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17 
PEOPLE IN PLACES
INTRODUCTION TO PERSPECTIVE
others appear three-dimensional as though they are popping out of the 
surface. Have you wondered how this happens?
Perspective is the technique of showing three-dimensional space on a 
two-dimensional surface. It creates an illusion of distance and depth, 
where things that are closer, appear bigger and have more details than 
those that are further away. You can create this magic with practice, by 
keenly observing the views in front of you. 
Look at the pictures below. 
Although the lines on either 
side of the road are parallel, 
they appear to converge in the 
distance. You would see the 
same on railway tracks too.
Observe 
 ? The horizon line aligns 
with the eye level of the 
viewer. 
 ? The lines converge at a 
vanishing point, which is 
also at the eye level.
Paintings and drawings have the power to 
transport you to other worlds. Some appear 
two-dimensional and entice you with the beauty 
of lines, patterns, colours and textures. Some 
Vanishing point
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
CH-17_VA.indd   186 CH-17_VA.indd   186 27-06-2025   11:22:01 27-06-2025   11:22:01
Page 2


17 
PEOPLE IN PLACES
INTRODUCTION TO PERSPECTIVE
others appear three-dimensional as though they are popping out of the 
surface. Have you wondered how this happens?
Perspective is the technique of showing three-dimensional space on a 
two-dimensional surface. It creates an illusion of distance and depth, 
where things that are closer, appear bigger and have more details than 
those that are further away. You can create this magic with practice, by 
keenly observing the views in front of you. 
Look at the pictures below. 
Although the lines on either 
side of the road are parallel, 
they appear to converge in the 
distance. You would see the 
same on railway tracks too.
Observe 
 ? The horizon line aligns 
with the eye level of the 
viewer. 
 ? The lines converge at a 
vanishing point, which is 
also at the eye level.
Paintings and drawings have the power to 
transport you to other worlds. Some appear 
two-dimensional and entice you with the beauty 
of lines, patterns, colours and textures. Some 
Vanishing point
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
CH-17_VA.indd   186 CH-17_VA.indd   186 27-06-2025   11:22:01 27-06-2025   11:22:01
187  |  PEOPLE IN PLACES
In order to  visualise how the lines 
appear when seen in perspective —
 ? Visualise your eyeball as a circle with 
its centre as the vanishing point.
 ? Imagine the horizontal line across 
the centre of eye as the horizon line.
 ? Imagine other lines radiating from 
the centre in di??erent directions.
To draw in perspective, three things 
are important —
1. Identifying the horizon line at eye 
level in the scene.
2. Visualising the vanishing point.
3. Observing the angle of lines that 
converge at the vanishing point.  
Perspective can help you observe, 
and draw buildings and architectural 
monuments in a way that looks realistic. 
Take the example of the image printed on 
the 100 rupee note.  
Notice how the lines of the upper and 
lower storeys of the stepwell appear to 
converge at the vanishing point.
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
Rani ki Vav Stepwell in Patan, Gujarat
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
CH-17_VA.indd   187 CH-17_VA.indd   187 30-06-2025   14:52:37 30-06-2025   14:52:37
Page 3


17 
PEOPLE IN PLACES
INTRODUCTION TO PERSPECTIVE
others appear three-dimensional as though they are popping out of the 
surface. Have you wondered how this happens?
Perspective is the technique of showing three-dimensional space on a 
two-dimensional surface. It creates an illusion of distance and depth, 
where things that are closer, appear bigger and have more details than 
those that are further away. You can create this magic with practice, by 
keenly observing the views in front of you. 
Look at the pictures below. 
Although the lines on either 
side of the road are parallel, 
they appear to converge in the 
distance. You would see the 
same on railway tracks too.
Observe 
 ? The horizon line aligns 
with the eye level of the 
viewer. 
 ? The lines converge at a 
vanishing point, which is 
also at the eye level.
