assistance under the Research Scheme of NITI Aayog to prepare the report. While due care has 
been exercised to prepare the report using the data from various sources, NITI Aayog does not confirm the authenticity of data and the accuracy of 
the methodology to prepare the report. NITI Aayog shall not be held responsible for finding or opinions expressed in the document. This 
responsibility completely rests with M. N. Dastur & Co. (P) Ltd.
03
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) –
Policy Framework and Deployment Mechanism in India
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) –
Policy Framework and Deployment Mechanism in India
04
About DASTUR
M. N. Dastur & Company (P) Ltd. along with Dastur Energy (DASTUR) 
conceptualizes, designs, and develops business, technology, engineering and policy 
blueprints for clean energy systems for enterprises, governments, and institutions. 
DASTUR envisions the enablement of an affordable and clean energy future 
through industrial decarbonization, carbon capture, low-carbon alternative fuels 
and low-carbon transformation of solid fuels and hydrocarbons. DASTUR has 
conceptualized and designed several pioneering industrial-scale low-carbon 
projects worldwide in hydrogen, methanol, chemicals, steel, hydrocarbons, power, 
and carbon capture, and works with governments and international institutions on 
policy and market design aspects for enabling a low-carbon economy. DASTUR’s 
intellectual property and operating frameworks help design commercially viable 
and sustainable energy solutions using low-carbon energy technologies and 
carbon capture utilization and storage. DASTUR optimizes the design of integrated 
clean energy systems for superior long-term techno-economic performance that 
include emerging energy systems like industrial carbon capture systems, CO
2
 
utilization and sequestration, clean baseload power, clean hydrogen production, 
net-negative gasifier complexes, methanol ecosystems, waste gas conditioning and 
use, clean chemicals, and clean materials. DASTUR’s intellectual assets in clean 
energy systems, economics, and finance help shape policies and strategies in clean 
energy market designs, carbon capture, carbon credit & trade mechanisms, 
regulatory frameworks, and macro-energy strategies for nations and institutions. 
By designing scalable clean energy systems which are pragmatic, commercially 
viable, and competitive, DASTUR makes sustainability and climate goals real, 
achievable, and implementable.
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) –
Policy Framework and Deployment Mechanism in India
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) –
Policy Framework and Deployment Mechanism in India
05
Executive Summary 15
1. Introduction 27
2. Analysis of Sector-wise CO
2
 Emissions 35
3. Overview of CO
2
 Capture & Utilization Technologies 67
4. Potential for CO
2
 Storage in India 93
5. CCUS Policy Framework for India 111
6. Investment and Financing Mechanism 135
7. Conclusions 157
Bibliography 163
Contents
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) –
Policy Framework and Deployment Mechanism in India
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) –
Policy Framework and Deployment Mechanism in India