Gradually varied flow in open channel is caused whena)There is an equi...
If the flow is subcritical, then after the introduction of hump the specific energy will decrease by ΔZ (height of hump).

View all questions of this test
Gradually varied flow in open channel is caused whena)There is an equi...
Gradually varied flow in open channel is caused when the channel slope is equal to the normal slope. This is because the normal slope represents the slope at which the water surface would be if the channel were infinitely wide and flat.
Explanation:
Gradually varied flow refers to a situation where the water surface slope varies gradually along the length of the channel. This can happen when the flow rate changes, or when the channel slope changes. In the case of a constant flow rate, gradually varied flow occurs when the channel slope is equal to the normal slope.
The normal slope is the slope that the water surface would take if the channel were infinitely wide and flat, with no resistance to flow. In reality, channels are not infinitely wide and flat, and there is always some resistance to flow. This resistance can cause the water surface to slope differently than the normal slope.
When the channel slope is equal to the normal slope, the forces causing the flow and those opposing it are in equilibrium. This means that there is no net force acting on the water in the channel, and the water surface remains at a constant slope. This condition is known as uniform flow, and it is the ideal condition for many engineering applications.
In summary, gradually varied flow in open channel is caused when the channel slope is equal to the normal slope because it represents a condition of equilibrium between the forces causing the flow and those opposing it.