NCERT Textbook: Ek Maa Ki Bebasi | Hindi Class 5 PDF Download

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68
9
,d ek¡ dh csclh ,d ek¡ dh csclh
bl dfork dks i<+rs le;] vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus dbZ fp=k
curs gSaA cpiu dk fp=k] cpiu osQ [kkl le;µ[ksy
vkSj lkfFk;ksa dk fp=k] mu lkfFk;ksa essa ,d [kkl lkFkh
jru dk vkSj ,d ek¡ dk fp=kA bls i<+ks vkSj eglwl
djksA
dfork èkhjs&/hjs i<+us dh phT
+
k gSA mls eu esa
mrjus esa dki
+
Qh le; yxrk gSA dHkh&dHkh rks cjlksa
ckn ge cpiu dh i<+h dfork i<+rs gSa rks yxrk
gSµigyh ckj i<+k gS blsA dfork i<+us osQ ckn eu
osQ fdlh dksus esa ?kj cuk ysrh gSaA fdlh ekSosQ ij
og mHkj vkrh gSA
dfork] dgkuh] lcosQ lkFk ;g gksrk gSA blhfy,
gesa blls fpafrr gksus dh T
+
k:jr ugha fd dfork
,d ckj esa iwjh rjg le> esa vk
jgh gS ;k ughaA vxj mlls fli
+
ZQ
,d fp=k gh mHkjrk gS rks Hkh dfork
dke;kc gSA
68
Page 2


68
9
,d ek¡ dh csclh ,d ek¡ dh csclh
bl dfork dks i<+rs le;] vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus dbZ fp=k
curs gSaA cpiu dk fp=k] cpiu osQ [kkl le;µ[ksy
vkSj lkfFk;ksa dk fp=k] mu lkfFk;ksa essa ,d [kkl lkFkh
jru dk vkSj ,d ek¡ dk fp=kA bls i<+ks vkSj eglwl
djksA
dfork èkhjs&/hjs i<+us dh phT
+
k gSA mls eu esa
mrjus esa dki
+
Qh le; yxrk gSA dHkh&dHkh rks cjlksa
ckn ge cpiu dh i<+h dfork i<+rs gSa rks yxrk
gSµigyh ckj i<+k gS blsA dfork i<+us osQ ckn eu
osQ fdlh dksus esa ?kj cuk ysrh gSaA fdlh ekSosQ ij
og mHkj vkrh gSA
dfork] dgkuh] lcosQ lkFk ;g gksrk gSA blhfy,
gesa blls fpafrr gksus dh T
+
k:jr ugha fd dfork
,d ckj esa iwjh rjg le> esa vk
jgh gS ;k ughaA vxj mlls fli
+
ZQ
,d fp=k gh mHkjrk gS rks Hkh dfork
dke;kc gSA
68 69
u tkus fdl vn`'; iM+ksl ls
fudy dj vkrk Fkk og
[ksyus gekjs lkFkµ
jru] tks cksy ugha ldrk Fkk
[ksyrk Fkk gekjs lkFk
,d VwVs f[kykSus dh rjg
ns[kus esa ge cPpksa dh gh rjg
Fkk og Hkh ,d cPpkA
ysfdu ge cPpksa osQ fy, vtwck Fkk
D;ksafd gels fHkUu FkkA
FkksM+k ?kcjkrs Hkh Fks ge mlls
D;ksafd le> ugha ikrs Fks
mldh ?kcjkgVksa dks]
u b'kkjksa esa dgh mldh ckrksa dks]
u mldh Hk;Hkhr vk¡[kksa esa
gj le; fn[krh
mlosQ vanj dh NViVkgVksa dksA
ftruh nsj og jgrk
ikl cSBh mldh ek¡
fugkjrh jgrh mldk [ksyukA
vc tSls&tSls
oqQN csgrj le>us yxk gw¡
mudh Hkk"kk tks cksy ugha ikrs gSa
