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In a step down chopper using pulse width modulation, Ton = 3 x 10-3 and Toff = 1 x 10-3 s. The chopping frequency is
  • a)
    333.33
  • b)
    250
  • c)
    500
  • d)
    1000
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
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**Explanation:**

A step-down chopper, also known as a buck converter, is a type of DC-DC converter that converts a higher voltage level to a lower voltage level by controlling the duty cycle of the switching device. Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a technique used to control the duty cycle of the chopper.

The duty cycle (D) of a chopper is defined as the ratio of the on-time (Ton) to the total switching period (T). Mathematically, it can be expressed as:

D = Ton / T

Given that Ton = 3 x 10^(-3) s and Toff = 1 x 10^(-3) s, we can calculate the duty cycle as:

D = Ton / (Ton + Toff)
= (3 x 10^(-3)) / ((3 x 10^(-3)) + (1 x 10^(-3)))
= (3 x 10^(-3)) / (4 x 10^(-3))
= 0.75

The duty cycle represents the time the chopper is "on" (Ton) compared to the total switching period. In this case, the chopper is "on" for 0.75 or 75% of the time.

The chopping frequency (f) of the chopper is defined as the reciprocal of the total switching period (T). Mathematically, it can be expressed as:

f = 1 / T

Given that T = Ton + Toff, we can calculate the chopping frequency as:

T = Ton + Toff
= (3 x 10^(-3)) + (1 x 10^(-3))
= 4 x 10^(-3)

f = 1 / T
= 1 / (4 x 10^(-3))
= 250 Hz

Therefore, the chopping frequency is 250 Hz, which corresponds to option B.
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