NCERT Textbook - Understanding Partitions | History Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

 Page 1


? ? ????? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ???????? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ??? ???
We know that the joy of our country’s independence fr om
colonial rule in 1947 was tarnished by the violence and
brutality of Partition. The Partition of British India into the
sovereign states of India and Pakistan (with its western and
eastern wings) led to many sudden developments. Thousands
of lives were snuffed out, many others changed dramatically,
cities changed, India changed, a new country was born, and
there was unprecedented genocidal violence and migration.
This chapter will examine the history of Partition: why and
how it happened as well as the harrowing experiences of
ordinary people during the period 1946-50 and beyond. It will
????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?
?????????? ?????????? ???????????
Fig. 14.1
Partition uprooted millions, transforming them into refugees, forcing them to begin
life from scratch in new lands.
?????
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2022-23
Page 2


? ? ????? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ???????? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ??? ???
We know that the joy of our country’s independence fr om
colonial rule in 1947 was tarnished by the violence and
brutality of Partition. The Partition of British India into the
sovereign states of India and Pakistan (with its western and
eastern wings) led to many sudden developments. Thousands
of lives were snuffed out, many others changed dramatically,
cities changed, India changed, a new country was born, and
there was unprecedented genocidal violence and migration.
This chapter will examine the history of Partition: why and
how it happened as well as the harrowing experiences of
ordinary people during the period 1946-50 and beyond. It will
????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?
?????????? ?????????? ???????????
Fig. 14.1
Partition uprooted millions, transforming them into refugees, forcing them to begin
life from scratch in new lands.
?????
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2022-23
???
also discuss how the history of these
experiences can be reconstructed by talking to
people and interviewing them, that is, through
the use of oral history. At the same time, it will
point out the strengths and limitations of oral
history. Interviews can tell us about certain
aspects of a society’s past of which we may know
very little or nothing from other types of sources.
But they may not reveal very much about many
matters whose history we would then need to
build from other materials. We will return to
this issue towards the end of the chapter.
? ???????? ?????????????? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Here are three incidents narrated by people who
experienced those trying times to a researcher
in 1993. The informants were Pakistanis, the
researcher Indian. The job of this researcher was
to understand how those who had lived more or
less harmoniously for generations inflicted so
much violence on each other in 1947.
??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ? ?? ? ?? ???? ?????
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????
?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????? ?
?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ? ?? ???
??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????
????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??
???????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??
?????????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????
???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????
???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???
?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????
????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????
?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??
?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????????????? ???????
???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????
??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????
???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???
???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????
????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??
Source 1
Fig. 14.2
Photographs give us a glimpse of
the violence of that time.
?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2022-23
Page 3


? ? ????? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ???????? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ??? ???
We know that the joy of our country’s independence fr om
colonial rule in 1947 was tarnished by the violence and
brutality of Partition. The Partition of British India into the
sovereign states of India and Pakistan (with its western and
eastern wings) led to many sudden developments. Thousands
of lives were snuffed out, many others changed dramatically,
cities changed, India changed, a new country was born, and
there was unprecedented genocidal violence and migration.
This chapter will examine the history of Partition: why and
how it happened as well as the harrowing experiences of
ordinary people during the period 1946-50 and beyond. It will
????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?
?????????? ?????????? ???????????
Fig. 14.1
Partition uprooted millions, transforming them into refugees, forcing them to begin
life from scratch in new lands.
?????
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2022-23
???
also discuss how the history of these
experiences can be reconstructed by talking to
people and interviewing them, that is, through
the use of oral history. At the same time, it will
point out the strengths and limitations of oral
history. Interviews can tell us about certain
aspects of a society’s past of which we may know
very little or nothing from other types of sources.
But they may not reveal very much about many
matters whose history we would then need to
build from other materials. We will return to
this issue towards the end of the chapter.
? ???????? ?????????????? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Here are three incidents narrated by people who
experienced those trying times to a researcher
in 1993. The informants were Pakistanis, the
researcher Indian. The job of this researcher was
to understand how those who had lived more or
less harmoniously for generations inflicted so
much violence on each other in 1947.
??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ? ?? ? ?? ???? ?????
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????
?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????? ?
?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ? ?? ???
??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????
????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??
???????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??
?????????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????
???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????
???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???
?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????
????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????
?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??
?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????????????? ???????
???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????
??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????
???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???
???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????
????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??
Source 1
Fig. 14.2
Photographs give us a glimpse of
the violence of that time.
?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2022-23
? ? ????? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ???????? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ??? ???
?????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?
???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????
??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??
? ? ? ? ?? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????
????? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????
? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ???????? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????
????? ??? ????? ??
?
??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??
???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??
???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????
??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ???????
? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???
?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??
?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???
??????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ????????????
? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ??
?????????????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??
??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????
??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????
??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?????????
??? ????????? ?? ? ? ?? ???? ??????
????? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ??????
????? ?????
? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ????
?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??
??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ??
? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???????? ?
???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ??????
?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???? ????????
????????? ??? ????????????? ? ? ?????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?
???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ??????? ????
?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????
?? ???? ???? ?????
??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?
??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????????????
?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????
? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????
Source 2
2022-23
Page 4