;kn vkrh
jru ls vfèkd
mldh ek¡ dh vk¡[kksa esa
>ydrh mldh csclhA
jkts'k tks'kh
69
Page 3


68
9
,d ek¡ dh csclh ,d ek¡ dh csclh
bl dfork dks i<+rs le;] vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus dbZ fp=k
curs gSaA cpiu dk fp=k] cpiu osQ [kkl le;µ[ksy
vkSj lkfFk;ksa dk fp=k] mu lkfFk;ksa essa ,d [kkl lkFkh
jru dk vkSj ,d ek¡ dk fp=kA bls i<+ks vkSj eglwl
djksA
dfork èkhjs&/hjs i<+us dh phT
+
k gSA mls eu esa
mrjus esa dki
+
Qh le; yxrk gSA dHkh&dHkh rks cjlksa
ckn ge cpiu dh i<+h dfork i<+rs gSa rks yxrk
gSµigyh ckj i<+k gS blsA dfork i<+us osQ ckn eu
osQ fdlh dksus esa ?kj cuk ysrh gSaA fdlh ekSosQ ij
og mHkj vkrh gSA
dfork] dgkuh] lcosQ lkFk ;g gksrk gSA blhfy,
gesa blls fpafrr gksus dh T
+
k:jr ugha fd dfork
,d ckj esa iwjh rjg le> esa vk
jgh gS ;k ughaA vxj mlls fli
+
ZQ
,d fp=k gh mHkjrk gS rks Hkh dfork
dke;kc gSA
68 69
u tkus fdl vn`'; iM+ksl ls
fudy dj vkrk Fkk og
[ksyus gekjs lkFkµ
jru] tks cksy ugha ldrk Fkk
[ksyrk Fkk gekjs lkFk
,d VwVs f[kykSus dh rjg
ns[kus esa ge cPpksa dh gh rjg
Fkk og Hkh ,d cPpkA
ysfdu ge cPpksa osQ fy, vtwck Fkk
D;ksafd gels fHkUu FkkA
FkksM+k ?kcjkrs Hkh Fks ge mlls
D;ksafd le> ugha ikrs Fks
mldh ?kcjkgVksa dks]
u b'kkjksa esa dgh mldh ckrksa dks]
u mldh Hk;Hkhr vk¡[kksa esa
gj le; fn[krh
mlosQ vanj dh NViVkgVksa dksA
ftruh nsj og jgrk
ikl cSBh mldh ek¡
fugkjrh jgrh mldk [ksyukA
vc tSls&tSls
oqQN csgrj le>us yxk gw¡
mudh Hkk"kk tks cksy ugha ikrs gSa
;kn vkrh
jru ls vfèkd
mldh ek¡ dh vk¡[kksa esa
>ydrh mldh csclhA
jkts'k tks'kh
69 70
dfork ls
1- ;g cPpk dfo osQ iM+ksl esa jgrk Fkk] fiQj Hkh dfork ^vn`'; iM+ksl* ls 'kq# gksrh gSA
blosQ dbZ vFkZ gks ldrs gSa] tSlsµ
(d) dfo dks ekywe ugha Fkk fd ;g cPpk Bhd&Bhd fdl ?kj esa jgrk FkkA
([k) iM+ksl esa jgus okys ckdh cPps ,d&nwljs ls ckrsa djrs Fks] ij ;g cPpk cksy ugha
ikrk Fkk] blfy, iM+kslh gksus osQ ckotwn og nwljs cPpksa osQ fy, vutkuk FkkA
bu nks esa ls dkSu&lk vFkZ rqEgsa T
+
;knk lgh yxrk gS\ D;k dksbZ vkSj vFkZ Hkh gks ldrk gS\
2- ^vanj dh NViVkgV* mldh vk¡[kksa esa fdl :i esa izdV gksrh Fkh\
(d) ped osQ :i esa
([k) Mj osQ :i esa
(x) tYnh ?kj ykSVus dh bPNk osQ :i esa
rjg&rjg dh Hkkouk,¡
1- uhps fy[kh Hkkouk,¡ dc ;k dgk¡ eglwl gksrh gSa\
(d) NViVkgV
