NCERT Textbook: Respiration in Organisms | Science & Technology for UPSC CSE PDF Download

 Page 1


Respiration in
Organisms
6
O
ne day Boojho was eagerly
waiting to meet his
grandparents who were coming
to the town after a year. He was in a real
hurry as he wanted to receive them at the
bus-stop. He ran fast and reached the
bus-stop in a few minutes. He was
breathing rapidly. His grandmother asked
him why he was breathing so fast. Boojho
told her that he came running all the way.
But the question got stuck in his mind.
He wondered why running makes a
person breathe faster. The answer to
Boojho’s question lies in understanding
why we breathe. Breathing is a part of
respiration. Let us learn about respiration.
6.1 WHY DO WE RESPIRE?
In Chapter 2 you learnt that all
organisms are made of small
microscopic units called cells. A cell is
the smallest structural and functional
unit of an organism. Each cell of an
organism performs certain functions
such as nutrition, transport, excretion
and reproduction. To perform these
functions, the cell needs energy. Even
when we are eating, sleeping or reading
we require energy. But, where does this
energy come from? Can you say why
your parents insist that you should eat
regularly? The food has stored energy,
which is released during respiration.
Therefore, all living organisms respire
to get energy from food. During
breathing, we breathe in air. You know
that air contains oxygen. We breathe out
air which is rich in carbon dioxide. The
air we breathe in is transported to all
parts of the body and ultimately to each
cell. In  the cells, oxygen in the air helps
in the breakdown of food. The process
of breakdown of food in the cell with the
release of energy is called cellular
respiration. Cellular respiration takes
place in the cells of all organisms.
In the cell, the food (glucose) is broken
down into carbon dioxide and water using
oxygen. When breakdown of glucose
occurs with the use of oxygen it is called
aerobic respiration. Food can also be
broken down, without using oxygen. This
is called anaerobic respiration.
Breakdown of food releases energy.
You should know that there are some
organisms such as yeast that can survive
in the absence of air. They are called
anaerobes. They get energy through
anaerobic respiration. In the absence of
oxygen, glucose breaks down into alcohol
and carbon dioxide, as given below:
Reprint 2024-25
Page 2


Respiration in
Organisms
6
O
ne day Boojho was eagerly
waiting to meet his
grandparents who were coming
to the town after a year. He was in a real
hurry as he wanted to receive them at the
bus-stop. He ran fast and reached the
bus-stop in a few minutes. He was
breathing rapidly. His grandmother asked
him why he was breathing so fast. Boojho
told her that he came running all the way.
But the question got stuck in his mind.
He wondered why running makes a
person breathe faster. The answer to
Boojho’s question lies in understanding
why we breathe. Breathing is a part of
respiration. Let us learn about respiration.
6.1 WHY DO WE RESPIRE?
In Chapter 2 you learnt that all
organisms are made of small
microscopic units called cells. A cell is
the smallest structural and functional
unit of an organism. Each cell of an
organism performs certain functions
such as nutrition, transport, excretion
and reproduction. To perform these
functions, the cell needs energy. Even
when we are eating, sleeping or reading
we require energy. But, where does this
energy come from? Can you say why
your parents insist that you should eat
regularly? The food has stored energy,
which is released during respiration.
Therefore, all living organisms respire
to get energy from food. During
breathing, we breathe in air. You know
that air contains oxygen. We breathe out
air which is rich in carbon dioxide. The
air we breathe in is transported to all
parts of the body and ultimately to each
cell. In  the cells, oxygen in the air helps
in the breakdown of food. The process
of breakdown of food in the cell with the
release of energy is called cellular
respiration. Cellular respiration takes
place in the cells of all organisms.
In the cell, the food (glucose) is broken
down into carbon dioxide and water using
oxygen. When breakdown of glucose
occurs with the use of oxygen it is called
aerobic respiration. Food can also be
broken down, without using oxygen. This
is called anaerobic respiration.
Breakdown of food releases energy.
You should know that there are some
organisms such as yeast that can survive
in the absence of air. They are called
anaerobes. They get energy through
anaerobic respiration. In the absence of
oxygen, glucose breaks down into alcohol
and carbon dioxide, as given below:
Reprint 2024-25
SCIENCE 58
Our muscle cells can also respire
anaerobically, but only for a short time,
when there is a temporary deficiency of
oxygen. During heavy exercise, fast
running (Fig. 6.1), cycling, walking for
many hours or heavy weight lifting, the
demand for energy is high. But the
supply of oxygen to produce the energy
is limited. Then anaerobic respiration
takes places in the muscle cells to fulfil
the demand of energy:
Fig. 6.1  During exercise, some muscles may
respire anaerobically
Have you ever wondered why you get
muscle cramps after heavy exercise? The
cramps occur when muscle cells respire
anaerobically. The partial breakdown of
glucose produces lactic acid. The
accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle
cramps. We get relief from cramps after a
hot water bath or a massage. Can you
guess why it is so? Hot water bath or
massage improves circulation of blood.
As a result, the supply of oxygen to the
muscle cells increases. The increase in
the supply of oxygen results in the
complete breakdown of lactic acid into
carbon dioxide and water.
6.2 BREATHING
Activity 6.1
Yeasts are single-celled organisms.
They respire anaerobically and during
this process yield alcohol. They are,
therefore, used to make wine and beer.
CAUTION
Do this activity under the supervision
of your teacher.
Close your nostrils and mouth
tightly and look at a watch. What did
you feel after some time? How long were
you able to keep both of them closed?
Note down the time for which you could
hold your breath (Fig. 6.2).
So, now you know that you cannot
survive for long without breathing.
 Breathing means taking in air rich
in oxygen and giving out air rich in
carbon dioxide with the help of
respiratory organs. The taking in of air
rich in oxygen
 
