**Deterministic Approach in the Working Stress Method of Design of RC Members**

The working stress method is one of the design approaches used in the design of reinforced concrete (RC) members. It is based on the concept of limiting the maximum stress in the member under working conditions to ensure its overall safety and performance. In this method, the design is carried out using deterministic approach, which means that the design is based on fixed and known values rather than probabilities or uncertainties.

**Explanation:**

**1. Deterministic Approach:**
The working stress method follows a deterministic approach in the design of RC members. This means that the design is based on fixed and known values of loads, material properties, and other parameters. The goal is to ensure that the maximum stress in the member does not exceed the allowable stress, which is determined based on the properties of the materials used and the safety factors specified in the design codes.

**2. Fixed and Known Values:**
In the working stress method, the design process involves the use of fixed and known values for various parameters. These include the dead and live loads acting on the member, the properties of the concrete and reinforcement materials, and the dimensions and geometry of the member. These values are determined based on the specific conditions and requirements of the project.

**3. Design Equations:**
The design of RC members using the working stress method involves the use of design equations that relate the applied loads, material properties, and member dimensions to the stresses and strains in the member. These equations are derived based on the principles of mechanics and the behavior of RC materials. The design equations are used to determine the required amount and distribution of reinforcement, as well as the dimensions of the member.

**4. Safety Factors:**
In the deterministic approach of the working stress method, safety factors are incorporated into the design equations to account for uncertainties and variations in the material properties, construction quality, and other factors. These safety factors ensure that the member will have a sufficient margin of safety against failure under the anticipated loads and conditions.

**5. Limiting Stress:**
The main objective of the working stress method is to limit the maximum stress in the member under working conditions. The allowable stress is determined based on the design codes and standards, which specify the maximum stress that the member can sustain without experiencing excessive deformation or failure. The design is carried out such that the maximum stress in the member does not exceed the allowable stress.

In conclusion, the working stress method of design of RC members follows a deterministic approach, where fixed and known values are used in the design equations to ensure that the maximum stress in the member does not exceed the allowable stress. This approach provides a practical and conservative design solution for RC members.