Answer the following question based on the information given below.A country XYZ is facing election in the current year. There are 5 political parties in the country contesting for the election namely P, Q, R, S and T. Each of the party has certain mathematicians within them who have determined with great accuracy the probability of winning certain number of votes. The following table illustrates the probability as calculated by them for each of the partyAnswer the following question based on the table given above. Assume that the prediction from mathematician is true at the end of election.Q.If XYZ requires a minimum of 255 votes for the formation of Government and parties can combine with each other, then which two party coalitions from the choices given below can form a Government meeting the criteria required?a)P and Rb)Q and Sc)P and Sd)Q and RCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

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Answer the following question based on the table given above. Assume that the prediction from mathematician is true at the end of election.

Q.If XYZ requires a minimum of 255 votes for the formation of Government and parties can combine with each other, then which two party coalitions from the choices given below can form a Government meeting the criteria required?

a)
P and R
b)
Q and S
c)
P and S
d)
Q and R

Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

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Directions: The passage given below is followed by a set of four questions. Choose the best answer to each question.The treatment of probability has been confused by mathematicians. From the beginning there was an ambiguity in dealing with the calculus of probability. When the Cehvalier de Mere consulted Pascal on the problems involved in the games of dice, the great mathematician should have frankly told his friend the truth, namely, that mathematics could not be of any use to the gambler in a game of pure chance. Instead he wrapped his answer in the symbolic language of mathematics. What could easily be explained in a few sentences of mundane speech was expressed in a terminology which was unfamiliar to the immense majority and therefore regarded with reverential awe. People suspected that the puzzling formulae contain some important revelations, hidden to the uninitiated; they got the impression that a scientific method of gambling exists and that the esoteric teachings of mathematics provide a key to winning. The heavenly mystic Pascal unintentionally became the patron saint of gambling. The textbooks of the calculus of probability gratuitously propagandize for the gambling casinos precisely because they are sealed books to the layman.There are two entirely different instances of probability; we may call them class probability (or frequency probability) and case probability (or the specific understanding of the sciences of human action). The field for the application of the former is the field of the natural sciences, entirely ruled by causality; the field for the application of the latter is the field of the sciences of human action, entirely ruled by teleology.Class probability means: We know or assume to know, with regard to the problem concerned, everything about the behavior of a whole class of events or phenomena; but about the actual singular events or phenomena we know nothing but that they are elements of this class. We know, for instance, that there are ninety tickets in a lottery and that five of them will be drawn. Thus we know all about the behavior of the whole class of tickets. But with regard to the singular tickets we do not know anything but that they arc elements of this class of ticketsCase probability means: We know, with regard to a particular event, some of the factors which determine its outcome; but there are other determining factors about which we know nothing. Case probability has nothing in common with class probability but the incompleteness of our knowledge. In every other regard the two are entirely differentThere are, of course, many instances in which men try to forecast a particular future event on the basis of their knowledge about the behavior of the class. A doctor may determine the chances for the full recovery of his patient if he knows that 70 per cent of those afflicted with the same disease recover. If he expresses his judgment correctly, he will not say more than that the probability of recovery is 0.7, that is, out of ten patients not more than three on the average die. All such predictions about external events, i.e., events in the field of the natural sciences, are of this character. They are in fact not forecasts about the issue of the case in question, but statements about the frequency of the various possible outcomes. They arc based either on statistical information or simply on the rough estimate of the frequency derived from nonstatistical experience.As far as such types of probable statements are concerned, we are not faced with case probability. In fact we do not know anything about the case in question except that it is an instance of a class the behavior of which we know or think we know.A surgeon tells a patient who considers submitting himself to an operation that thirty out of every hundred undergoing such an operation die. If the patient asks whether this number of deaths is already full, he has misunderstood the sense of the doctor's statement. He has fallen prey to the error known as the "gambler's fallacy." Like the roulette player who concludes from a run often red in succession that the probability of the next turn being black is now greater than it was before the run, he confuses case probability with class probability.Which of the following is not true about case probability and class probability?

