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 Page 1


Locating Places on the 
Earth
 Maps and globes help us understand and navigate our world. This chapter 
explores how we locate places on Earth using coordinates, directions, and 
time zones. We'll learn about the components of maps, the grid system of 
latitudes and longitudes, and how these relate to time differences across the 
globe.
Page 2


Locating Places on the 
Earth
 Maps and globes help us understand and navigate our world. This chapter 
explores how we locate places on Earth using coordinates, directions, and 
time zones. We'll learn about the components of maps, the grid system of 
latitudes and longitudes, and how these relate to time differences across the 
globe.
A Map and Its Components
Distance
Maps use a scale to represent real-
world distances. For example, 1 cm on 
a map may represent 500 m on the 
ground.
Direction
Cardinal directions (north, east, south, 
west) and intermediate directions help 
orient the map.
Symbols
Standardized symbols represent 
features like buildings, roads, and 
natural elements to convey 
information efficiently.
A map is a representation of an area, which can be small like a village or large like the whole world. There are several types 
of maps, including physical maps showing natural features, political maps showing boundaries and cities, and thematic 
maps with specific information.
Page 3


Locating Places on the 
Earth
 Maps and globes help us understand and navigate our world. This chapter 
explores how we locate places on Earth using coordinates, directions, and 
time zones. We'll learn about the components of maps, the grid system of 
latitudes and longitudes, and how these relate to time differences across the 
globe.
A Map and Its Components
Distance
Maps use a scale to represent real-
world distances. For example, 1 cm on 
a map may represent 500 m on the 
ground.
Direction
Cardinal directions (north, east, south, 
west) and intermediate directions help 
orient the map.
Symbols
Standardized symbols represent 
features like buildings, roads, and 
natural elements to convey 
information efficiently.
A map is a representation of an area, which can be small like a village or large like the whole world. There are several types 
of maps, including physical maps showing natural features, political maps showing boundaries and cities, and thematic 
maps with specific information.
Understanding the Globe
Shape of the Earth
The Earth is nearly spherical, slightly 
flattened at the poles. A globe 
accurately represents this shape.
Mapping Challenges
Representing a sphere on a flat 
surface is challenging, as 
demonstrated by peeling an orange.
Globe Features
A globe shows the North and South 
Poles, the Equator, and allows for 
rotation to simulate Earth's 
movement.
1
Shape of the Earth
The Earth is nearly spherical, slightly flattened at the poles. A globe accurately represents this shape.
2
Mapping Challenges
Representing a sphere on a flat surface is challenging, as demonstrated by peeling an orange.
3
Globe Features
A globe shows the North and South Poles, the Equator, and allows for rotation to simulate Earth's 
movement.
The globe is a spherical representation of the Earth, providing a more accurate depiction of geography than flat maps. It 
helps visualize the Earth's rotation and the relationship between different locations on the planet.
Page 4


Locating Places on the 
Earth
 Maps and globes help us understand and navigate our world. This chapter 
explores how we locate places on Earth using coordinates, directions, and 
time zones. We'll learn about the components of maps, the grid system of 
latitudes and longitudes, and how these relate to time differences across the 
globe.
A Map and Its Components
Distance
Maps use a scale to represent real-
world distances. For example, 1 cm on 
a map may represent 500 m on the 
ground.
Direction
Cardinal directions (north, east, south, 
west) and intermediate directions help 
orient the map.
Symbols
Standardized symbols represent 
features like buildings, roads, and 
natural elements to convey 
information efficiently.
A map is a representation of an area, which can be small like a village or large like the whole world. There are several types 
of maps, including physical maps showing natural features, political maps showing boundaries and cities, and thematic 
maps with specific information.
Understanding the Globe
Shape of the Earth
The Earth is nearly spherical, slightly 
flattened at the poles. A globe 
accurately represents this shape.
Mapping Challenges
Representing a sphere on a flat 
surface is challenging, as 
demonstrated by peeling an orange.
Globe Features
A globe shows the North and South 
Poles, the Equator, and allows for 
rotation to simulate Earth's 
movement.
1
Shape of the Earth
The Earth is nearly spherical, slightly flattened at the poles. A globe accurately represents this shape.
2
Mapping Challenges
Representing a sphere on a flat surface is challenging, as demonstrated by peeling an orange.
3
Globe Features
A globe shows the North and South Poles, the Equator, and allows for rotation to simulate Earth's 
movement.
The globe is a spherical representation of the Earth, providing a more accurate depiction of geography than flat maps. It 
helps visualize the Earth's rotation and the relationship between different locations on the planet.
Understanding Coordinates
Market Example
Like giving directions in a market using 
row and shop numbers, coordinates 
help locate places on Earth.
Chessboard Analogy
A chessboard uses letters and 
numbers to identify squares, similar 
to how coordinates work on maps.
Map Coordinates
Latitude and longitude form a 
coordinate system to precisely locate 
any place on Earth.
Coordinates are used to precisely determine locations. This system is similar to how we might give directions in a market 
or record moves on a chessboard. On Earth, we use latitude and longitude as our coordinate system.
Page 5