• vèkhjrk µ dgha tkus dh tYnh gks vkSj tkuk laHko u gks tSlsµLowQy dh
Nqêðh esa vHkh dkI
+
kQh nsj gks] ij ?kj ij ,slk dksbZ esgeku vkus
okyk gks ftls rqe cgqr ilan djrs gks
• bPNk µ fdlh phT
+
k dks ikus dh bPNk gks ij og rqjar u fey ldrh gks
tSls Hkw[k yxh gks] ij [kkuk rS;kj u gks
• lans'k µ ge dksbZ lans'k nsuk pkg jgs gksa ij nwljs le> u ik jgs gkas
tSls f'k{kd ls dguk gks fd ?kaVh ct xbZ gS] vc i<+kuk can
djsa] ij mUgsa ?kaVh lqukbZ u nh gks
buesa ls dkSu&lk vFkZ ;k lanHkZ bl cPps ij ykxw gksrk gS\
([k) ?kcjkgV
gesa tc fdlh ckr dh vk'kadk gks rks ?kcjkgV eglwl gksrh gSA tSlsµ
(d) v¡èksjk gkssus okyk gks vkSj ge ?kj ls dkI
+
kQh nwj gksa ;k vosQys gksa
([k) le; de gks vkSj gesa dksbZ dke iwjk dj ysuk gksµ tSls ijh{kk esa ns[kk
tkrk gS
(x) ;g Mj gks fd nwljs osQ eu esa D;k py jgk gS
tSlsµikik dks ekywe py x;k gks fd dk¡p dk fxykl rqels VwVk gS
2- tks cPpk cksy ugha ldrk] og fdl&fdl ckr dh vk'kadk ls ^?kcjkgV* eglwl dj
ldrk gS\
Page 4


68
9
,d ek¡ dh csclh ,d ek¡ dh csclh
bl dfork dks i<+rs le;] vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus dbZ fp=k
curs gSaA cpiu dk fp=k] cpiu osQ [kkl le;µ[ksy
vkSj lkfFk;ksa dk fp=k] mu lkfFk;ksa essa ,d [kkl lkFkh
jru dk vkSj ,d ek¡ dk fp=kA bls i<+ks vkSj eglwl
djksA
dfork èkhjs&/hjs i<+us dh phT
+
k gSA mls eu esa
mrjus esa dki
+
Qh le; yxrk gSA dHkh&dHkh rks cjlksa
ckn ge cpiu dh i<+h dfork i<+rs gSa rks yxrk
gSµigyh ckj i<+k gS blsA dfork i<+us osQ ckn eu
osQ fdlh dksus esa ?kj cuk ysrh gSaA fdlh ekSosQ ij
og mHkj vkrh gSA
dfork] dgkuh] lcosQ lkFk ;g gksrk gSA blhfy,
gesa blls fpafrr gksus dh T
+
k:jr ugha fd dfork
,d ckj esa iwjh rjg le> esa vk
jgh gS ;k ughaA vxj mlls fli
+
ZQ
,d fp=k gh mHkjrk gS rks Hkh dfork
dke;kc gSA
68 69
u tkus fdl vn`'; iM+ksl ls
fudy dj vkrk Fkk og
[ksyus gekjs lkFkµ
jru] tks cksy ugha ldrk Fkk
[ksyrk Fkk gekjs lkFk
,d VwVs f[kykSus dh rjg
ns[kus esa ge cPpksa dh gh rjg
Fkk og Hkh ,d cPpkA
ysfdu ge cPpksa osQ fy, vtwck Fkk
D;ksafd gels fHkUu FkkA
FkksM+k ?kcjkrs Hkh Fks ge mlls
D;ksafd le> ugha ikrs Fks
mldh ?kcjkgVksa dks]
u b'kkjksa esa dgh mldh ckrksa dks]
u mldh Hk;Hkhr vk¡[kksa esa
gj le; fn[krh
mlosQ vanj dh NViVkgVksa dksA
ftruh nsj og jgrk
ikl cSBh mldh ek¡
fugkjrh jgrh mldk [ksyukA
vc tSls&tSls
