Formal research
The answer is option 'B', formal research.

Explanation:
Formal research refers to a systematic and structured investigation conducted with a specific objective in mind. It follows a predefined methodology and uses rigorous methods to collect and analyze data. In the context of the question, the scholar made research in the food canning market, which suggests that the research was conducted in a formal manner.

Importance of formal research
Formal research is essential in gaining a deeper understanding of a particular subject or market. It provides reliable and valid information that can be used for decision-making, problem-solving, and developing strategies. By following a structured approach, formal research ensures that the findings are accurate, consistent, and unbiased.

Characteristics of formal research
1. Objective: Formal research is conducted with a clear objective in mind. In this case, the scholar's objective was to study the food canning market.
2. Systematic: Formal research follows a systematic approach, which involves planning, data collection, analysis, and interpretation. This ensures that the research is organized and coherent.
3. Structured methodology: Formal research uses a predefined methodology, which includes specific steps and procedures. This helps in maintaining consistency and reliability in the research process.
4. Data collection methods: Formal research employs various data collection methods such as surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments. These methods are chosen based on the research objectives and the nature of the research.
5. Data analysis: Formal research involves the analysis of collected data using statistical techniques or qualitative methods. This helps in drawing meaningful conclusions and making informed decisions.
6. Evidence-based findings: Formal research aims to provide evidence-based findings that are supported by data. These findings are then used to contribute to existing knowledge or address research questions.

Conclusion
The scholar's research in the food canning market is considered formal research due to its systematic approach, structured methodology, and objective-driven nature. Formal research provides reliable and valid information that is essential for decision-making and strategy development in various sectors, including the food industry.