In the beginning of the 18thcentury how was the french society divided in to estate?

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French Society in the 18th Century

The First Estate- The Clergy

The Second Estate- The Nobility

The Third Estate- The Commoners

The French society in the 18th century was divided into three estates or classes based on their social status and power. These estates were:

The First Estate: The Clergy

Comprised of the high-ranking church officials, including bishops, abbots, and priests.

Owned about 10% of the French land.

Exempted from paying taxes.

Had immense power and influence over the people as they controlled the religious and moral affairs of the country.

The Second Estate: The Nobility

Comprised of the aristocratic class, including dukes, counts, and barons.

Owned about 25% of the French land.

Enjoyed privileges such as exemption from taxes, the right to carry a sword, and the exclusive right to hunt.

Had a considerable amount of power as they held high positions in the government and military.

The Third Estate: The Commoners

Comprised of the majority of the French population, including merchants, peasants, and artisans.

Owned about 65% of the French land.

Were burdened with heavy taxes and had little or no political power.

The peasantry were the largest group, and they were mostly poor and exploited by the other two estates.

Overall, the French society in the 18th century was highly unequal, with the first two estates enjoying significant privileges and monopolizing power and wealth. The third estate, on the other hand, was heavily taxed and had limited or no representation in the government or political process. This inequality eventually led to the French Revolution in 1789, as the third estate rebelled against the other two and demanded greater political and economic rights.

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The French Society was divided mainly in three estates. They were clergy or the first estate, nobility or the second estate and the third estate which consist of the businessman, peasants,lawyers,farmers etc. There was one more estate i.e. the fourth estate which consists of the other poor and low caste people.

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There is a term ‘Society of Estate’ which refers to how French society based on feudal system that dated back into middle ages was divided into three estates or classes namely the clergy and nobility which belong to the First and Second Estate and the third estate.
1) First Estate(Clergy) : This is the most privileged section of the society. Here Clergy means the church people,who were exempted from taxes, own vast lands and extracted feudal dues and services from peasants, they also extracted ‘tithes’ from the peasants. They are having the control over all high ranking positions in the army and the administration.
2)Second Estate(Nobility) : This is also the most privileged section of the society. It mostly includes nobles, they are also exempted from taxes and enjoys it's privileges by birth. It is also having control over all high ranking positions in the army and the administration.
3)Third Estate : The third Estate consists of peasants who formed 90% of the French population. It also included workers, professionals, businessmen and manufacturers. This Estate was the unprivileged section which enjoyed no political rights and social status, despite bearing the burden of taxes.
Many of the peasants were landless or did subsistence farming. The heavy taxes, tithes, taille, feudal dues, indirect taxes, forced labour coupled with bad harvests broght them into the brink of starvation.

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