Circumstances leading to the abdication of Russian Tsar in 2nd March 1917:

Introduction:
In early 20th century Russia, a series of events and circumstances led to widespread discontent among the population. This discontent, combined with the strains of World War I, eventually led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on 2nd March 1917. Several key factors contributed to this monumental event in Russian history.

1. World War I:
- Russia's involvement in World War I placed a heavy burden on the country. The war brought about economic hardships, food shortages, and a high number of casualties.
- The Russian army suffered significant defeats, which further fueled the discontent among the population.
- The prolonged war effort strained the country's resources and led to a loss of confidence in the government's ability to address the nation's needs.

2. Economic and Social Issues:
- Russia was facing economic instability, with inflation soaring and the cost of living rising rapidly.
- The majority of the population, especially peasants, struggled with poverty and faced high taxes and land shortages.
- Workers in industrial centers experienced poor working conditions, low wages, and long hours.
- These economic and social issues created discontent and unrest among various segments of society.

3. Autocratic Rule:
- The tsarist autocracy, characterized by absolute power vested in the Tsar, failed to address the concerns and aspirations of the people.
- Nicholas II's leadership was seen as weak and out of touch, leading to a loss of faith in the monarchy.
- The lack of political representation and limited civil liberties fueled demands for political reform.

4. Political Opposition:
- Opposition groups, such as the Social Democrats and Social Revolutionaries, gained popularity and called for political change.
- Intellectuals, liberals, and professionals formed organizations advocating for a constitutional monarchy or a democratic system.
- These opposition groups played a crucial role in mobilizing and organizing the discontented population.

5. February Revolution:
- The final trigger for the abdication of the Tsar was the February Revolution, which began on 23rd February 1917 (according to the Julian calendar then in use in Russia).
- Strikes and protests erupted in Petrograd (present-day Saint Petersburg), with workers demanding better working conditions and an end to the war.
- The protests escalated, and the army eventually sided with the demonstrators, refusing to suppress the uprising.
- As the situation deteriorated, Nicholas II lost the support of the military and key members of his government, forcing him to abdicate on 2nd March 1917.

Conclusion:
The abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in 1917 was the culmination of various factors, including the strains of World War I, economic and social issues, autocratic rule, and the political opposition. The February Revolution served as the catalyst for the events that led to the downfall of the Romanov dynasty and the subsequent establishment of a provisional government in Russia.