into the body is called
inhalation and giving out of air rich in
carbon dioxide
 
is known as exhalation.
It is a continuous process which goes
Reprint 2024-25
Page 3


Respiration in
Organisms
6
O
ne day Boojho was eagerly
waiting to meet his
grandparents who were coming
to the town after a year. He was in a real
hurry as he wanted to receive them at the
bus-stop. He ran fast and reached the
bus-stop in a few minutes. He was
breathing rapidly. His grandmother asked
him why he was breathing so fast. Boojho
told her that he came running all the way.
But the question got stuck in his mind.
He wondered why running makes a
person breathe faster. The answer to
Boojho’s question lies in understanding
why we breathe. Breathing is a part of
respiration. Let us learn about respiration.
6.1 WHY DO WE RESPIRE?
In Chapter 2 you learnt that all
organisms are made of small
microscopic units called cells. A cell is
the smallest structural and functional
unit of an organism. Each cell of an
organism performs certain functions
such as nutrition, transport, excretion
and reproduction. To perform these
functions, the cell needs energy. Even
when we are eating, sleeping or reading
we require energy. But, where does this
energy come from? Can you say why
your parents insist that you should eat
regularly? The food has stored energy,
which is released during respiration.
Therefore, all living organisms respire
to get energy from food. During
breathing, we breathe in air. You know
that air contains oxygen. We breathe out
air which is rich in carbon dioxide. The
air we breathe in is transported to all
parts of the body and ultimately to each
cell. In  the cells, oxygen in the air helps
in the breakdown of food. The process
of breakdown of food in the cell with the
release of energy is called cellular
respiration. Cellular respiration takes
place in the cells of all organisms.
In the cell, the food (glucose) is broken
down into carbon dioxide and water using
oxygen. When breakdown of glucose
occurs with the use of oxygen it is called
aerobic respiration. Food can also be
broken down, without using oxygen. This
is called anaerobic respiration.
Breakdown of food releases energy.
You should know that there are some
organisms such as yeast that can survive
in the absence of air. They are called
anaerobes. They get energy through
anaerobic respiration. In the absence of
oxygen, glucose breaks down into alcohol
and carbon dioxide, as given below:
Reprint 2024-25
SCIENCE 58
Our muscle cells can also respire
anaerobically, but only for a short time,
when there is a temporary deficiency of
oxygen. During heavy exercise, fast
running (Fig. 6.1), cycling, walking for
many hours or heavy weight lifting, the
demand for energy is high. But the
supply of oxygen to produce the energy
is limited. Then anaerobic respiration
takes places in the muscle cells to fulfil
the demand of energy:
Fig. 6.1  During exercise, some muscles may
respire anaerobically
Have you ever wondered why you get
muscle cramps after heavy exercise? The
cramps occur when muscle cells respire
anaerobically. The partial breakdown of
glucose produces lactic acid. The
accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle
cramps. We get relief from cramps after a
hot water bath or a massage. Can you
guess why it is so? Hot water bath or
massage improves circulation of blood.
As a result, the supply of oxygen to the
muscle cells increases. The increase in
the supply of oxygen results in the
complete breakdown of lactic acid into
carbon dioxide and water.
6.2 BREATHING
Activity 6.1
Yeasts are single-celled organisms.
They respire anaerobically and during
this process yield alcohol. They are,
therefore, used to make wine and beer.
CAUTION
Do this activity under the supervision
of your teacher.
Close your nostrils and mouth
tightly and look at a watch. What did
you feel after some time? How long were
you able to keep both of them closed?
Note down the time for which you could
hold your breath (Fig. 6.2).
So, now you know that you cannot
survive for long without breathing.
 Breathing means taking in air rich
in oxygen and giving out air rich in
carbon dioxide with the help of
respiratory organs. The taking in of air
rich in oxygen
 
