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 Which of the following technique is used by the UNIX operating system?
  • a)
    logical address memory
  • b)
    physical address memory
  • c)
    virtual memory technique
  • d)
    translational address
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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Which of the following technique is used by the UNIX operating system?...
Explanation: In the workstation and in the UNIX operating system virtual memory technique is frequently used in which the main memory is divided into different segments and pages. These pages will have a virtual address which can increase the address spacing.
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Which of the following technique is used by the UNIX operating system?...


Virtual Memory Technique in UNIX Operating System

Virtual memory is a technique used by the UNIX operating system to provide an illusion of a larger memory space than is physically available. This technique allows programs to run as if they have more memory than actually exists on the system.

How Virtual Memory Works

- When a program is executed, it is divided into smaller units called pages.
- These pages are stored in the physical memory (RAM) or on the hard disk in a space called the swap space.
- The operating system manages the movement of pages between the physical memory and the swap space based on the program's current memory requirements.
- When a program needs to access data that is not in the physical memory, the operating system swaps out less used pages from the physical memory to the swap space to make room for the required data.
- This process is transparent to the user and allows multiple programs to run simultaneously without running out of memory.

Advantages of Virtual Memory

- Efficient utilization of physical memory by swapping out less used pages.
- Ability to run large programs that require more memory than is available on the system.
- Improved system stability by preventing programs from crashing due to memory constraints.

Conclusion

Virtual memory is a crucial technique used by the UNIX operating system to optimize memory usage and enhance system performance. It plays a key role in enabling multitasking and efficient memory management in UNIX-based systems.
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A processor uses 2-level page tables for virtual to physical address translation. Page tables for both levels are stored in the main memory. Virtual and physical addresses are both 32 bits wide. The memory is byte addressable. For virtual to physical address translation, the 10 most significant bits of the virtual address are used as index into the first level page table while the next 10 bits are used as index into the second level page table. The 12 least significant bits of the virtual address are used as offset within the page. Assume that the page table entries in both levels of page tables are 4 bytes wide. Further, the processor has a translation look-aside buffer (TLB), with a hit rate of 96%. The TLB caches recently used virtual page numbers and the corresponding physical page numbers. The processor also has a physically addressed cache with a hit rate of 90%. Main memory access time is 10 ns, cache access time is 1 ns, and TLB access time is also 1 ns. Suppose a process has only the following pages in its virtual address space: two contiguous code pages starting at virtual address 0x00000000, two contiguous data pages starting at virtual address 000400000, and a stack page starting at virtual address 0FFFFF000. The amount of memory required for storing the page tables of this process is

A processor uses 2-level page tables for virtual to physical address translation. Page tables for both levels are stored in the main memory. Virtual and physical addresses are both 32 bits wide. The memory is byte addressable. For virtual to physical address translation, the 10 most significant bits of the virtual address are used as index into the first level page table while the next 10 bits are used as index into the second level page table. The 12 least significant bits of the virtual address are used as offset within the page. Assume that the page table entries in both levels of page tables are 4 bytes wide. Further, the processor has a translation look-aside buffer (TLB), with a hit rate of 96%. The TLB caches recently used virtual page numbers and the corresponding physical page numbers. The processor also has a physically addressed cache with a hit rate of 90%. Main memory access time is 10 ns, cache access time is 1 ns, and TLB access time is also 1 ns. Assuming that no page faults occur, the average time taken to access a virtual address is approximately (to the nearest 0.5 ns)

A processor uses 2-level page tables for virtual to physical address translation. Page tables for both levels are stored in the main memory. Virtual and physical addresses are both 32 bits wide. The memory is byte addressable. For virtual to physical address translation, the 10 most significant bits of the virtual address are used as index into the first level page table while the next 10 bits are used as index into the second level page table. The 12 least significant bits of the virtual address are used as offset within the page. Assume that the page table entries in both levels of page tables are 4 bytes wide. Further, the processor has a translation look-aside buffer (TLB), with a hit rate of 96%. The TLB caches recently used virtual page numbers and the corresponding physical page numbers. The processor also has a physically addressed cache with a hit rate of 90%. Main memory access time is 10 ns, cache access time is 1 ns, and TLB access time is also 1 ns. Assuming that no page faults occur, the average time taken to access a virtual address is approximately (to the nearest 0.5 ns)

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Which of the following technique is used by the UNIX operating system?a)logical address memoryb)physical address memoryc)virtual memory techniqued)translational addressCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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