Maximilian Robespierre was the leader who was convicted by the court in July 1794, arrested, and sent to the guillotine.

Background:
Robespierre was a prominent figure during the French Revolution, known for his radical beliefs and role in the Reign of Terror. He was a key member of the Committee of Public Safety, which held significant power during the revolution. Robespierre advocated for the use of violence and extreme measures to defend the revolution and eliminate its enemies.

The Fall of Robespierre:
The fall of Robespierre can be attributed to several factors:

1. Growing Unpopularity: As the Reign of Terror continued, many people became disillusioned with the excessive violence and paranoia that characterized Robespierre's rule. The Committee of Public Safety was responsible for executing thousands of people, including many who were not actual enemies of the revolution.

2. Political Rivalries: Robespierre had accumulated many enemies within the revolutionary government. His uncompromising stance and his belief in purging all opposition made him a target for other politicians who saw him as a threat.

3. Accusations of Dictatorship: Robespierre's increasing power and influence led to accusations of him becoming a dictator. Some members of the National Convention, the governing body of France at the time, feared that Robespierre was consolidating too much power and sought to remove him.

The Trial and Execution:
On July 27, 1794, Robespierre and his supporters were arrested. They were accused of various crimes, including attempting to establish a dictatorship, suppressing the rights of the people, and using excessive violence against political opponents.

Robespierre and his fellow defendants were brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal, a court that was known for its quick and often biased trials. The court found them guilty, and on July 28, 1794, they were executed by guillotine.

Impact:
The fall of Robespierre marked the end of the Reign of Terror and the radical phase of the French Revolution. It also led to a period of political instability known as the Thermidorian Reaction, during which more moderate forces regained control of the government. This event also showed the limits of radicalism and the dangers of excessive violence in pursuing political goals.