into the body is called
inhalation and giving out of air rich in
carbon dioxide
 
is known as exhalation.
It is a continuous process which goes
Reprint 2024-25
RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS 59
you like to find out your breathing rate?
Do you want to know whether it is
constant or it changes according to the
requirement of oxygen by the body? Let
us find out by doing the following
activity.
Activity 6.2
Generally we are not aware that we are
breathing. However, if you try you can
count your rate of breathing. Breathe
in and out normally. Find out how many
times you breathe in and breathe out
in a minute? Did you inhale the same
number of times as you exhaled? Now
count your breathing rate (number of
breaths/minute) after brisk walk and
after running. Record your breathing
rate as soon as you finish and also after
complete rest. Tabulate your findings
and compare your breathing rates under
different conditions with those of your
classmates.
From the above activity, you must
have realised that whenever a person
needs extra energy, he/she breathes
faster. As a result more oxygen is
Boojho noticed that when he
released his breath after holding
it for some time, he had to
breathe heavily. Can you tell
him why it was so?
Fig. 6.2   Holding breath
on all the time and throughout the life
of an organism.
The number of times a person
breathes in a minute is termed as the
breathing rate. During breathing
inhalation and exhalation take place
alternately. A breath means one
inhalation plus one exhalation. Would
Table 6.1 Changes in breathing rate under different conditions
Name of the classmate Breathing rate
Normal After a brisk After running At rest
walk for 10 fast 100 m
minutes
Self
Reprint 2024-25
Page 4


Respiration in
Organisms
6
O
ne day Boojho was eagerly
waiting to meet his
grandparents who were coming
to the town after a year. He was in a real
hurry as he wanted to receive them at the
bus-stop. He ran fast and reached the
bus-stop in a few minutes. He was
breathing rapidly. His grandmother asked
him why he was breathing so fast. Boojho
told her that he came running all the way.
But the question got stuck in his mind.
He wondered why running makes a
person breathe faster. The answer to
Boojho’s question lies in understanding
why we breathe. Breathing is a part of
respiration. Let us learn about respiration.
6.1 WHY DO WE RESPIRE?
In Chapter 2 you learnt that all
organisms are made of small
microscopic units called cells. A cell is
the smallest structural and functional
unit of an organism. Each cell of an
organism performs certain functions
such as nutrition, transport, excretion
and reproduction. To perform these
functions, the cell needs energy. Even
when we are eating, sleeping or reading
we require energy. But, where does this
energy come from? Can you say why
your parents insist that you should eat
regularly? The food has stored energy,
which is released during respiration.
Therefore, all living organisms respire
to get energy from food. During
breathing, we breathe in air. You know
that air contains oxygen. We breathe out
air which is rich in carbon dioxide. The
air we breathe in is transported to all
parts of the body and ultimately to each
cell. In  the cells, oxygen in the air helps
in the breakdown of food. The process
of breakdown of food in the cell with the
release of energy is called cellular
respiration. Cellular respiration takes
place in the cells of all organisms.
In the cell, the food (glucose) is broken
down into carbon dioxide and water using
oxygen. When breakdown of glucose
occurs with the use of oxygen it is called
aerobic respiration. Food can also be
broken down, without using oxygen. This
is called anaerobic respiration.
Breakdown of food releases energy.
You should know that there are some
organisms such as yeast that can survive
in the absence of air. They are called
anaerobes. They get energy through
anaerobic respiration. In the absence of
oxygen, glucose breaks down into alcohol
and carbon dioxide, as given below:
Reprint 2024-25
SCIENCE 58
Our muscle cells can also respire
anaerobically, but only for a short time,
when there is a temporary deficiency of
oxygen. During heavy exercise, fast
running (Fig. 6.1), cycling, walking for
many hours or heavy weight lifting, the
demand for energy is high. But the
supply of oxygen to produce the energy
is limited. Then anaerobic respiration
takes places in the muscle cells to fulfil
the demand of energy:
Fig. 6.1  During exercise, some muscles may
respire anaerobically
Have you ever wondered why you get
muscle cramps after heavy exercise? The
cramps occur when muscle cells respire
anaerobically. The partial breakdown of
glucose produces lactic acid. The
accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle
cramps. We get relief from cramps after a
hot water bath or a massage. Can you
guess why it is so? Hot water bath or
massage improves circulation of blood.
As a result, the supply of oxygen to the
muscle cells increases. The increase in
the supply of oxygen results in the
complete breakdown of lactic acid into
carbon dioxide and water.
6.2 BREATHING
Activity 6.1
Yeasts are single-celled organisms.
They respire anaerobically and during
this process yield alcohol. They are,
therefore, used to make wine and beer.
CAUTION
Do this activity under the supervision
of your teacher.
Close your nostrils and mouth
tightly and look at a watch. What did
you feel after some time? How long were
you able to keep both of them closed?
Note down the time for which you could
hold your breath (Fig. 6.2).
So, now you know that you cannot
survive for long without breathing.
 Breathing means taking in air rich
in oxygen and giving out air rich in
carbon dioxide with the help of
respiratory organs. The taking in of air
rich in oxygen
 