Paintings and drawings have the power to 
transport you to other worlds. Some appear 
two-dimensional and entice you with the beauty 
of lines, patterns, colours and textures. Some 
Vanishing point
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
CH-17_VA.indd   186 CH-17_VA.indd   186 27-06-2025   11:22:01 27-06-2025   11:22:01
187  |  PEOPLE IN PLACES
In order to  visualise how the lines 
appear when seen in perspective —
 ? Visualise your eyeball as a circle with 
its centre as the vanishing point.
 ? Imagine the horizontal line across 
the centre of eye as the horizon line.
 ? Imagine other lines radiating from 
the centre in di??erent directions.
To draw in perspective, three things 
are important —
1. Identifying the horizon line at eye 
level in the scene.
2. Visualising the vanishing point.
3. Observing the angle of lines that 
converge at the vanishing point.  
Perspective can help you observe, 
and draw buildings and architectural 
monuments in a way that looks realistic. 
Take the example of the image printed on 
the 100 rupee note.  
Notice how the lines of the upper and 
lower storeys of the stepwell appear to 
converge at the vanishing point.
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
Rani ki Vav Stepwell in Patan, Gujarat
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
CH-17_VA.indd   187 CH-17_VA.indd   187 30-06-2025   14:52:37 30-06-2025   14:52:37
188  |  Kriti
Similarly, observe the lines converging at the 
vanishing point in other photographs of building 
interiors. 
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
Vanishing point
Wall
Wall
Ceiling
Floor
Wall
Once you learn and understand the principles of 
perspective drawing, you will ??nd it easy to draw 
simple objects from di??erent angles.
CH-17_VA.indd   188 CH-17_VA.indd   188 27-06-2025   11:22:03 27-06-2025   11:22:03
Page 4


17 
PEOPLE IN PLACES
INTRODUCTION TO PERSPECTIVE
others appear three-dimensional as though they are popping out of the 
surface. Have you wondered how this happens?
Perspective is the technique of showing three-dimensional space on a 
two-dimensional surface. It creates an illusion of distance and depth, 
where things that are closer, appear bigger and have more details than 
those that are further away. You can create this magic with practice, by 
keenly observing the views in front of you. 
Look at the pictures below. 
Although the lines on either 
side of the road are parallel, 
they appear to converge in the 
distance. You would see the 
same on railway tracks too.
Observe 
 ? The horizon line aligns 
with the eye level of the 
viewer. 
 ? The lines converge at a 
vanishing point, which is 
also at the eye level.
Paintings and drawings have the power to 
transport you to other worlds. Some appear 
two-dimensional and entice you with the beauty 
of lines, patterns, colours and textures. Some 
Vanishing point
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
CH-17_VA.indd   186 CH-17_VA.indd   186 27-06-2025   11:22:01 27-06-2025   11:22:01
187  |  PEOPLE IN PLACES
In order to  visualise how the lines 
appear when seen in perspective —
 ? Visualise your eyeball as a circle with 
its centre as the vanishing point.
 ? Imagine the horizontal line across 
the centre of eye as the horizon line.
 ? Imagine other lines radiating from 
the centre in di??erent directions.
To draw in perspective, three things 
are important —
1. Identifying the horizon line at eye 
level in the scene.
2. Visualising the vanishing point.
3. Observing the angle of lines that 
converge at the vanishing point.  
Perspective can help you observe, 
and draw buildings and architectural 
monuments in a way that looks realistic. 
Take the example of the image printed on 
the 100 rupee note.  
Notice how the lines of the upper and 
lower storeys of the stepwell appear to 
converge at the vanishing point.
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
Rani ki Vav Stepwell in Patan, Gujarat
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
CH-17_VA.indd   187 CH-17_VA.indd   187 30-06-2025   14:52:37 30-06-2025   14:52:37
188  |  Kriti
Similarly, observe the lines converging at the 
vanishing point in other photographs of building 
interiors. 
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
Vanishing point
Wall
Wall
Ceiling
Floor
Wall
Once you learn and understand the principles of 
perspective drawing, you will ??nd it easy to draw 
simple objects from di??erent angles.
