Introduction:
Apartheid, the system of racial segregation and discrimination, was implemented by the National Party government in South Africa in 1948. This oppressive regime institutionalized racial divisions, denying basic rights and opportunities to non-white citizens. However, apartheid ultimately came to an end through a combination of internal and external pressures.

Internal Resistance:
1. Black Consciousness Movement: In the late 1960s, the Black Consciousness Movement emerged, led by Steve Biko. This movement aimed to empower black South Africans and challenge the apartheid regime.
2. United Democratic Front (UDF): Formed in the 1980s, the UDF mobilized various anti-apartheid organizations and individuals, organizing protests, strikes, and boycotts.
3. National Union of Mineworkers (NUM): Led by Cyril Ramaphosa, the NUM played a crucial role in organizing strikes and demonstrating worker solidarity against apartheid policies.

International Pressure:
1. Economic Sanctions: Many countries, including the United States and European nations, imposed economic sanctions on South Africa, limiting trade and investment.
2. Sports Boycott: South Africa faced exclusion from international sporting events, such as the Olympics and Rugby World Cup, due to their apartheid policies.
3. United Nations: The United Nations General Assembly passed resolutions condemning apartheid and called for member states to impose sanctions on South Africa.

End of Apartheid:
1. Release of Nelson Mandela: In 1990, President F.W. de Klerk released Nelson Mandela, the iconic anti-apartheid leader, after 27 years of imprisonment. Mandela became a symbol of hope and reconciliation.
2. Negotiations and Reforms: The African National Congress (ANC) and National Party engaged in negotiations to dismantle apartheid. Reforms were implemented, including the repeal of discriminatory laws and the establishment of a multiracial democracy.
3. First Democratic Elections: In 1994, South Africa held its first non-racial democratic elections, with the ANC winning a majority. Nelson Mandela became the country's first black president, marking the official end of apartheid.

Conclusion:
The end of apartheid in South Africa was a result of a combination of internal resistance and external pressure. The tireless efforts of anti-apartheid activists, combined with international condemnation and sanctions, ultimately led to negotiations and reforms. The release of Nelson Mandela and the subsequent democratic elections marked a significant milestone in South Africa's history, as the country transitioned from a racially divided society to a more inclusive and democratic nation.