oqQN csgrj le>us yxk gw¡
mudh Hkk"kk tks cksy ugha ikrs gSa
;kn vkrh
jru ls vfèkd
mldh ek¡ dh vk¡[kksa esa
>ydrh mldh csclhA
jkts'k tks'kh
69 70
dfork ls
1- ;g cPpk dfo osQ iM+ksl esa jgrk Fkk] fiQj Hkh dfork ^vn`'; iM+ksl* ls 'kq# gksrh gSA
blosQ dbZ vFkZ gks ldrs gSa] tSlsµ
(d) dfo dks ekywe ugha Fkk fd ;g cPpk Bhd&Bhd fdl ?kj esa jgrk FkkA
([k) iM+ksl esa jgus okys ckdh cPps ,d&nwljs ls ckrsa djrs Fks] ij ;g cPpk cksy ugha
ikrk Fkk] blfy, iM+kslh gksus osQ ckotwn og nwljs cPpksa osQ fy, vutkuk FkkA
bu nks esa ls dkSu&lk vFkZ rqEgsa T
+
;knk lgh yxrk gS\ D;k dksbZ vkSj vFkZ Hkh gks ldrk gS\
2- ^vanj dh NViVkgV* mldh vk¡[kksa esa fdl :i esa izdV gksrh Fkh\
(d) ped osQ :i esa
([k) Mj osQ :i esa
(x) tYnh ?kj ykSVus dh bPNk osQ :i esa
rjg&rjg dh Hkkouk,¡
1- uhps fy[kh Hkkouk,¡ dc ;k dgk¡ eglwl gksrh gSa\
(d) NViVkgV
• vèkhjrk µ dgha tkus dh tYnh gks vkSj tkuk laHko u gks tSlsµLowQy dh
Nqêðh esa vHkh dkI
+
kQh nsj gks] ij ?kj ij ,slk dksbZ esgeku vkus
okyk gks ftls rqe cgqr ilan djrs gks
• bPNk µ fdlh phT
+
k dks ikus dh bPNk gks ij og rqjar u fey ldrh gks
tSls Hkw[k yxh gks] ij [kkuk rS;kj u gks
• lans'k µ ge dksbZ lans'k nsuk pkg jgs gksa ij nwljs le> u ik jgs gkas
tSls f'k{kd ls dguk gks fd ?kaVh ct xbZ gS] vc i<+kuk can
djsa] ij mUgsa ?kaVh lqukbZ u nh gks
buesa ls dkSu&lk vFkZ ;k lanHkZ bl cPps ij ykxw gksrk gS\
([k) ?kcjkgV
gesa tc fdlh ckr dh vk'kadk gks rks ?kcjkgV eglwl gksrh gSA tSlsµ
(d) v¡èksjk gkssus okyk gks vkSj ge ?kj ls dkI
+
kQh nwj gksa ;k vosQys gksa
([k) le; de gks vkSj gesa dksbZ dke iwjk dj ysuk gksµ tSls ijh{kk esa ns[kk
tkrk gS
(x) ;g Mj gks fd nwljs osQ eu esa D;k py jgk gS
tSlsµikik dks ekywe py x;k gks fd dk¡p dk fxykl rqels VwVk gS
2- tks cPpk cksy ugha ldrk] og fdl&fdl ckr dh vk'kadk ls ^?kcjkgV* eglwl dj
ldrk gS\
71
3- ¶FkksM+k ?kcjkrs Hkh Fks ge mlls] D;ksafd le> ugha ikrs Fks mldh ?kcjkgVksa dks¸
• jru D;k lkspdj ?kcjkrk gksxk\
• vius nksLrksa ls iwNdj irk djks] dkSu D;k lkspdj vkSj fdl dke dks djus esa
?kcjkrk gSA dkj.k Hkh irk djksA
nksLr@lgsyh fdl ckr ls ?kcjkus dk dkj.k
dk uke ?kcjkrk gS\
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-------------------- ----------------------- --------------------------------