CH-17_VA.indd   188 CH-17_VA.indd   188 27-06-2025   11:22:03 27-06-2025   11:22:03
189  |  PEOPLE IN PLACES
ACTIVITY 17.1: MAKE  
A VIEWING GRID 
Materials: Unusued or 
discarded transparent sheet 
measuring scale, ball point 
pen or permanent marker, and 
scissors
Procedure: 
 ? Cut the transparent sheet of 
A4 size.
 ? Use a measuring scale and 
mark the grid with a ball point 
pen or permanent marker as 
shown in the photo. This will 
be your viewing grid.
 ? Look at your surroundings 
through the viewing grid. 
Hold it straight and still, 
during the process. 
 ? Align the horizon line on the 
grid with your eye level.
Illustration of a table from di??erent perspectives
CH-17_VA.indd   189 CH-17_VA.indd   189 30-06-2025   14:52:54 30-06-2025   14:52:54
Page 5


17 
PEOPLE IN PLACES
INTRODUCTION TO PERSPECTIVE
others appear three-dimensional as though they are popping out of the 
surface. Have you wondered how this happens?
Perspective is the technique of showing three-dimensional space on a 
two-dimensional surface. It creates an illusion of distance and depth, 
where things that are closer, appear bigger and have more details than 
those that are further away. You can create this magic with practice, by 
keenly observing the views in front of you. 
Look at the pictures below. 
Although the lines on either 
side of the road are parallel, 
they appear to converge in the 
distance. You would see the 
same on railway tracks too.
Observe 
 ? The horizon line aligns 
with the eye level of the 
viewer. 
 ? The lines converge at a 
vanishing point, which is 
also at the eye level.
Paintings and drawings have the power to 
transport you to other worlds. Some appear 
two-dimensional and entice you with the beauty 
of lines, patterns, colours and textures. Some 
Vanishing point
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
CH-17_VA.indd   186 CH-17_VA.indd   186 27-06-2025   11:22:01 27-06-2025   11:22:01
187  |  PEOPLE IN PLACES
In order to  visualise how the lines 
appear when seen in perspective —
 ? Visualise your eyeball as a circle with 
its centre as the vanishing point.
 ? Imagine the horizontal line across 
the centre of eye as the horizon line.
 ? Imagine other lines radiating from 
the centre in di??erent directions.
To draw in perspective, three things 
are important —
1. Identifying the horizon line at eye 
level in the scene.
2. Visualising the vanishing point.
3. Observing the angle of lines that 
converge at the vanishing point.  
Perspective can help you observe, 
and draw buildings and architectural 
monuments in a way that looks realistic. 
Take the example of the image printed on 
the 100 rupee note.  
Notice how the lines of the upper and 
lower storeys of the stepwell appear to 
converge at the vanishing point.
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
Rani ki Vav Stepwell in Patan, Gujarat
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
CH-17_VA.indd   187 CH-17_VA.indd   187 30-06-2025   14:52:37 30-06-2025   14:52:37
188  |  Kriti
Similarly, observe the lines converging at the 
vanishing point in other photographs of building 
interiors. 
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
Above eye level 
Below eye level 
Eye level 
Vanishing point
Wall
Wall
Ceiling
Floor
Wall
Once you learn and understand the principles of 
perspective drawing, you will ??nd it easy to draw 
simple objects from di??erent angles.
CH-17_VA.indd   188 CH-17_VA.indd   188 27-06-2025   11:22:03 27-06-2025   11:22:03
189  |  PEOPLE IN PLACES
ACTIVITY 17.1: MAKE  
A VIEWING GRID 
Materials: Unusued or 
discarded transparent sheet 
measuring scale, ball point 
pen or permanent marker, and 
scissors
Procedure: 
 ? Cut the transparent sheet of 
A4 size.
 ? Use a measuring scale and 
mark the grid with a ball point 
pen or permanent marker as 
shown in the photo. This will 
be your viewing grid.
 ? Look at your surroundings 
through the viewing grid. 
Hold it straight and still, 
during the process. 
 ? Align the horizon line on the 
grid with your eye level.
Illustration of a table from di??erent perspectives
CH-17_VA.indd   189 CH-17_VA.indd   189 30-06-2025   14:52:54 30-06-2025   14:52:54
190  |  Kriti
 ? As you look at the scene through the grid, ??nd 
lines that align with the horizon line. 
