price elasticity of demand Related: #54, NUMERICALS - PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND | PART 1 | MICROECONOMICS | CLASS 12 & 11?

Question

price elasticity of demand Related:  #54, NUMERICALS - PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND | PART 1 | MICROECONOMICS | CLASS 12 & 11?

Answer

1.𝙄𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙘𝙤𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙜𝙚 𝙩𝙚𝙭𝙩𝙗𝙤𝙤𝙠𝙨 𝙞𝙨 -0.1, 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙚𝙭𝙩𝙗𝙤𝙤𝙠𝙨 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙮 20%, 𝙝𝙤𝙬 𝙢𝙪𝙘𝙝 𝙬𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚, 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙬𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙙𝙞𝙧𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣? *𝙖. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙮 2%𝙗. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙙𝙚𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙮 20%𝙘. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙙𝙚𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙮 2%𝙙. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙧𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙖𝙢𝙚2.𝙄𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙨𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙗𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙠 𝙥𝙖𝙘𝙠𝙖𝙜𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙤 𝘾𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙪𝙣 𝙞𝙨 -5, 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙛 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙣𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙨 𝙮𝙚𝙖𝙧 𝙞𝙣 𝘾𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙪𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙥𝙖𝙘𝙠𝙖𝙜𝙚𝙨 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙮 10%, 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙣 𝙬𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙝𝙖𝙥𝙥𝙚𝙣𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝘾𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙪𝙣 𝙫𝙖𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙥𝙖𝙘𝙠𝙖𝙜𝙚𝙨? *𝙖. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙛𝙚𝙡𝙡 𝙗𝙮 10 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙗. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙛𝙚𝙡𝙡 𝙗𝙮 2 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙘. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙮 2 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙙. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙖𝙢𝙚3.𝙄𝙣 𝙮𝙤𝙪𝙧 𝙘𝙤𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙜𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙬𝙣, 𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙡 𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙗𝙪𝙞𝙡𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙨𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙣𝙚𝙬 𝙨𝙩𝙪𝙙𝙚𝙣𝙩-𝙛𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙡𝙮 𝙖𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙨 𝙘𝙡𝙤𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙘𝙖𝙢𝙥𝙪𝙨. 𝙄𝙛 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙬𝙖𝙣𝙩 𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙗𝙡𝙚, 𝙨𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙝𝙤𝙥𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙖𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙤𝙧 𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘? *𝙖. 𝙀𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙗. 𝙄𝙣𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘4.𝙄𝙣 𝙮𝙤𝙪𝙧 𝙘𝙤𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙜𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙬𝙣, 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙡𝙤𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙜𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙣𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙙𝙚𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙨𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙖𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙨 𝙘𝙡𝙤𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙘𝙖𝙢𝙥𝙪𝙨 𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙣𝙝𝙖𝙗𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙢𝙪𝙨𝙩 𝙗𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙣 𝙙𝙤𝙬𝙣 𝙣𝙚𝙭𝙩 𝙨𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙧. 𝙄𝙛 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙬𝙖𝙣𝙩 𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙗𝙡𝙚, 𝙨𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙝𝙤𝙥𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙖𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙤𝙧 𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘? *𝙖. 𝙀𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙗. 𝙄𝙣𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘5.𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙜-𝙧𝙪𝙣 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙤𝙞𝙡 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙖𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙩 -0.5. 𝙄𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙤𝙞𝙡 𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙮 10%, 𝙝𝙤𝙬 𝙢𝙪𝙘𝙝 𝙬𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙤𝙞𝙡 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙛𝙖𝙡𝙡? *𝙖. 5%𝙗. 0.5%𝙘. 2%𝙙. 20%6.𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙜-𝙧𝙪𝙣 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙤𝙞𝙡 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙖𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙩 -0.5. 𝘿𝙤𝙚𝙨 𝙖 10% 𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙤𝙞𝙡 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚𝙨 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙤𝙧 𝙙𝙚𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙤𝙞𝙡 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙚𝙧𝙨? *𝙖. 𝙄𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚𝙗. 