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Hkk"kk osQ jax
1- dfo us bl cPps dks ^VwVs f[kykSus* dh rjg crk;k gSA tc dksbZ f[kykSuk VwV tkrk gS
rks og ml rjg ls dke ugha dj ikrk ftl rjg ls igys djrk FkkA lanHkZ osQ vuqlkj
[kkyh LFkku HkjksA
f[kykSuk VwVus dk dkj.k urhtk
xkM+h ifg;k fudy tkus ij py ugha ikrh
xqfM+;k lhVh fudy tkus ij
-------------------------
xsan
---------------------------------- -------------------------
tksdj pkch fudy tkus ij
-------------------------
2- ^cscl* 'kCn ^cs* vkSj ^o'k* dks tksM+dj cuk gSA ;gk¡ cs dk vFkZ ^fcuk* gSA uhps fn,
'kCnksa esa ;gh ^cs* fNik gSA bl lwph esa rqe vkSj fdrus 'kCn tksM+ ldrh gks\
cstku cspSu
--------------- ---------------
cslgkjk csfglkc
--------------- ---------------
ns[kus osQ rjhosQ
1- bl dfork esa ns[kus ls lacaf/r dbZ 'kCn vk, gSaA ,sls Ng 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fy[kksA
2- ¶ek¡ dh vk¡[kksa esa >ydrh mldh csclh¸
vk¡[ksa cgqr oqQN dgrh gSaA os rjg&rjg osQ Hkko fy, gq, gksrh gSaA uhps ,slh oqQN vk¡[kksa
dk o.kZu gSA buesa ls dkSu&lh uT
+
kjsa rqe igpkurs gks&
Page 5


68
9
,d ek¡ dh csclh ,d ek¡ dh csclh
bl dfork dks i<+rs le;] vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus dbZ fp=k
curs gSaA cpiu dk fp=k] cpiu osQ [kkl le;µ[ksy
vkSj lkfFk;ksa dk fp=k] mu lkfFk;ksa essa ,d [kkl lkFkh
jru dk vkSj ,d ek¡ dk fp=kA bls i<+ks vkSj eglwl
djksA
dfork èkhjs&/hjs i<+us dh phT
+
k gSA mls eu esa
mrjus esa dki
+
Qh le; yxrk gSA dHkh&dHkh rks cjlksa
ckn ge cpiu dh i<+h dfork i<+rs gSa rks yxrk
gSµigyh ckj i<+k gS blsA dfork i<+us osQ ckn eu
osQ fdlh dksus esa ?kj cuk ysrh gSaA fdlh ekSosQ ij
og mHkj vkrh gSA
dfork] dgkuh] lcosQ lkFk ;g gksrk gSA blhfy,
gesa blls fpafrr gksus dh T
+
k:jr ugha fd dfork
,d ckj esa iwjh rjg le> esa vk
jgh gS ;k ughaA vxj mlls fli
+
ZQ
,d fp=k gh mHkjrk gS rks Hkh dfork
dke;kc gSA
68 69
u tkus fdl vn`'; iM+ksl ls
fudy dj vkrk Fkk og
[ksyus gekjs lkFkµ
jru] tks cksy ugha ldrk Fkk
[ksyrk Fkk gekjs lkFk
,d VwVs f[kykSus dh rjg
ns[kus esa ge cPpksa dh gh rjg
Fkk og Hkh ,d cPpkA
ysfdu ge cPpksa osQ fy, vtwck Fkk
D;ksafd gels fHkUu FkkA
FkksM+k ?kcjkrs Hkh Fks ge mlls
D;ksafd le> ugha ikrs Fks
mldh ?kcjkgVksa dks]
u b'kkjksa esa dgh mldh ckrksa dks]
u mldh Hk;Hkhr vk¡[kksa esa
