Northern Plain:
The northern plain of India is a vast and fertile region that stretches across the northern part of the country. It is formed by the alluvial deposits brought by the rivers from the Himalayas. The plain is divided into three sections: the Punjab Plain, the Ganga Plain, and the Brahmaputra Plain. Each section has its own distinct characteristics and functions.

1. Punjab Plain:
- The Punjab Plain is located in the northwest part of the northern plain and is primarily formed by the Indus River and its tributaries. It is a highly fertile region and often referred to as the "Granary of India" due to its high agricultural productivity.
- The function of the Punjab Plain is primarily agricultural. The fertile soil and the availability of irrigation water from the rivers make it suitable for cultivating various crops, including wheat, rice, maize, and sugarcane. The plain is known for its extensive cultivation of wheat, which is one of the main staples of the Indian diet.
- The region is also known for its agricultural practices, such as the use of advanced irrigation techniques like the canal system. The canal system helps in the distribution of water for irrigation purposes, ensuring a consistent water supply for agricultural activities.

2. Ganga Plain:
- The Ganga Plain is the largest section of the northern plain and stretches from the Punjab Plain in the west to the Brahmaputra Plain in the east. It is formed by the Ganga River and its tributaries, such as the Yamuna, Son, and Gandak rivers.
- The function of the Ganga Plain is diverse and multifaceted. It is primarily known for its agricultural productivity. The fertile soil, combined with the availability of water from the Ganga and its tributaries, makes it suitable for the cultivation of a wide range of crops, including rice, wheat, sugarcane, jute, and oilseeds.
- The Ganga Plain is also home to some of the major cities of India, such as Delhi, Kanpur, Varanasi, and Patna. These cities serve as important economic and cultural centers, contributing to the overall development of the region.
- The plain also has a rich biodiversity and is known for its wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, such as the Jim Corbett National Park and the Sundarbans National Park. These protected areas help in preserving the diverse flora and fauna of the region.

3. Brahmaputra Plain:
- The Brahmaputra Plain is located in the northeastern part of the northern plain and is primarily formed by the Brahmaputra River and its tributaries. It is a relatively smaller section compared to the Punjab and Ganga Plains.
- The function of the Brahmaputra Plain is similar to the other sections of the northern plain, which is agriculture. The fertile soil and the availability of water from the Brahmaputra River make it suitable for the cultivation of crops such as rice, tea, jute, and tobacco.
- The plain is also known for its unique geography, characterized by floodplains and riverine islands. The Brahmaputra River frequently floods, depositing nutrient-rich sediments on the floodplains, which enhances the fertility of the soil.
- The region is also rich in natural resources, including petroleum, coal, and limestone. These resources contribute to the economic development of the region and provide employment opportunities for