𝘿𝙚𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚7.𝙄𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙐𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨, 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙜-𝙧𝙪𝙣 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙤𝙞𝙡 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙖𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙩 -0.5. 𝙎𝙤𝙢𝙚 𝙥𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙮𝙢𝙖𝙠𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙚𝙣𝙫𝙞𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙘𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙨 𝙬𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙡𝙞𝙠𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙨𝙚𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙐𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨 𝙘𝙪𝙩 𝙗𝙖𝙘𝙠 𝙤𝙣 𝙞𝙩𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙤𝙞𝙡 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙜 𝙧𝙪𝙣. 𝙒𝙚 𝙘𝙖𝙣 𝙪𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙨 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙜𝙚𝙩 𝙖 𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝 𝙢𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙪𝙧𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙝𝙤𝙬 𝙝𝙞𝙜𝙝 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙤𝙞𝙡 𝙬𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙡𝙮 𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙤𝙧𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙤 𝙜𝙚𝙩 𝙥𝙚𝙤𝙥𝙡𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙢𝙖𝙠𝙚 𝙗𝙞𝙜 𝙘𝙪𝙩𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙤𝙞𝙡 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙪𝙢𝙥𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣. 𝙃𝙤𝙬 𝙢𝙪𝙘𝙝 𝙬𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙤𝙞𝙡 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙡𝙮 𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙤𝙧𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙤 𝙘𝙪𝙩 𝙤𝙞𝙡 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙪𝙢𝙥𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙗𝙮 50%? *𝙖. 5%𝙗. 25%𝙘. 50%𝙙. 100%8.𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙡𝙖𝙧𝙜𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙜-𝙧𝙪𝙣 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙤𝙞𝙡 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 (–0.6) 𝙤𝙛 𝙖𝙣𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙡𝙖𝙧𝙜𝙚, 𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙝 𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙨, 𝙖𝙘𝙘𝙤𝙧𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙤 𝘾𝙤𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙧’𝙨 𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨. 𝘿𝙤𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙨 𝙢𝙚𝙖𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙩𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙖𝙩 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙤 𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙜-𝙧𝙪𝙣 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙣 𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙝 𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙨, 𝙤𝙧 𝙙𝙤𝙚𝙨 𝙞𝙩 𝙢𝙚𝙖𝙣 𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙨𝙚 𝙖𝙩 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜? *𝙖. 𝘽𝙚𝙩𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙖𝙩 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙗. 𝙒𝙤𝙧𝙨𝙚 𝙖𝙩 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜9.𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙨 0.2. 𝙄𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙥 𝙤𝙧 𝙛𝙡𝙖𝙩? 𝙒𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙖 𝙛𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙞𝙣 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚 𝙤𝙧 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙞𝙩? 𝙉𝙤𝙩𝙚: 𝙬𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙞𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙗𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙚 𝙫𝙖𝙡𝙪𝙚. *𝙖. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙥; 𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙗. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙛𝙡𝙖𝙩; 𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙘. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙥; 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙙. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙛𝙡𝙖𝙩; 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚10.𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙨 2.0. 𝙄𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙥 𝙤𝙧 𝙛𝙡𝙖𝙩? 𝙒𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙖 𝙛𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙞𝙣 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚 𝙤𝙧 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙞𝙩? 𝙉𝙤𝙩𝙚: 𝙬𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙞𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙗𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙚 𝙫𝙖𝙡𝙪𝙚. *𝙖. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙥; 𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙗. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙛𝙡𝙖𝙩; 𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙘. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙥; 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙙. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙛𝙡𝙖𝙩; 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚11.𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙨 1.1. 𝙄𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙥 𝙤𝙧 𝙛𝙡𝙖𝙩? 𝙒𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙖 𝙛𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙞𝙣 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚 𝙤𝙧 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙞𝙩? 𝙉𝙤𝙩𝙚: 𝙬𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙞𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙗𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙚 𝙫𝙖𝙡𝙪𝙚. *𝙖. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙥; 𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙗. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙛𝙡𝙖𝙩; 𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙘. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙥; 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙙. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙛𝙡𝙖𝙩; 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚12.𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙨 0.9. 𝙄𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙥 𝙤𝙧 𝙛𝙡𝙖𝙩? 𝙒𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙖 𝙛𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙞𝙣 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚 𝙤𝙧 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙞𝙩? 𝙉𝙤𝙩𝙚: 𝙬𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙞𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙗𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙚 𝙫𝙖𝙡𝙪𝙚. *𝙖. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙥; 𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙗. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙛𝙡𝙖𝙩; 𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙘. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙥; 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙙. 𝙍𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙛𝙡𝙖𝙩; 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚13.𝙃𝙚𝙣𝙧𝙮 𝙁𝙤𝙧𝙙 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨𝙡𝙮 𝙢𝙖𝙨𝙨-𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙚𝙙 𝙘𝙖𝙧𝙨 𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙣𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙩𝙬𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙚𝙩𝙝 𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙮, 𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙁𝙤𝙧𝙙 𝙈𝙤𝙩𝙤𝙧 𝘾𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙮. 𝙃𝙚 𝙢𝙖𝙙𝙚 𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙘𝙖𝙪𝙨𝙚 𝙢𝙖𝙨𝙨 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙢𝙖𝙙𝙚 𝙘𝙖𝙧𝙨 𝙘𝙝𝙚𝙖𝙥 𝙩𝙤 𝙢𝙖𝙠𝙚, 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙖𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙨𝙤𝙢𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙖𝙫𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙨 𝙩𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙪𝙢𝙚𝙧 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙡𝙤𝙬 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚. 𝘾𝙖𝙧𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙘𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙖 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙤𝙣 𝙨𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙐𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙛𝙩𝙚𝙧. 𝙆𝙚𝙚𝙥𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙩𝙨 𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙝𝙞𝙥 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙙, 𝙙𝙤 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙚𝙭𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙘𝙖𝙧𝙨 𝙩𝙤 𝙗𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙤𝙧 𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙃𝙚𝙣𝙧𝙮 𝙁𝙤𝙧𝙙? *𝙖. 𝙀𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙗. 𝙄𝙣𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘14. 𝙄𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩 20 𝙮𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙨 𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙡 𝙢𝙚𝙙𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙚𝙭𝙥𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙨 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙢𝙤𝙧𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙣 𝙙𝙤𝙪𝙗𝙡𝙚𝙙. 𝙋𝙝𝙮𝙨𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙨 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙡𝙮 𝙢𝙚𝙙𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙚𝙧𝙫𝙞𝙘𝙚𝙨 𝙖𝙩 𝙖 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙘𝙤𝙨𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙣 𝙙𝙤 𝙝𝙤𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙨. 𝙏𝙝𝙪𝙨, 𝙞𝙩 𝙝𝙖𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙨𝙪𝙜𝙜𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙢𝙚𝙙𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙚𝙭𝙥𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙗𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙮 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙡𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙥𝙝𝙮𝙨𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙨. 𝙒𝙝𝙞𝙘𝙝 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙤𝙡𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙛𝙞𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙨 𝙬𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙨 𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣?𝘼. 𝙞𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙧𝙤𝙨𝙨 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙗𝙚𝙩𝙬𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙥𝙝𝙮𝙨𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙤𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙡𝙖𝙧𝙜𝙚.𝘽. 𝙞𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙧𝙤𝙨𝙨 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙗𝙚𝙩𝙬𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙥𝙝𝙮𝙨𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙤𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙣𝙚𝙜𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙡𝙖𝙧𝙜𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙗𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙚 𝙫𝙖𝙡𝙪𝙚.𝘾. 𝙞𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙧𝙤𝙨𝙨 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙗𝙚𝙩𝙬𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙥𝙝𝙮𝙨𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙤𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙡𝙖𝙧𝙜𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙗𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙚 𝙫𝙖𝙡𝙪𝙚.