into the body is called
inhalation and giving out of air rich in
carbon dioxide
 
is known as exhalation.
It is a continuous process which goes
Reprint 2024-25
RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS 59
you like to find out your breathing rate?
Do you want to know whether it is
constant or it changes according to the
requirement of oxygen by the body? Let
us find out by doing the following
activity.
Activity 6.2
Generally we are not aware that we are
breathing. However, if you try you can
count your rate of breathing. Breathe
in and out normally. Find out how many
times you breathe in and breathe out
in a minute? Did you inhale the same
number of times as you exhaled? Now
count your breathing rate (number of
breaths/minute) after brisk walk and
after running. Record your breathing
rate as soon as you finish and also after
complete rest. Tabulate your findings
and compare your breathing rates under
different conditions with those of your
classmates.
From the above activity, you must
have realised that whenever a person
needs extra energy, he/she breathes
faster. As a result more oxygen is
Boojho noticed that when he
released his breath after holding
it for some time, he had to
breathe heavily. Can you tell
him why it was so?
Fig. 6.2   Holding breath
on all the time and throughout the life
of an organism.
The number of times a person
breathes in a minute is termed as the
breathing rate. During breathing
inhalation and exhalation take place
alternately. A breath means one
inhalation plus one exhalation. Would
Table 6.1 Changes in breathing rate under different conditions
Name of the classmate Breathing rate
Normal After a brisk After running At rest
walk for 10 fast 100 m
minutes
Self
Reprint 2024-25
SCIENCE 60
Fig. 6.3   Variation in the breathing rate during
different activities
supplied to our cells. It speeds up
the breakdown of food and more
energy is released. Does this explain
why do we feel hungry after a
physical activity?
When you feel drowsy, does your
breathing rate slow down? Does your
body receive sufficient oxygen?
Activity 6.3
Figure 6.3 shows the various activities
carried out by a person during a normal
day. Can you say in which activity, the
rate of breathing will be the slowest and
in which it will be the fastest? Assign
numbers to the pictures in the order of
increasing rate of breathing according
to your experience.
6.3 HOW DO WE BREATHE?
Let us now learn about the mechanism
of breathing. Normally we take in air
through our nostrils. When we inhale
air, it passes through our nostrils into
the nasal cavity. From the nasal cavity,
the air reaches our lungs through the
windpipe. Lungs are present in the
chest cavity (Fig. 6.4). This cavity is
surrounded by ribs on the sides. A large,
muscular sheet called diaphragm forms
the floor of the chest cavity (Fig. 6.4).
Breathing involves the movement of the
diaphragm and the rib cage.
During inhalation, ribs move up and
outwards and diaphragm moves down.
This movement increases space in our
chest cavity and air rushes into the
lungs. The lungs get filled with air.
During exhalation, ribs move down and
inwards, while diaphragm moves up to
its former position. This reduces the size
of the chest cavity and air is pushed out
of the lungs (Fig. 6.5). These movements
in our body can be felt easily. Take a
On an average, an adult human being
at rest breathes in and out 15–18
times in a minute. During heavy
exercise, the breathing rate can
increase upto 25 times per minute.
While we exercise, not only do we
breathe fast, we also take deep breaths
and thus inhale more oxygen.
Paheli wants to know why
we yawn when we are
sleepy or drowsy.
Reprint 2024-25
Page 5