 ? Observe the other lines and the shapes of objects 
in relation to the lines and squares on the viewing 
grid.
 ? Compare the angle of lines in objects that are 
near with those that are far.
 ? Choose a scene that you want to draw.
 ? Replicate what you see through the transparent 
sheet on your drawing paper.
You can use the same viewing grid to draw 
di??erent scenes to show perspective. With more 
practice, you will be able to draw without a viewing 
grid.
Look at the scene through the grid
Replicate what you see through the transparent sheet 
on your drawing paper
CH-17_VA.indd   190 CH-17_VA.indd   190 27-06-2025   11:22:06 27-06-2025   11:22:06
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FAQs on NCERT Textbook: People in Places - Arts (Kriti) Class 8 - New NCERT

1. "People in Places" क्या है और इसके मुख्य विचार क्या हैं?
Ans."People in Places" एक अध्याय है जो विभिन्न स्थानों में रहने वाले लोगों और उनकी संस्कृति, समाज और जीवनशैली के बारे में चर्चा करता है। यह विभिन्न भौगोलिक क्षेत्रों में मानव गतिविधियों के प्रभावों को समझने में मदद करता है। इसमें यह बताया गया है कि कैसे लोग अपने पर्यावरण के साथ बातचीत करते हैं और कैसे उनकी पहचान और जीवनशैली उस स्थान से प्रभावित होती है जहाँ वे रहते हैं।
2. "People in Places" में विभिन्न स्थानों के लोग कैसे आपस में जुड़े हुए हैं?
Ans."People in Places" में यह बताया गया है कि विभिन्न स्थानों के लोग आपस में कैसे जुड़े हुए हैं, जैसे व्यापार, संस्कृति, और सामाजिक संबंधों के माध्यम से। वैश्वीकरण के चलते, लोग अब अधिक आसानी से एक-दूसरे के साथ संवाद और संपर्क कर सकते हैं, जिससे उनकी जीवनशैली और परंपराएं भी प्रभावित होती हैं।
3. "People in Places" पाठ में भूगोल और समाज के बीच संबंध को कैसे दर्शाया गया है?
Ans."People in Places" पाठ में भूगोल और समाज के बीच का संबंध यह दर्शाया गया है कि किस प्रकार भौगोलिक विशेषताएँ जैसे जलवायु, स्थलाकृति और संसाधन मानव समाज के विकास और उनकी गतिविधियों को आकार देती हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, पहाड़ी क्षेत्रों में रहने वाले लोग कृषि और पशुपालन के लिए विभिन्न तकनीकों का उपयोग करते हैं जो उनके स्थानीय वातावरण से मेल खाते हैं।
4. "People in Places" में स्थानीय संस्कृति का महत्व क्या है?
Ans."People in Places" में स्थानीय संस्कृति का महत्व इस प्रकार बताया गया है कि यह लोगों की पहचान, परंपराएँ और जीवनशैली को परिभाषित करती है। स्थानीय संस्कृति न केवल सामाजिक संबंधों को मजबूत करती है बल्कि यह लोगों के बीच एकता और सामूहिक पहचान भी बनाती है। यह पाठ यह समझाता है कि कैसे विभिन्न स्थानों की संस्कृति उनके निवासियों के जीवन पर गहरा प्रभाव डालती है।
5. "People in Places" के अध्ययन से विद्यार्थियों को क्या लाभ होता है?
Ans."People in Places" के अध्ययन से विद्यार्थियों को विभिन्न संस्कृतियों, स्थानों और उनके बीच के संबंधों को समझने का अवसर मिलता है। यह उन्हें वैश्विक दृष्टिकोण विकसित करने में मदद करता है और उनके सामाजिक और सांस्कृतिक ज्ञान को बढ़ाता है। इसके अलावा, यह पाठ विद्यार्थियों को यह सिखाता है कि कैसे विभिन्न समुदाय एक-दूसरे से जुड़े हुए हैं और कैसे उनका पर्यावरण उनके जीवन को प्रभावित करता है।
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