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Directions: The passage given below is followed by a set of four questions. Choose the best answer to each question.The treatment of probability has been confused by mathematicians. From the beginning there was an ambiguity in dealing with the calculus of probability. When the Cehvalier de Mere consulted Pascal on the problems involved in the games of dice, the great mathematician should have frankly told his friend the truth, namely, that mathematics could not be of any use to the gambler in a game of pure chance. Instead he wrapped his answer in the symbolic language of mathematics. What could easily be explained in a few sentences of mundane speech was expressed in a terminology which was unfamiliar to the immense majority and therefore regarded with reverential awe. People suspected that the puzzling formulae contain some important revelations, hidden to the uninitiated; they got the impression that a scientific method of gambling exists and that the esoteric teachings of mathematics provide a key to winning. The heavenly mystic Pascal unintentionally became the patron saint of gambling. The textbooks of the calculus of probability gratuitously propagandize for the gambling casinos precisely because they are sealed books to the layman.There are two entirely different instances of probability; we may call them class probability (or frequency probability) and case probability (or the specific understanding of the sciences of human action). The field for the application of the former is the field of the natural sciences, entirely ruled by causality; the field for the application of the latter is the field of the sciences of human action, entirely ruled by teleology.Class probability means: We know or assume to know, with regard to the problem concerned, everything about the behavior of a whole class of events or phenomena; but about the actual singular events or phenomena we know nothing but that they are elements of this class. We know, for instance, that there are ninety tickets in a lottery and that five of them will be drawn. Thus we know all about the behavior of the whole class of tickets. But with regard to the singular tickets we do not know anything but that they arc elements of this class of ticketsCase probability means: We know, with regard to a particular event, some of the factors which determine its outcome; but there are other determining factors about which we know nothing. Case probability has nothing in common with class probability but the incompleteness of our knowledge. In every other regard the two are entirely differentThere are, of course, many instances in which men try to forecast a particular future event on the basis of their knowledge about the behavior of the class. A doctor may determine the chances for the full recovery of his patient if he knows that 70 per cent of those afflicted with the same disease recover. If he expresses his judgment correctly, he will not say more than that the probability of recovery is 0.7, that is, out of ten patients not more than three on the average die. All such predictions about external events, i.e., events in the field of the natural sciences, are of this character. They are in fact not forecasts about the issue of the case in question, but statements about the frequency of the various possible outcomes. They arc based either on statistical information or simply on the rough estimate of the frequency derived from nonstatistical experience.As far as such types of probable statements are concerned, we are not faced with case probability. In fact we do not know anything about the case in question except that it is an instance of a class the behavior of which we know or think we know.A surgeon tells a patient who considers submitting himself to an operation that thirty out of every hundred undergoing such an operation die. If the patient asks whether this number of deaths is already full, he has misunderstood the sense of the doctor's statement. He has fallen prey to the error known as the "gambler's fallacy." Like the roulette player who concludes from a run often red in succession that the probability of the next turn being black is now greater than it was before the run, he confuses case probability with class probability.Which of the following is an example of case probability?