Respiration in
Organisms
6
O
ne day Boojho was eagerly
waiting to meet his
grandparents who were coming
to the town after a year. He was in a real
hurry as he wanted to receive them at the
bus-stop. He ran fast and reached the
bus-stop in a few minutes. He was
breathing rapidly. His grandmother asked
him why he was breathing so fast. Boojho
told her that he came running all the way.
But the question got stuck in his mind.
He wondered why running makes a
person breathe faster. The answer to
Boojho’s question lies in understanding
why we breathe. Breathing is a part of
respiration. Let us learn about respiration.
6.1 WHY DO WE RESPIRE?
In Chapter 2 you learnt that all
organisms are made of small
microscopic units called cells. A cell is
the smallest structural and functional
unit of an organism. Each cell of an
organism performs certain functions
such as nutrition, transport, excretion
and reproduction. To perform these
functions, the cell needs energy. Even
when we are eating, sleeping or reading
we require energy. But, where does this
energy come from? Can you say why
your parents insist that you should eat
regularly? The food has stored energy,
which is released during respiration.
Therefore, all living organisms respire
to get energy from food. During
breathing, we breathe in air. You know
that air contains oxygen. We breathe out
air which is rich in carbon dioxide. The
air we breathe in is transported to all
parts of the body and ultimately to each
cell. In  the cells, oxygen in the air helps
in the breakdown of food. The process
of breakdown of food in the cell with the
release of energy is called cellular
respiration. Cellular respiration takes
place in the cells of all organisms.
In the cell, the food (glucose) is broken
down into carbon dioxide and water using
oxygen. When breakdown of glucose
occurs with the use of oxygen it is called
aerobic respiration. Food can also be
broken down, without using oxygen. This
is called anaerobic respiration.
Breakdown of food releases energy.
You should know that there are some
organisms such as yeast that can survive
in the absence of air. They are called
anaerobes. They get energy through
anaerobic respiration. In the absence of
oxygen, glucose breaks down into alcohol
and carbon dioxide, as given below:
Reprint 2024-25
SCIENCE 58
Our muscle cells can also respire
anaerobically, but only for a short time,
when there is a temporary deficiency of
oxygen. During heavy exercise, fast
running (Fig. 6.1), cycling, walking for
many hours or heavy weight lifting, the
demand for energy is high. But the
supply of oxygen to produce the energy
is limited. Then anaerobic respiration
takes places in the muscle cells to fulfil
the demand of energy:
Fig. 6.1  During exercise, some muscles may
respire anaerobically
Have you ever wondered why you get
muscle cramps after heavy exercise? The
cramps occur when muscle cells respire
anaerobically. The partial breakdown of
glucose produces lactic acid. The
accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle
cramps. We get relief from cramps after a
hot water bath or a massage. Can you
guess why it is so? Hot water bath or
massage improves circulation of blood.
As a result, the supply of oxygen to the
muscle cells increases. The increase in
the supply of oxygen results in the
complete breakdown of lactic acid into
carbon dioxide and water.
6.2 BREATHING
Activity 6.1
Yeasts are single-celled organisms.
They respire anaerobically and during
this process yield alcohol. They are,
therefore, used to make wine and beer.
CAUTION
Do this activity under the supervision
of your teacher.
Close your nostrils and mouth
tightly and look at a watch. What did
you feel after some time? How long were
you able to keep both of them closed?
Note down the time for which you could
hold your breath (Fig. 6.2).
So, now you know that you cannot
survive for long without breathing.
 Breathing means taking in air rich
in oxygen and giving out air rich in
carbon dioxide with the help of
respiratory organs. The taking in of air
rich in oxygen
 
