The illustrious names of Aryabhata and Varahamihir are associated with the age of the Gupta Empire.

Explanation:

The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty that existed from around 320 to 550 CE. This period is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of India, as it was marked by significant advancements in various fields including science, mathematics, astronomy, and literature.

Aryabhata was one of the most prominent mathematicians and astronomers of the Gupta period. He is known for his contributions to the field of mathematics, particularly in the area of algebra and trigonometry. Aryabhata's most renowned work is the Aryabhatiya, a mathematical treatise that includes theories on arithmetic, algebra, and trigonometry. He also proposed the concept of the Earth's rotation on its axis, which was a significant discovery at the time.

Varahamihir was another influential figure during the Gupta period. He was a polymath who excelled in various fields such as astronomy, astrology, mathematics, and literature. Varahamihir's most notable work is the Brihat Samhita, an encyclopedic text that covers a wide range of subjects including astronomy, astrology, geography, architecture, and more. He made significant contributions to the field of astronomy and is considered one of the pioneers of Indian astronomy.

Both Aryabhata and Varahamihir's contributions had a lasting impact on the fields of mathematics and astronomy. Their works not only advanced the knowledge in these areas but also influenced future generations of scholars and scientists.

In conclusion, the illustrious names of Aryabhata and Varahamihir are associated with the age of the Gupta Empire. They were prominent mathematicians and astronomers who made significant contributions to their respective fields during this period.