gj le; fn[krh
mlosQ vanj dh NViVkgVksa dksA
ftruh nsj og jgrk
ikl cSBh mldh ek¡
fugkjrh jgrh mldk [ksyukA
vc tSls&tSls
oqQN csgrj le>us yxk gw¡
mudh Hkk"kk tks cksy ugha ikrs gSa
;kn vkrh
jru ls vfèkd
mldh ek¡ dh vk¡[kksa esa
>ydrh mldh csclhA
jkts'k tks'kh
69 70
dfork ls
1- ;g cPpk dfo osQ iM+ksl esa jgrk Fkk] fiQj Hkh dfork ^vn`'; iM+ksl* ls 'kq# gksrh gSA
blosQ dbZ vFkZ gks ldrs gSa] tSlsµ
(d) dfo dks ekywe ugha Fkk fd ;g cPpk Bhd&Bhd fdl ?kj esa jgrk FkkA
([k) iM+ksl esa jgus okys ckdh cPps ,d&nwljs ls ckrsa djrs Fks] ij ;g cPpk cksy ugha
ikrk Fkk] blfy, iM+kslh gksus osQ ckotwn og nwljs cPpksa osQ fy, vutkuk FkkA
bu nks esa ls dkSu&lk vFkZ rqEgsa T
+
;knk lgh yxrk gS\ D;k dksbZ vkSj vFkZ Hkh gks ldrk gS\
2- ^vanj dh NViVkgV* mldh vk¡[kksa esa fdl :i esa izdV gksrh Fkh\
(d) ped osQ :i esa
([k) Mj osQ :i esa
(x) tYnh ?kj ykSVus dh bPNk osQ :i esa
rjg&rjg dh Hkkouk,¡
1- uhps fy[kh Hkkouk,¡ dc ;k dgk¡ eglwl gksrh gSa\
(d) NViVkgV
• vèkhjrk µ dgha tkus dh tYnh gks vkSj tkuk laHko u gks tSlsµLowQy dh
Nqêðh esa vHkh dkI
+
kQh nsj gks] ij ?kj ij ,slk dksbZ esgeku vkus
okyk gks ftls rqe cgqr ilan djrs gks
• bPNk µ fdlh phT
+
k dks ikus dh bPNk gks ij og rqjar u fey ldrh gks
tSls Hkw[k yxh gks] ij [kkuk rS;kj u gks
• lans'k µ ge dksbZ lans'k nsuk pkg jgs gksa ij nwljs le> u ik jgs gkas
tSls f'k{kd ls dguk gks fd ?kaVh ct xbZ gS] vc i<+kuk can
djsa] ij mUgsa ?kaVh lqukbZ u nh gks
buesa ls dkSu&lk vFkZ ;k lanHkZ bl cPps ij ykxw gksrk gS\
([k) ?kcjkgV
gesa tc fdlh ckr dh vk'kadk gks rks ?kcjkgV eglwl gksrh gSA tSlsµ
(d) v¡èksjk gkssus okyk gks vkSj ge ?kj ls dkI
+
kQh nwj gksa ;k vosQys gksa
([k) le; de gks vkSj gesa dksbZ dke iwjk dj ysuk gksµ tSls ijh{kk esa ns[kk
tkrk gS
(x) ;g Mj gks fd nwljs osQ eu esa D;k py jgk gS
tSlsµikik dks ekywe py x;k gks fd dk¡p dk fxykl rqels VwVk gS
2- tks cPpk cksy ugha ldrk] og fdl&fdl ckr dh vk'kadk ls ^?kcjkgV* eglwl dj
ldrk gS\
71
3- ¶FkksM+k ?kcjkrs Hkh Fks ge mlls] D;ksafd le> ugha ikrs Fks mldh ?kcjkgVksa dks¸
• jru D;k lkspdj ?kcjkrk gksxk\
• vius nksLrksa ls iwNdj irk djks] dkSu D;k lkspdj vkSj fdl dke dks djus esa
?kcjkrk gSA dkj.k Hkh irk djksA
nksLr@lgsyh fdl ckr ls ?kcjkus dk dkj.k
dk uke ?kcjkrk gS\
-------------------- ----------------------- --------------------------------