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Directions: The treatment of probability has been confused by mathematicians. From the beginning there was an ambiguity in dealing with the calculus of probability. When the Cehvalier de Mere consulted Pascal on the problems involved in the games of dice, the great mathematician should have frankly told his friend the truth, namely, that mathematics could not be of any use to the gambler in a game of pure chance. Instead he wrapped his answer in the symbolic language of mathematics. What could easily be explained in a few sentences of mundane speech was expressed in a terminology which was unfamiliar to the immense majority and therefore regarded with reverential awe. People suspected that the puzzling formulae contain some important revelations, hidden to the uninitiated; they got the impression that a scientific method of gambling exists and that the esoteric teachings of mathematics provide a key to winning. The heavenly mystic Pascal unintentionally became the patron saint of gambling. The textbooks of the calculus of probability gratuitously propagandize for the gambling casinos precisely because they are sealed books to the layman.There are two entirely different instances of probability; we may call them class probability (or frequency probability) and case probability (or the specific understanding of the sciences of human action). The field for the application of the former is the field of the natural sciences, entirely ruled by causality; the field for the application of the latter is the field of the sciences of human action, entirely ruled by teleology.Class probability means: We know or assume to know, with regard to the problem concerned, everything about the behavior of a whole class of events or phenomena; but about the actual singular events or phenomena we know nothing but that they are elements of this class. We know, for instance, that there are ninety tickets in a lottery and that five of them will be drawn. Thus we know all about the behavior of the whole class of tickets. But with regard to the singular tickets we do not know anything but that they arc elements of this class of ticketsCase probability means: We know, with regard to a particular event, some of the factors which determine its outcome; but there are other determining factors about which we know nothing. Case probability has nothing in common with class probability but the incompleteness of our knowledge. In every other regard the two are entirely differentThere are, of course, many instances in which men try to forecast a particular future event on the basis of their knowledge about the behavior of the class. A doctor may determine the chances for the full recovery of his patient if he knows that 70 per cent of those afflicted with the same disease recover. If he expresses his judgment correctly, he will not say more than that the probability of recovery is 0.7, that is, out of ten patients not more than three on the average die. All such predictions about external events, i.e., events in the field of the natural sciences, are of this character. They are in fact not forecasts about the issue of the case in question, but statements about the frequency of the various possible outcomes. They arc based either on statistical information or simply on the rough estimate of the frequency derived from nonstatistical experience.As far as such types of probable statements are concerned, we are not faced with case probability. In fact we do not know anything about the case in question except that it is an instance of a class the behavior of which we know or think we know.A surgeon tells a patient who considers submitting himself to an operation that thirty out of every hundred undergoing such an operation die. If the patient asks whether this number of deaths is already full, he has misunderstood the sense of the doctor's statement. He has fallen prey to the error known as the "gambler's fallacy." Like the roulette player who concludes from a run often red in succession that the probability of the next turn being black is now greater than it was before the run, he confuses case probability with class probability.Which of the following best describes the key point made by the author?

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Answer the following question based on the information given below.Claude Elwood Shannon, a mathematician born in Gaylord, Michigan (U.S.) in 1916, is credited with two important contributions to information technology: the application of Boolean theory to electronic switching, thus laying the groundwork for the digital computer, and developing the new field called information theory. It is difficult to overstate the impact which Claude Shannon has had on the 20th century and the way we live and work in it, yet he remains practically unknown to the general public. Shannon spent the bulk of his career, a span of over 30 years from 1941 to 1972, at Bell Labs where he worked as a mathematician dedicated to research.While a graduate student at MIT in the late 1930s, Shannon worked for Vannevar Bush who was at that time building a mechanical computer, the Differential Analyser. Shannon had the insight to apply the two-valued Boolean logic to electrical circuits (which could be in either of two states - on or off). This syncretism of two hitherto distinct fields earned Shannon his MS in 1937 and his doctorate in 1940.Not content with laying the logical foundations of both the modern telephone switch and the digital computer, Shannon went on to invent the discipline of information theory and revolutionize the field of communications. He developed the concept of entropy in communication systems, the idea that information is based on uncertainty. This concept says that the more uncertainty in a communication channel, the more information that can be transmitted and vice versa. Shannon used mathematics to define the capacity of any communications channel to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio. He envisioned the possibility of error-free communications for telecommunications, the Internet, and satellite systems.A Mathematical Theory Of Communication , published in the Bell Systems Technical Journal in 1948, outlines the principles of his information theory. Information Theory also has important ramifications for the field of cryptography as explained in his 1949 paper Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems- in a nutshell, the more entropy a cryptographic system has, the harder the resulting encryption is to break.Shannon's varied retirement interests included inventing unicycles, motorized pogo sticks, and chess-playing robots as well as juggling - he developed an equation describing the relationship between the position of the balls and the action of the hands. Claude Shannon died on February 24, 2001.Q. What can be said about Shannon's thought as expressed in 1949 paper Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems?