𝘿. 𝙞𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙥𝙝𝙮𝙨𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘.𝙀. 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝙣𝙤𝙩 𝙚𝙣𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝 𝙞𝙣𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙜𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙣 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙙𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙘𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙖𝙣 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙡𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙥𝙝𝙮𝙨𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙨 𝙬𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙤𝙣 𝙢𝙚𝙙𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙚𝙭𝙥𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙨.15. 𝙔𝙤𝙪 𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙖 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙡𝙞𝙚𝙧 𝙤𝙛 𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙩𝙨. 𝙔𝙤𝙪𝙧 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝 𝙙𝙚𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙩𝙨 𝙞𝙨 2.5. 𝘽𝙮 𝙬𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙬𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙞𝙛 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 $4 𝙩𝙤 $2?𝘼. 16.67 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩.𝘽. 167 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩.𝘾. 67 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩.𝘿. 50 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩.𝙀. 𝙣𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚.16. 𝘼 𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙜-𝙧𝙪𝙣 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚, 𝙖𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙖 𝙨𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙩-𝙧𝙪𝙣 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙤𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙮, 𝙞𝙨 𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙮:𝘼. 𝙢𝙤𝙧𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝘽. 𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝘾. 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮𝘿. 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙥𝙚𝙧 𝙞𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚𝙨 𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙤𝙩𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙯𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙘𝙖𝙡𝙚.𝙀. 𝙣𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚.17. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 1000 𝙩𝙤 1500 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙨 𝙬𝙝𝙚𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 $1.50 𝙩𝙤 $1.00 𝙥𝙚𝙧 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙩. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙨 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙖𝙥𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙭𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙡𝙮:𝘼. 1.0𝘽. .16𝘾. 2.5𝘿. 4.018.𝙄𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙖 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙤𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙞𝙨 𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙗𝙚 1.5, 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙣 𝙖 𝙙𝙚𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 $2.10 𝙩𝙤 $1.90 𝙬𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙗𝙚 𝙚𝙭𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙙𝙖𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙖𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙮:𝘼. 50%𝘽. 1.5%𝘾. 5%𝘿. 15%19. 𝘿𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙨 𝙨𝙖𝙞𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙗𝙚 𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙬𝙝𝙚𝙣:𝘼. 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙨 𝙜𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙𝘽. 𝙞𝙣 𝙖 𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙖𝙧 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚, 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙨 𝙘𝙡𝙤𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙯𝙚𝙧𝙤 (𝙜𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚) 𝙨𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙬𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙗𝙚 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙝𝙞𝙜𝙝𝘾. 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙚𝙭𝙘𝙚𝙚𝙙𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙𝘿. 𝙖 𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙢𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙖 𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙗𝙞𝙜 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙20. 𝙎𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝘽𝙤𝙖𝙧𝙙 𝙤𝙛 𝘿𝙞𝙧𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙡𝙤𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙮𝙢𝙥𝙝𝙤𝙣𝙮 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙙𝙢𝙞𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙝𝙚𝙖𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙤𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙖 𝙗𝙚 𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙨 𝙖 𝙢𝙚𝙖𝙣𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙙𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙛𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙨 𝙩𝙤 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩 𝙢𝙪𝙨𝙞𝙘 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙢𝙨. 𝙄𝙩𝙨 𝙢𝙚𝙢𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙞𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙡𝙮 𝙖𝙨𝙨𝙪𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙖 𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙠𝙚𝙩 𝙞𝙨:𝘼. 𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙣 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙮𝘽. 