? ? ????? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ???????? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ??? ???
We know that the joy of our country’s independence fr om
colonial rule in 1947 was tarnished by the violence and
brutality of Partition. The Partition of British India into the
sovereign states of India and Pakistan (with its western and
eastern wings) led to many sudden developments. Thousands
of lives were snuffed out, many others changed dramatically,
cities changed, India changed, a new country was born, and
there was unprecedented genocidal violence and migration.
This chapter will examine the history of Partition: why and
how it happened as well as the harrowing experiences of
ordinary people during the period 1946-50 and beyond. It will
????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?
?????????? ?????????? ???????????
Fig. 14.1
Partition uprooted millions, transforming them into refugees, forcing them to begin
life from scratch in new lands.
?????
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2022-23
???
also discuss how the history of these
experiences can be reconstructed by talking to
people and interviewing them, that is, through
the use of oral history. At the same time, it will
point out the strengths and limitations of oral
history. Interviews can tell us about certain
aspects of a society’s past of which we may know
very little or nothing from other types of sources.
But they may not reveal very much about many
matters whose history we would then need to
build from other materials. We will return to
this issue towards the end of the chapter.
? ???????? ?????????????? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Here are three incidents narrated by people who
experienced those trying times to a researcher
in 1993. The informants were Pakistanis, the
researcher Indian. The job of this researcher was
to understand how those who had lived more or
less harmoniously for generations inflicted so
much violence on each other in 1947.
??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ? ?? ? ?? ???? ?????
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????
?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????? ?
?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ? ?? ???
??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????
????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??
???????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??
?????????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????
???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????
???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???
?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????
????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????
?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??
?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????????????? ???????
???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????
??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????
???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???
???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????
????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??
Source 1
Fig. 14.2
Photographs give us a glimpse of
the violence of that time.
?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2022-23
? ? ????? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ???????? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ??? ???
?????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?
???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????
??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??
? ? ? ? ?? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????
????? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????
? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ???????? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????
????? ??? ????? ??
?
??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??
???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??
???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????
??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ???????
? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???
?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??
?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???
??????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ????????????
? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ??
?????????????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????
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??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????
??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????
??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?????????
??? ????????? ?? ? ? ?? ???? ??????
????? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ??????
????? ?????
? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ????
?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??
??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ??
? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???????? ?
???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ??????
?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???? ????????
????????? ??? ????????????? ? ? ?????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?
???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ??????? ????
?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????
?? ???? ???? ?????
??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?
??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????????????
?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????
? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????
Source 2
2022-23
???
?
(1) What do each of these
sources show about the
attitudes of the men who
were talking with each other?
(2) What do you think these
stories reveal about the
different memories that people
carried about Partition?
(3) How did the men identify
themselves and one another?
? Discuss...
Assess the value of such
stories in writing about
Partition.
? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ???
????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????
??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????
?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????????
??? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?
??? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????
?????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????
???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ????
???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????????????
????????? ? ???????
Source 3
? ????? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????
?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???
??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???
????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????
?????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?????????
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?
??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????
??? ??? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????
???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????
?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???
??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??
???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????
Fig. 14.3
Over 10 million people
were uprooted from
their homelands and
forced to migrate.
?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2022-23
Page 5


