Introduction:
When two materials come into contact and then separate, they can become electrically charged. This phenomenon is known as charging by friction. Insulators and isolated conductors are two types of materials that can acquire a charge through friction.

Charging of Insulators:
Insulators are materials that do not allow the free flow of electrons. When an insulator is rubbed against another material, such as fur against a plastic rod, electrons from one material are transferred to the other. This transfer occurs due to the difference in electron affinity between the two materials. The material with a higher electron affinity will attract electrons from the material with a lower electron affinity, resulting in a charge imbalance. This charge imbalance creates an electric field around the insulator, causing it to become charged.

Charging of Isolated Conductors:
Isolated conductors are materials that can conduct electricity but are not connected to any external circuit. When an isolated conductor is rubbed against another material, the same charging process occurs as with insulators. However, in the case of isolated conductors, the excess charge is not distributed evenly over the surface. Instead, it accumulates in localized areas known as charge regions. These charge regions form due to the redistribution of charges on the surface of the conductor.

Explanation:
When two materials are rubbed together, the atoms in the materials come into close contact. This interaction causes the outer electrons of the atoms to be transferred from one material to the other. The material that gains electrons becomes negatively charged, while the material that loses electrons becomes positively charged. This charge separation occurs due to the difference in electron affinity between the two materials.

The charged insulator or isolated conductor creates an electric field around itself. This electric field is created by the accumulation of excess charges on the surface. The electric field can influence nearby particles and objects, causing them to be attracted or repelled.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, insulators and isolated conductors can become charged due to friction when they come into contact with other materials. The transfer of electrons between the materials creates a charge imbalance, resulting in one material becoming positively charged and the other becoming negatively charged. This charging process occurs due to the difference in electron affinity between the materials. The charged insulator or isolated conductor then creates an electric field around itself, which can interact with other objects in its vicinity.