𝙜𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙣 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙮𝘾. 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙮𝘿. 𝙞𝙩 𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙖𝙮𝙨 𝙣𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙪𝙩 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮21. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙧 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙤𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙡𝙪𝙙𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙤𝙡𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙚𝙭𝙘𝙚𝙥𝙩:𝘼. 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙫𝙖𝙞𝙡𝙖𝙗𝙞𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙨𝙪𝙗𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙪𝙩𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙤𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙮𝘽. 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙩𝙞𝙢𝙚 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙤𝙙 𝙞𝙣𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙫𝙚𝙙𝘾. 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙬𝙝𝙞𝙘𝙝 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙤𝙪𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙨 𝙘𝙖𝙣 𝙗𝙚 𝙨𝙝𝙞𝙛𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙤𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙩𝙤 𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙨𝘿. 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙜𝙧𝙚𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙞𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙬𝙝𝙞𝙘𝙝 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙤𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙞𝙨 𝙙𝙚𝙛𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙙22. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙭𝙥𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚 𝙤𝙣 𝙛𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙖𝙨 𝙖 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙨 𝙙𝙚𝙘𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙨 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙨 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙛𝙤𝙤𝙙:𝘼. 𝙞𝙨 𝙖𝙣 𝙞𝙣𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙤𝙧 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙𝘽. 𝙞𝙨 𝙖 𝙡𝙪𝙭𝙪𝙧𝙮 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙𝘾. 𝙝𝙖𝙨 𝙖𝙣 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙣 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙮𝘿. 𝙞𝙨 𝙖 𝙣𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙡 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙖𝙣 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙀. 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝙣𝙤𝙩 𝙚𝙣𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝 𝙞𝙣𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙩𝙤 𝙗𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙙𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙚 𝙬𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙮𝙥𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙛𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙞𝙨23. 𝘼 𝙩𝙖𝙭 𝙬𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙗𝙚 𝙗𝙤𝙧𝙣𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙗𝙮 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙡𝙞𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙛:𝘼. 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙛𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙡𝙮 𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙬𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙡𝙮 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝙪𝙥𝙬𝙖𝙧𝙙 𝙨𝙡𝙤𝙥𝙞𝙣𝙜𝘽. 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝙙𝙤𝙬𝙣𝙬𝙖𝙧𝙙 𝙨𝙡𝙤𝙥𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙬𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙡𝙮 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙛𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙡𝙮 𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝘾. 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙡𝙮 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙛𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙡𝙮 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝙣𝙚𝙜𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙡𝙤𝙥𝙚𝘿. 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙗𝙤𝙩𝙝 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙡𝙮 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙡 𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙀. 𝙗𝙤𝙩𝙝 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙡𝙮 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚𝙨 𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙛𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙡𝙮 𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘24.𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 90 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙨 𝙩𝙤 110 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙨 𝙬𝙝𝙚𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 $1.20 𝙩𝙤 $.80 𝙥𝙚𝙧 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙩. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙨 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩 𝙖𝙥𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙭𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨:𝘼. .5𝘽. 1.0𝘾. 2.0𝘿. 4.025. 𝘼 𝙙𝙤𝙬𝙣𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙨𝙠𝙞 𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙖 𝙞𝙨 𝙚𝙭𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖 𝙙𝙚𝙘𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙣𝙪𝙢𝙗𝙚𝙧 𝙤𝙛 𝙡𝙞𝙛𝙩 𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙠𝙚𝙩𝙨 𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙙, 𝙛𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙨, 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙛𝙞𝙩𝙨. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙡𝙞𝙛𝙩 𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙠𝙚𝙩 𝙞𝙨 $20 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙖𝙧𝙚 2,500 𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙠𝙚𝙩𝙨 𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙙 𝙙𝙖𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙤𝙣 𝙖𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙨 1.5 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙡𝙞𝙛𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙡𝙮 𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙩 𝙖𝙣 𝙖𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙤𝙛 75 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙘𝙖𝙥𝙖𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮. 𝙒𝙝𝙞𝙘𝙝 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙤𝙡𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙢𝙚𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙙𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙢𝙤𝙨𝙩 𝙡𝙞𝙠𝙚𝙡𝙮 𝙩𝙤 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙠𝙞 𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙖'𝙨 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙛𝙞𝙩𝙨.𝘼. 𝙖 10 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙡𝙞𝙛𝙩 𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙠𝙚𝙩.𝘽. 𝙖𝙣 𝙖𝙜𝙜𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙙𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙘𝙖𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙞𝙜𝙣.𝘾. 𝙖 10 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙡𝙞𝙛𝙩 𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙠𝙚𝙩 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙗𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙙 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙖𝙣 𝙖𝙜𝙜𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙙𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙘𝙖𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙞𝙜𝙣.𝘿. 𝙖 10 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙙𝙚𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙡𝙞𝙛𝙩 𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙠𝙚𝙩.26. 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙪𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙬𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙗𝙚𝙖𝙧 𝙢𝙤𝙧𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙗𝙪𝙧𝙙𝙚𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙩𝙖𝙭 𝙩𝙝𝙚:𝘼. 𝙢𝙤𝙧𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙡𝙮 𝙞𝙨.𝘽. 𝙢𝙤𝙧𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙨.𝘾. 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙢𝙤𝙧𝙚 𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙡𝙮 𝙞𝙨.𝘿. 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙪𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙖𝙡𝙬𝙖𝙮𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙖𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙗𝙪𝙧𝙙𝙚𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙩𝙖𝙭 𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙮 𝙥𝙖𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚.𝙀. 𝙣𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚.27. 𝘼𝙣 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙡 𝙩𝙤 2 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙖 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩 𝙢𝙚𝙖𝙣𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩:𝘼. 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙫𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩 𝙨𝙡𝙤𝙥𝙚 𝙪𝙥𝙬𝙖𝙧𝙙.𝘽. 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙖𝙣 𝙞𝙣𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙤𝙧 𝙜𝙤𝙤𝙙.𝘾. 𝙖 10 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙚 𝙬𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙮𝙞𝙚𝙡𝙙 𝙖 20 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙙.𝘿. 𝙖 20 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙚 𝙬𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙪𝙡𝙩 𝙞𝙣 𝙖 10 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙙.𝙀. (% 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙌) / (% 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙋) = 2.28. 𝙁𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙬𝙝𝙞𝙘𝙝 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙤𝙡𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙙𝙖𝙩𝙖 𝙢𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙖 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙡𝙮?𝘼. 𝙖 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙚𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙦𝙪𝙚𝙩𝙨 𝙜𝙤 𝙪𝙥 12 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩.𝙀. 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙡 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙖𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙚 18 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙬𝙝𝙚𝙣 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙤𝙬𝙨 13 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩.

Answer

Price Elasticity of Demand
Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. It is calculated as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.

Numericals - Price Elasticity of Demand
To calculate price elasticity of demand numerically, you can use the formula:
$$ E_d = \frac{\% \Delta Q_d}{\% \Delta P} $$
where:
- $ E_d $ = Price elasticity of demand
- $ \% \Delta Q_d $ = Percentage change in quantity demanded
- $ \% \Delta P $ = Percentage change in price

Example
Let's say the price of a product increased by 10% and the quantity demanded decreased by 20%. Using the formula above:
$$ E_d = \frac{-20\%}{10\%} = -2 $$
This means that the price elasticity of demand for this product is elastic, as a 1% increase in price leads to a 2% decrease in quantity demanded.

Interpretation
- If $ |E_d| > 1 $, demand is elastic
- If $ |E_d| < 1='' $,='' demand='' is='' />
- If $ |E_d| = 1 $, demand is unit elastic
Understanding price elasticity of demand is crucial for businesses to make pricing decisions and forecast demand accurately.

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