Locating Places on the 
Earth
 Maps and globes help us understand and navigate our world. This chapter 
explores how we locate places on Earth using coordinates, directions, and 
time zones. We'll learn about the components of maps, the grid system of 
latitudes and longitudes, and how these relate to time differences across the 
globe.
A Map and Its Components
Distance
Maps use a scale to represent real-
world distances. For example, 1 cm on 
a map may represent 500 m on the 
ground.
Direction
Cardinal directions (north, east, south, 
west) and intermediate directions help 
orient the map.
Symbols
Standardized symbols represent 
features like buildings, roads, and 
natural elements to convey 
information efficiently.
A map is a representation of an area, which can be small like a village or large like the whole world. There are several types 
of maps, including physical maps showing natural features, political maps showing boundaries and cities, and thematic 
maps with specific information.
Understanding the Globe
Shape of the Earth
The Earth is nearly spherical, slightly 
flattened at the poles. A globe 
accurately represents this shape.
Mapping Challenges
Representing a sphere on a flat 
surface is challenging, as 
demonstrated by peeling an orange.
Globe Features
A globe shows the North and South 
Poles, the Equator, and allows for 
rotation to simulate Earth's 
movement.
1
Shape of the Earth
The Earth is nearly spherical, slightly flattened at the poles. A globe accurately represents this shape.
2
Mapping Challenges
Representing a sphere on a flat surface is challenging, as demonstrated by peeling an orange.
3
Globe Features
A globe shows the North and South Poles, the Equator, and allows for rotation to simulate Earth's 
movement.
The globe is a spherical representation of the Earth, providing a more accurate depiction of geography than flat maps. It 
helps visualize the Earth's rotation and the relationship between different locations on the planet.
Understanding Coordinates
Market Example
Like giving directions in a market using 
row and shop numbers, coordinates 
help locate places on Earth.
Chessboard Analogy
A chessboard uses letters and 
numbers to identify squares, similar 
to how coordinates work on maps.
Map Coordinates
Latitude and longitude form a 
coordinate system to precisely locate 
any place on Earth.
Coordinates are used to precisely determine locations. This system is similar to how we might give directions in a market 
or record moves on a chessboard. On Earth, we use latitude and longitude as our coordinate system.
Latitudes
Ecuador
Ecuador is the starting 
point for measuring 
latitude, located at 0°.
Latitude Parallels
Imaginary lines that extend 
from east to west, parallel 
to the Equator, form circles 
around the Earth.
Measurement
Latitudes are measured in 
degrees, from 0° at the 
Equator to 90°N at the 
North Pole and 90°S at the 
South Pole.
Connection to Climate
Latitude influences the 
climate: equatorial regions 
are warm, mid-latitudes 
have temperate climates, 
and near the poles the 
temperatures are cold.
Latitude indicates the distance north or south of the Equator. It is fundamental for determining the climate and locating 
places on the planet.
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