into the body is called
inhalation and giving out of air rich in
carbon dioxide
 
is known as exhalation.
It is a continuous process which goes
Reprint 2024-25
RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS 59
you like to find out your breathing rate?
Do you want to know whether it is
constant or it changes according to the
requirement of oxygen by the body? Let
us find out by doing the following
activity.
Activity 6.2
Generally we are not aware that we are
breathing. However, if you try you can
count your rate of breathing. Breathe
in and out normally. Find out how many
times you breathe in and breathe out
in a minute? Did you inhale the same
number of times as you exhaled? Now
count your breathing rate (number of
breaths/minute) after brisk walk and
after running. Record your breathing
rate as soon as you finish and also after
complete rest. Tabulate your findings
and compare your breathing rates under
different conditions with those of your
classmates.
From the above activity, you must
have realised that whenever a person
needs extra energy, he/she breathes
faster. As a result more oxygen is
Boojho noticed that when he
released his breath after holding
it for some time, he had to
breathe heavily. Can you tell
him why it was so?
Fig. 6.2   Holding breath
on all the time and throughout the life
of an organism.
The number of times a person
breathes in a minute is termed as the
breathing rate. During breathing
inhalation and exhalation take place
alternately. A breath means one
inhalation plus one exhalation. Would
Table 6.1 Changes in breathing rate under different conditions
Name of the classmate Breathing rate
Normal After a brisk After running At rest
walk for 10 fast 100 m
minutes
Self
Reprint 2024-25
SCIENCE 60
Fig. 6.3   Variation in the breathing rate during
different activities
supplied to our cells. It speeds up
the breakdown of food and more
energy is released. Does this explain
why do we feel hungry after a
physical activity?
When you feel drowsy, does your
breathing rate slow down? Does your
body receive sufficient oxygen?
Activity 6.3
Figure 6.3 shows the various activities
carried out by a person during a normal
day. Can you say in which activity, the
rate of breathing will be the slowest and
in which it will be the fastest? Assign
numbers to the pictures in the order of
increasing rate of breathing according
to your experience.
6.3 HOW DO WE BREATHE?
Let us now learn about the mechanism
of breathing. Normally we take in air
through our nostrils. When we inhale
air, it passes through our nostrils into
the nasal cavity. From the nasal cavity,
the air reaches our lungs through the
windpipe. Lungs are present in the
chest cavity (Fig. 6.4). This cavity is
surrounded by ribs on the sides. A large,
muscular sheet called diaphragm forms
the floor of the chest cavity (Fig. 6.4).
Breathing involves the movement of the
diaphragm and the rib cage.
During inhalation, ribs move up and
outwards and diaphragm moves down.
This movement increases space in our
chest cavity and air rushes into the
lungs. The lungs get filled with air.
During exhalation, ribs move down and
inwards, while diaphragm moves up to
its former position. This reduces the size
of the chest cavity and air is pushed out
of the lungs (Fig. 6.5). These movements
in our body can be felt easily. Take a
On an average, an adult human being
at rest breathes in and out 15–18
times in a minute. During heavy
exercise, the breathing rate can
increase upto 25 times per minute.
While we exercise, not only do we
breathe fast, we also take deep breaths
and thus inhale more oxygen.
Paheli wants to know why
we yawn when we are
sleepy or drowsy.
Reprint 2024-25
RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS 61
deep breath. Keep your palm on the
abdomen, feel the movement of
abdomen. What do you find?
After having learnt that during
breathing there are changes in the size
of the chest cavity, children got involved
in the chest expansion competition.
Everyone was boasting that she/he
Fig 6.4 Human respiratory system
The air around us has various types of unwanted particles, such as smoke, dust,
pollens, etc. When we inhale, the particles get trapped in the hair present in our
nasal cavity. However, sometimes these particles may get past the hair in the
nasal cavity. This may irritate the lining of the cavity, as a result of which we
sneeze. Sneezing expels these foreign particles from the inhaled air and a dust-
free, clean air enters our body.
TAKE CARE: When you sneeze, you should cover your nose so that the foreign
particles you expel are not inhaled by other persons.
Smoking damages lungs. Smoking is
also linked to cancer. It must be
avoided.
Nasal passage
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Trachea
Lungs
Ribs
Diaphragm
could expand it the maximum. How
about doing this activity in the class
with your classmates?
Reprint 2024-25