? ? ????? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ???????? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ??? ???
We know that the joy of our country’s independence fr om
colonial rule in 1947 was tarnished by the violence and
brutality of Partition. The Partition of British India into the
sovereign states of India and Pakistan (with its western and
eastern wings) led to many sudden developments. Thousands
of lives were snuffed out, many others changed dramatically,
cities changed, India changed, a new country was born, and
there was unprecedented genocidal violence and migration.
This chapter will examine the history of Partition: why and
how it happened as well as the harrowing experiences of
ordinary people during the period 1946-50 and beyond. It will
????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?
?????????? ?????????? ???????????
Fig. 14.1
Partition uprooted millions, transforming them into refugees, forcing them to begin
life from scratch in new lands.
?????
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2022-23
???
also discuss how the history of these
experiences can be reconstructed by talking to
people and interviewing them, that is, through
the use of oral history. At the same time, it will
point out the strengths and limitations of oral
history. Interviews can tell us about certain
aspects of a society’s past of which we may know
very little or nothing from other types of sources.
But they may not reveal very much about many
matters whose history we would then need to
build from other materials. We will return to
this issue towards the end of the chapter.
? ???????? ?????????????? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Here are three incidents narrated by people who
experienced those trying times to a researcher
in 1993. The informants were Pakistanis, the
researcher Indian. The job of this researcher was
to understand how those who had lived more or
less harmoniously for generations inflicted so
much violence on each other in 1947.
??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ? ?? ? ?? ???? ?????
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????
?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????? ?
?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ? ?? ???
??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????
????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??
???????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??
?????????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????
???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????
???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???
?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????
????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????
?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??
?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????????????? ???????
???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????
??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????
???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???
???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????
????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??
Source 1
Fig. 14.2
Photographs give us a glimpse of
the violence of that time.
?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2022-23
? ? ????? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ???????? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ??? ???
?????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?
???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????
??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??
? ? ? ? ?? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????
????? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????
? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ???????? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????
????? ??? ????? ??
?
??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??
???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??
???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????
??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ???????
? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???
?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??
?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???
??????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ????????????
? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ??
?????????????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??
??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????
??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????
??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?????????
??? ????????? ?? ? ? ?? ???? ??????
????? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ??????
????? ?????
? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ????
?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??
??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ??
? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???????? ?
???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ??????
?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???? ????????
????????? ??? ????????????? ? ? ?????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?
???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ??????? ????
?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????
?? ???? ???? ?????
??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?
??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????????????
?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????
? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????
Source 2
2022-23
???
?
(1) What do each of these
sources show about the
attitudes of the men who
were talking with each other?
(2) What do you think these
stories reveal about the
different memories that people
carried about Partition?
(3) How did the men identify
themselves and one another?
? Discuss...
Assess the value of such
stories in writing about
Partition.
? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ???
????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????
??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????
?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????????
??? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?
??? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????
?????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????
???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ????
???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????????????
????????? ? ???????
Source 3
? ????? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????
?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???
??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???
????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????
?????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?????????
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?
??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????
??? ??? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????
???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????
?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???
??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??
???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????
Fig. 14.3
Over 10 million people
were uprooted from
their homelands and
forced to migrate.
?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2022-23
? ? ????? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ???????? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ??? ???
??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
2.1 Partition or holocaust?
The narratives just presented point to the pervasive
violence that characterised Partition. Several
hundred thousand people were killed and
innumerable women raped and abducted. Millions
were uprooted, transformed into refugees in alien
lands. It is impossible to arrive at any accurate
estimate of casualties: informed and scholarly
guesses vary from 200,000 to 500,000 people. In all
probability, some 15 million had to move across
hastily constructed frontiers separating India
and Pakistan. As they stumbled across these
“shadow lines” – the boundaries between the two
new states were not officially known until two days
after formal independence – they were rendered
homeless, having suddenly lost all their immovable
property and most of their movable assets, separated
from many of their relatives and friends as well,
torn asunder from their moorings, from their houses,
fields and fortunes, from their childhood memories.
Thus stripped of their local or regional cultures, they
were forced to begin picking up their life from scratch.
Fig. 14.4
On carts with families and
belongings, 1947
2022-23