𝐹𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠):
𝐹𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠:

(𝑖) 𝐻𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟:
𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠, 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 (𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠) 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠. 𝐼𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡, 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟, 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠.

(𝑖𝑖) 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑎 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠:




𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠; 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑎 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠, 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠.

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙:
𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙. 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦. 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

(𝑖𝑣) 𝑀𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑦 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟:
𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑠, 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠.

(𝑣) 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑜𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦:
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦, 𝑎 𝑀𝑁𝐶 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦. 𝐼𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔.

(𝑣𝑖) 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡:




𝐴 𝑀𝑁𝐶 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠, 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.

(𝑣𝑖𝑖)𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔:
𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠, 𝑝𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠. 𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒/𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒.

(𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠:
𝐴 𝑀𝑁𝐶 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑙𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙. 𝐼𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠.

𝐹𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 - 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝐺𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠:
𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉𝑖𝑒𝑤𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦.




𝑊𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑤𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦. 𝐼𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡, 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠; 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠.

(𝑖) 𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑏𝑖𝑔 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡.

(𝑖𝑖) 𝐴𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙:

𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠. 𝐼𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡, 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠, 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐. 𝐴𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠, 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑒.𝑔. ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠.

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠:

𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑙𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒, 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦. 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦.

(𝑖𝑣) 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑝 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠. 𝐴𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑝 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

(𝑣𝑖) 𝑇𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡:

𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 10 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠. 𝐼𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡, 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟. 𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑏𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦.

(𝑣𝑖𝑖) 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡:

𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠. 𝑃𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡. 𝐼𝑛 𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒. 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠.

(𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐸𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠:




𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠. 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠. 𝐴𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡, 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦.

𝐼𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎, 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑆𝑂-9000 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠, 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠.

(𝑖𝑥) 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔:

𝐵𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠, 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠.





(𝑥) 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒:

𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑙𝑑 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦. 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠, 𝑀𝑁𝐶𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑙𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦.

(1) Gaint size : The sales and assets of MNCs are quite large. Hence they earn super normal profits.


(2) Global Operations: MNCs carry production and marketing operations in different countries of the world . They possess all the infrastructural facilities.



(3) Centralized Control: MNCs has it' s headquarters in the home country. It exercises control over all the branches and subsidiaries.

(4) Dominant position and status: MNCs carry on operations in bulk and cover many people. Hence they control the market and enjoy a dominant position and status in all operated countries.

(5) sophisticated Technology: Generally MNCs had advanced technology so as to produce quality goods and services to the consumers.

(6) professional Management: MNCs employs professional trained managers to integrate and manage world wide operations to maximize profits.

(7) International research and Development : MNCs internationalize their research and development operations in order to capture the market of the other countries.