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-------------------- ----------------------- --------------------------------
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Hkk"kk osQ jax
1- dfo us bl cPps dks ^VwVs f[kykSus* dh rjg crk;k gSA tc dksbZ f[kykSuk VwV tkrk gS
rks og ml rjg ls dke ugha dj ikrk ftl rjg ls igys djrk FkkA lanHkZ osQ vuqlkj
[kkyh LFkku HkjksA
f[kykSuk VwVus dk dkj.k urhtk
xkM+h ifg;k fudy tkus ij py ugha ikrh
xqfM+;k lhVh fudy tkus ij
-------------------------
xsan
---------------------------------- -------------------------
tksdj pkch fudy tkus ij
-------------------------
2- ^cscl* 'kCn ^cs* vkSj ^o'k* dks tksM+dj cuk gSA ;gk¡ cs dk vFkZ ^fcuk* gSA uhps fn,
'kCnksa esa ;gh ^cs* fNik gSA bl lwph esa rqe vkSj fdrus 'kCn tksM+ ldrh gks\
cstku cspSu
--------------- ---------------
cslgkjk csfglkc
--------------- ---------------
ns[kus osQ rjhosQ
1- bl dfork esa ns[kus ls lacaf/r dbZ 'kCn vk, gSaA ,sls Ng 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fy[kksA
2- ¶ek¡ dh vk¡[kksa esa >ydrh mldh csclh¸
vk¡[ksa cgqr oqQN dgrh gSaA os rjg&rjg osQ Hkko fy, gq, gksrh gSaA uhps ,slh oqQN vk¡[kksa
dk o.kZu gSA buesa ls dkSu&lh uT
+
kjsa rqe igpkurs gks&
72
• lgeh uT
+
kjsa • I;kj Hkjh uT
+
kjsa
• Øks/ Hkjh vk¡[ksa • muhanh vk¡[ksa
• 'kjkjrh vk¡[ksa • Mjkouh vk¡[ksa
3- uhps vk¡[kksa ls tqM+s oqQN eqgkojs fn, x, gSaA rqe budk iz;ksx fdu lanHkks± esa djksxs\
• vk¡[k fn[kkuk • uT
+
kj pqjkuk • vk¡[k dk rkjk
• uT
+
kjsa isQj ysuk • vk¡[k ij inkZ iM+uk
ek¡
¶;kn vkrh jru ls vf/d
mldh ek¡ dh vk¡[kksa esa >ydrh mldh csclh¸
1- jru dh ek¡ dh vk¡[kksa esa fdl rjg dh csclh >ydrh gksxh\
2- viuh ek¡ osQ ckjs esa lksprs g
q
, uhps fy[ks okD;ksa dks iwjs djksµ
(d) esjh ek¡ cg
q
r [kq'k gksrh gSa tc 
------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) ek¡ eq>s blfy, Mk¡Vrh gSa D;ksafd 
---------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) esjh ek¡ pkgrh gS fd eSa 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) ek¡ ml le; cg
q
r cscl gks tkrh gS tc 
-------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(M
+
) eSa pkgrh@rk gw¡ fd esjh ek¡ 
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