Strongest Inter-Particle Forces

The inter-particle forces are the forces that exist between particles in a substance. These forces can be of different strengths depending on the type of particles involved. The strongest inter-particle forces are found in:

Sodium Bromide

Sodium bromide has ionic bonds, which are the strongest type of inter-particle force. Ionic bonds are formed between oppositely charged ions, and the electrostatic attraction between them is very strong. Sodium bromide is made up of sodium cations (Na+) and bromide anions (Br-), and the ionic bonds between these particles are very strong.

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide has covalent bonds, which are weaker than ionic bonds but still quite strong. Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons, and the shared electrons are attracted to both nuclei. Carbon dioxide is made up of two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom, and the covalent bonds between these particles are strong.

Ethyl Alcohol

Ethyl alcohol has hydrogen bonds, which are weaker than both ionic and covalent bonds but still quite strong. Hydrogen bonds are formed between molecules that contain hydrogen atoms bonded to highly electronegative atoms such as oxygen or nitrogen. Ethyl alcohol is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, and the hydrogen bonds between these molecules are strong.

Ammonia

Ammonia has dipole-dipole forces, which are weaker than hydrogen bonds but still quite strong. Dipole-dipole forces are formed between molecules that have a permanent dipole moment, meaning that the molecule has a partial positive and partial negative charge. Ammonia is made up of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms, and the dipole-dipole forces between these molecules are strong.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the strongest inter-particle forces are found in substances that have ionic bonds, such as sodium bromide. Covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and dipole-dipole forces are also strong, but not as strong as ionic bonds.