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Answer the following question based on the information given below.Claude Elwood Shannon, a mathematician born in Gaylord, Michigan (U.S.) in 1916, is credited with two important contributions to information technology: the application of Boolean theory to electronic switching, thus laying the groundwork for the digital computer, and developing the new field called information theory. It is difficult to overstate the impact which Claude Shannon has had on the 20th century and the way we live and work in it, yet he remains practically unknown to the general public. Shannon spent the bulk of his career, a span of over 30 years from 1941 to 1972, at Bell Labs where he worked as a mathematician dedicated to research.While a graduate student at MIT in the late 1930s, Shannon worked for Vannevar Bush who was at that time building a mechanical computer, the Differential Analyser. Shannon had the insight to apply the two-valued Boolean logic to electrical circuits (which could be in either of two states - on or off). This syncretism of two hitherto distinct fields earned Shannon his MS in 1937 and his doctorate in 1940.Not content with laying the logical foundations of both the modern telephone switch and the digital computer, Shannon went on to invent the discipline of information theory and revolutionize the field of communications. He developed the concept of entropy in communication systems, the idea that information is based on uncertainty. This concept says that the more uncertainty in a communication channel, the more information that can be transmitted and vice versa. Shannon used mathematics to define the capacity of any communications channel to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio. He envisioned the possibility of error-free communications for telecommunications, the Internet, and satellite systems.A Mathematical Theory Of Communication , published in the Bell Systems Technical Journal in 1948, outlines the principles of his information theory. Information Theory also has important ramifications for the field of cryptography as explained in his 1949 paper Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems- in a nutshell, the more entropy a cryptographic system has, the harder the resulting encryption is to break.Shannon's varied retirement interests included inventing unicycles, motorized pogo sticks, and chess-playing robots as well as juggling - he developed an equation describing the relationship between the position of the balls and the action of the hands. Claude Shannon died on February 24, 2001.Q. In the above passage, Shannon is being credited with

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Answer the following question based on the information given below.A country XYZ is facing election in the current year. There are 5 political parties in the country contesting for the election namely P, Q, R, S and T. Each of the party has certain mathematicians within them who have determined with great accuracy the probability of winning certain number of votes. The following table illustrates the probability as calculated by them for each of the partyAnswer the following question based on the table given above. Assume that the prediction from mathematician is true at the end of election.Q.If XYZ requires a minimum of 255 votes for the formation of Government and parties can combine with each other, then which two party coalitions from the choices given below can form a Government meeting the criteria required?a)P and Rb)Q and Sc)P and Sd)Q and RCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

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Answer the following question based on the information given below.A country XYZ is facing election in the current year. There are 5 political parties in the country contesting for the election namely P, Q, R, S and T. Each of the party has certain mathematicians within them who have determined with great accuracy the probability of winning certain number of votes. The following table illustrates the probability as calculated by them for each of the partyAnswer the following question based on the table given above. Assume that the prediction from mathematician is true at the end of election.Q.If XYZ requires a minimum of 255 votes for the formation of Government and parties can combine with each other, then which two party coalitions from the choices given below can form a Government meeting the criteria required?a)P and Rb)Q and Sc)P and Sd)Q and RCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? for CAT 2024 is part of CAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the CAT exam syllabus. Information about Answer the following question based on the information given below.A country XYZ is facing election in the current year. There are 5 political parties in the country contesting for the election namely P, Q, R, S and T. Each of the party has certain mathematicians within them who have determined with great accuracy the probability of winning certain number of votes. The following table illustrates the probability as calculated by them for each of the partyAnswer the following question based on the table given above. Assume that the prediction from mathematician is true at the end of election.Q.If XYZ requires a minimum of 255 votes for the formation of Government and parties can combine with each other, then which two party coalitions from the choices given below can form a Government meeting the criteria required?a)P and Rb)Q and Sc)P and Sd)Q and RCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for CAT 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Answer the following question based on the information given below.A country XYZ is facing election in the current year. There are 5 political parties in the country contesting for the election namely P, Q, R, S and T. Each of the party has certain mathematicians within them who have determined with great accuracy the probability of winning certain number of votes. The following table illustrates the probability as calculated by them for each of the partyAnswer the following question based on the table given above. Assume that the prediction from mathematician is true at the end of election.Q.If XYZ requires a minimum of 255 votes for the formation of Government and parties can combine with each other, then which two party coalitions from the choices given below can form a Government meeting the criteria required?a)P and Rb)Q and Sc)P and Sd)Q and RCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?.

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