The answer is option 'C) Compiler'

Explanation:

1. Introduction:
In a Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) processor, the parallel execution of operations is determined by the compiler. VLIW is a type of microprocessor architecture that aims to exploit instruction-level parallelism (ILP) by executing multiple instructions per clock cycle.

2. VLIW Architecture:
VLIW processors consist of multiple execution units that can perform different operations simultaneously. These execution units are grouped together into Instruction Issue Bundles (IBs), which are executed in parallel. Each IB contains multiple instructions called slots, and each slot can hold an operation from a different functional unit. The goal is to fill each slot with an instruction that can execute concurrently with the others.

3. Compiler's Role:
The compiler plays a crucial role in determining the schedule of operations in VLIW processors. It analyzes the code and identifies instructions that can be executed in parallel. It then arranges these instructions in a schedule that maximizes the utilization of available execution units.

4. Instruction Level Parallelism (ILP):
ILP is the measure of the amount of parallelism that can be exploited from a sequence of instructions. The compiler analyzes the code to identify independent instructions that can be executed concurrently. It looks for operations that do not have any dependencies on each other and can be executed in any order.

5. Scheduling Techniques:
The compiler uses various scheduling techniques to determine the execution order of instructions. Some of the commonly used techniques include:

- Static Scheduling: The compiler determines the schedule at compile-time based on the analysis of dependencies between instructions.
- Software Pipelining: The compiler overlaps the execution of multiple iterations of a loop to achieve parallelism.
- Loop Unrolling: The compiler replicates loop iterations to increase the amount of parallelism.

6. Benefits of Compiler-controlled Scheduling:
By allowing the compiler to determine the schedule of operations in VLIW processors, several benefits can be achieved:

- Improved Performance: The compiler can exploit maximum parallelism by scheduling independent instructions to execute in parallel, leading to faster execution.
- Simplified Hardware: The hardware complexity can be reduced as the responsibility of scheduling is offloaded to the compiler.
- Portability: The same code can be efficiently executed on different VLIW processors by recompiling it with a different compiler.

Conclusion:
In VLIW processors, the schedule of operations is determined by the compiler. The compiler analyzes the code, identifies independent instructions, and arranges them in a schedule that maximizes parallel execution. This approach improves performance, simplifies hardware, and allows for portability across different VLIW architectures.